What about Huai 'an humanities?

Huai 'an Cultural Heritage \ x0d \ x0d \ Huai 'an is a national historical and cultural city with outstanding people and numerous cultural landscapes. There are more than 0/00 cultural relics protection units at all levels in the city, and there are more than 40,000 cultural relics in the collection. Besides the Ming Zuling introduced by Qin Xin, Zhou Enlai's former residence and memorial hall, Han Xin's hometown and Wu Cheng'en's former residence, Huai 'an is rich in cultural heritage and worth visiting. \x0d\ ● Qingliangang Cultural Site ●\x0d\ Qingliangang Cultural Site was named in a special article in the No.1 1 issue of the Journal of Archaeology.1was discovered by the then Huaihe Cultural Relics Task Force in February 1958, and more and more names were later found. According to China Historical Draft edited by Guo Moruo, Qingliangang culture is the earliest primitive culture in the Jianghuai Valley, a branch of Neolithic culture, and belongs to the transition stage from matriarchal clan to paternal clan. Because it was first discovered in Qingliangang, Songji Township, Huai 'an, it was named "Qingliangang Culture". \x0d\ Among the cultural relics excavated at Qingliangang Cultural Site, there are stone shovels for digging, stone knives for harvesting, stone axes for cutting, and stone tools for processing grain, such as stone lifting and evil shun. In 1982, the relevant departments inspected the Qingliangang cultural site again and found a large number of yellow sand 2 meters below the mosaic. From the sand, it was close to here 7000 years ago, accompanied by a large number of shells and wood blocks. The discovery of this new seal provides a new argument for studying the law of coastal evolution in our province and comprehensively developing and utilizing the existing coastline. \x0d\ Qinglian Port culture is widely distributed, covering not only Jianghuai Plain and Taihu Basin, but also central and southern Shandong, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai suburbs, covering an area of about 200,000 square kilometers. The discovery of Qingliangang site is a great achievement in the study of Neolithic culture in China. It organically links the primitive culture in the southeast coastal areas with the primitive culture in the Yellow River valley of the Central Plains, forming a complete system of Neolithic culture in China, which provides valuable scientific data for studying the primitive social history and ancient cultural history of China. At present, there are three "Qingliangang Cultural Relics Exhibition Rooms" on the site, with a construction area of 90 square meters, displaying unearthed cultural relics, pictures and photos. \x0d\\x0d\ ● Dongyang City Site and Dongyang Han Group ●\x0d\ Dongyang City Site in Qin and Han Dynasties is the best preserved ancient site in Jiangsu Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was an ancient town that ran through the north-south traffic. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was the seat of Dongyang County, and was once named as a vassal state by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, with a prosperous economy and culture. The ancient tombs in Dongyang are buried in the southeast of the site, with an area of 300,000 square meters and thousands of ancient tombs. Due to the custom of thick burial in Han Dynasty, underground cultural relics are extremely rich. Since 1970s, a large number of cultural relics with high historical, artistic and scientific value have been unearthed here. Among them, the woodcut star map of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in 1974 is10 years earlier than the earliest comet map of Yale Salem recognized in the world. \x0d\\x0d\ ● Ancient Sizhou City Site ● \ x0d \ More than 300 years ago, the ancient Sizhou City submerged by the Yellow River was always considered to be in Hongze Lake and Huaihe River Basin. However, after nearly a year's exploration, the Institute of Culture and Natural Heritage of Nanjing University has proved that this bustling ancient city, once the center of Bianhe River, has not been submerged in Hongze Lake, only one tenth of it has been submerged in the Huaihe River, and most of it faces the first mountain in Xuyi County across the Huaihe River. \ x0d \ 2004 February 2004 to June 2004 165438+ 10, He, director of the Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Nanjing University, and his research team used the method of combining ground investigation with archaeological drilling and local trench analysis to deploy more than 10000 explorations in Chenggen Village and yanhe village, Huaihe Township, Xuyi County. The results show that only a small part of the ancient Sizhou city is submerged in the Huaihe River, mainly the south gate and its two side walls. It is speculated that the south gate of Gusizhou is located under Zhou Xiao Beach in the middle reaches of Huaihe River. South Gate is one of the five gates in ancient Sizhou City. This ancient city, which has been brilliant for more than 900 years, is now mostly buried under the quiet countryside on the flagpole beach and Chenggen beach by the Huaihe River. \x0d\ According to Professor He, who presided over the archaeological exploration of the site of the ancient city of Sizhou, although this exploration is preliminary, it can basically outline the features of the ancient city of Sizhou. The ruins of Sizhou ancient city are considered by experts to be a new type of ancient city in China. Because the existing 10 1 historical and cultural cities in China are all mixed buildings since ancient times, including Lijiang in Yunnan and Pingyao in Shanxi. Only the ancient Sizhou City "solidified" the state 325 years ago, and such a city is extremely rare in the world. Sharla Cheung, director and researcher of the Institute of Archaeology of Nanjing Museum, said that the ancient city of Sizhou should be defined as "the only disastrous city site in China". This is the charm of Sizhou City. In this sense, the excavation of the ancient city of Sizhou will be conditionally declared as "Top Ten Discoveries in China". \ x0d \ x0d \● Guan Bao Endeavour Pavilion ●\x0d\ Guan Bao Endeavour Pavilion is located in Xuyi County. According to legend, in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Guan Zhong and Bao were both famous politicians and lovers of Qi, and they lived together as brothers since childhood. Because of their poor family, they engaged in small business to support their families. Once, they came to Gusizhou, where merchants gathered and restaurants were dense, to sell wine, and then they became rich. But no matter how much profit you make, go to a secluded place and share it equally. One day, after sharing the money, they lamented that it was difficult to make a big profit and discuss the next plan. An old man floated in and taught them the "secret recipe" of making big money: let them add water to the wine, and they will get huge profits, but they sternly refused. However, the old man didn't know what he was talking about, and they left angrily. Just after a few steps, they suddenly saw a big snake blocking the way. They were surprised and scared. At this time, the old man came with a hoe, broke the snake in half with the hoe, and then picked up the broken snake in his hand and knocked it. It turned out to be two pieces of gold. After the old man gave the gold to two people, he said, "You are all pillars of the country. Don't miss your future because of the embarrassment of life. " Then, it floated away. They know that they have met a fairy, and they are very grateful. However, Guan Bao believed that "the gold given by God should be left to the people" and immediately shared the gold with the villagers in the northern and southern villages. Later generations remembered Guan Bao's spirit of sharing gold and raised funds to build the Golden Pavilion. It is also said that in order to commemorate this event, a spectacular "Guan Bao Fenjin Pavilion" was built about 50 meters west of Guan Zhen Street during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. The pavilion was destroyed by 1959. \x0d\ The Guan Bao Endeavour Pavilion, rebuilt in the original site, is square, with a bottom width of10.5m and a height of13.6m.. There are four tall and majestic iron men standing on it, with statues of Guan Zhong and Bao on the east and west sides, with glittering gold bars in their hands, and statues of their old age on the other sides. Eight reliefs, such as picking up gold, receiving gold, distributing gold and giving gold, are painted on the eight walls on both sides of the four doors, vividly reappearing the scene when Guan Bao distributed gold. \x0d\\x0d\ ● Wentong Pagoda and Shaohu Park ●\x0d\ Wentong Pagoda, formerly known as Zunsheng Pagoda, stands tall in Wentong Pagoda Garden in the northwest corner of Huai 'an ancient city, which is simple and solemn, and is a classical building with Buddhist style. \x0d\ Wentong Tower was built in Tang Zhongzong Jinglong in the second year (AD 708), with a history of 1280 years. According to the Qing Dynasty's Huai Xu Zhu, when Wu Zetian was in the Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist monk Sangha came to Chuzhou (Huai 'an). In the second year of Jinglong, the Zen master was called into the palace, honored as a "holy monk" and called a disciple. Tang Zhongzong Li Xian ordered the monks in Chuzhou to build "Longxing manjuji" and a "sacred tower". In the second year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1629), Zunsheng Pagoda was rebuilt, and it was renamed Wentong Pagoda because there was Wentong Temple in Jin Dynasty next to it. In the 18th year of Qing Daoguang (A.D. 1838), it was rebuilt in the autumn, and the Longguang Pavilion in the south corner of the city was built in the early Ming Dynasty (now destroyed), which was "solid and beautiful" (see Rebuilding Shanyang County Records). \x0d\ Wentong Tower was originally a wooden tower, and the existing brick tower is a model rebuilt in the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 984). Seven-story octagon, stacked with bricks, six stories from the waist eaves. More than five floors are dome-shaped octagonal algae wells; The bottom floor is high, the brick wall at the lower part is slightly retracted, and the tower body is parabolic. When it was first built, it was thirteen feet high (44.438+0 meters). On the top floor, there is a kind Guanyin bodhisattva sitting on the lotus peak; There are four statues of Sakyamuni with canopies at the bottom, sitting back to back, facing all directions, lifelike and radiant, showing the working people's high artistic genius and creative ability in China. Now it looks yellow and green eaves, renovated and painted. Under the sunlight, it looks very simple and elegant. The tower can now climb to the fourth floor. The four statues of Sakyamuni at the bottom are full of energy, and Guanyin at the top is sitting on the lotus platform, which is lifelike. In the past, decaying floors and staircases shaken by disrepair have been repaired. Looking from the southeast window of the fourth floor, you can see the whole Huaian city. After liberation, Wentong Tower was listed as a third-class cultural relic protection unit in Jiangsu Province, and was rebuilt in the late 1950s and 1960s. The last renovation was in the late 1970s, and a wall was built around it. The gate of the courtyard is engraved with "Wentong Tower Garden", which was inscribed by Wu Zhongqi, a famous calligrapher in our province. \x0d\ This tower has now become the first attraction of Shaohu Gong Hu Park: the shadow of Huguang Tower. Whenever the red sun shines high or the bright moon is in the sky, the tower will be reflected in the lake, occasionally dotted with white clouds, blue sky, weeping willows and exotic flowers and grasses, and the scenery is quiet and breathtaking. \ x0d \ x0d \ Shaohu Lake at the back of the tower is named after it looks like a spoon, with a water surface of 1 14 mu and a land area of 40 mu. It has been a scene in Huai 'an since ancient times. It is said that since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, famous temples have been built here, and people come here all the year round to travel or burn incense and worship. This building is Shaohu Park. More than half a century ago, a great contemporary left his childhood footprints here (note). Every time people come here to watch, their interest in traveling will increase dramatically. When you step into the threshold of "Wentong Tower Garden", the first thing you see is the double pavilion cloister. Passing the Wentong Tower means stepping on the spoon embankment. On the left is the rippling lake, and on the right is the cloud wall with white body and green eaves adjacent to the campus. Looking northeast, you can clearly see two exquisite and unique caves in the distance, giving people a sense of seclusion. Although this is not as beautiful as the West Lake in Hangzhou, which is suitable for heavy makeup, it is not inferior to the general Jiangnan gardens. After passing through the two caves, some antique buildings appeared in the garden, which changed with the topography and water potential, with soft and pleasant colors and solemn elegance. On the island in the middle of the lake, there are halls, water corridors and fan-shaped waterside pavilions, and there is also a Zhou Shi in the lake. There are two pavilions on board, and you can have a bird's eye view of the whole lake when you go upstairs. There is a Hongqiao in the north and south of the central island, which is connected with the land. Shaohu Academy, taught by Ruan Kuisheng, a scholar of Ming Dynasty, was also restored according to the architectural style of Ming Dynasty, and a book table was built on the west side for tourists to rest. Looking up at the bridge, it is interesting to see two or three yachts breaking through the blue sky underwater. \x0d\\x0d\ ● Zhenhuai Building ●\x0d\ Zhenhuai Building was built in the Northern Song Dynasty and was originally a restaurant in Zhenjiang. Because Huai 'an "is the crossroads to the north of the Yangtze River, and it is the passage of north-south traffic", the Grand Canal running through Huai 'an was the lifeline of north-south traffic at that time. To transport grain from the south to the north, it is necessary to cross the Yangtze River and Huaihe River from the canal and then go north. The ship takes Huai 'an as a safe place. All officials, dignitaries, wealthy businessmen, literati and Taoist celebrities should go upstairs to offer wine to celebrate their luck. In the Yuan Dynasty, Huai 'an "set up a governor's office to take charge of the traffic between the north and the south", and the gold plaque of "North and South Cardinal" and "Crown Crane Qu Yun" hung upstairs. In the Ming dynasty, there was a "copper pot dripping" upstairs to tell the time, so it was also called "bridge building". Later it was called "Drum Tower" because it was specially used for playing and alarming. \x0d\ During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, people changed their names to "Zhenhuaifu" in order to shock the Huaihe River. The existing building was rebuilt in October in the seventh year of Guangxu (A.D. 188 1), but it was expanded on the original basis. Sitting north facing south, the base is a brick abutment, which is 28 meters long, 14 meters wide and 8 meters high, slightly trapezoidal and solid. In the middle of the abutment is an arched doorway, just like a city gate. On the east and west sides, the square brick steps are stepped. The abutment is a two-story brick-wood structure with three rooms wide and a height of18.5m.. At the top of the building is a faucet with two eaves and nine ridges. The four corners are tilted, eyes are wide open, and it seems to take off, which is amazing. \x0d\ After the establishment of New China, the streets of Huai 'an ancient city were widened, the Huailou was rebuilt, and parks were opened with this building as the center. There are many kinds of flowers and trees in the park, such as Jingui, Magnolia, Cedar, Longbai, Chimonanthus praecox and Ligustrum lucidum, as well as cherry blossoms presented by former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei to Premier Zhou Enlai's hometown. The historical relics of Huai 'an are displayed upstairs, which makes Huai 'an, a famous historical and cultural city, glow with the brilliance of modern civilization. The scenery like Zhenhuai Building has attracted countless tourists, who come here to visit the ancient times, explore the victory, or enjoy the scenery, or take photos as a souvenir, or climb the building to overlook and appreciate its thousands of customs. \ x0d \ x0d \ ● Liang Hongyu Temple ●\x0d\ Liang Hongyu Temple is located in Beichenfang, a new town in Huai 'an, in memory of Liang Hongyu, a hero of the Southern Song Dynasty. The construction date is unknown, and it was rebuilt in 1982. \x0d\ Liang Hongyu, born in Chuzhou (now Huai 'an), is the wife of Han Shizhong, a famous anti-gold star in Southern Song Dynasty. He used to beat drums in Jinshan, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, to help fight against the nomads from the Golden Army, and Liang Hongyu's "Beating drums against the nomads from the Golden Army" is a legendary story. Later, Han Shizhong led his troops to Huai 'an and built a new city in the north of Huai 'an 1 to fight against the nomads from there. Later generations built a temple for the statue here. Because she ranks seventh, it is commonly known as "Seven Grandma Temple". \x0d\ There are three restored Liang Hongyu temples with courtyards. There are three walls, the south is the gate, and there is a stone drum on each side of the gate. There is an altar three feet six inches high in the cave. There is a shrine on the altar. The shrine has three panels, a glass about six feet square in the south, and a clay sculpture of Liang Hongyu Rong's assembled sword. It is five feet high, elegant and majestic. There is also a stone tablet introducing Liang Hongyu's life in the temple. \x0d\ 1982 The Huai 'an Municipal People's Government restored it according to its original appearance, and the statue of Liang Hongyu became more vivid. \ x0d \ x0d \● Liu E's former residence ●\x0d\ Liu E Bookstore used to be the place where Liu E lived and wrote books. Located in Zangmiao Lane, Heping Road, Huai 'an. \x0d\ Liu E (1857— 1909) is a modern novelist. The word Tieyun is from Jiankang, Hongdu, An Baili. Jiangsu Dantu (now Zhenjiang) was born in Yangshan (now Huai 'an). Born in a bureaucratic family, but I don't like the words in the examination room. He inherited his family studies, devoted himself to practical knowledge such as mathematics, medicine and water conservancy, surveyed hundreds of schools, and liked to collect calligraphy and painting inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first published to the world by his book "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds". In his early years, the examination hall was unfavorable, and he used to practice medicine and do business. From the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) to the 21st year, he successively entered the shogunate of Wu Da-□, the governor of Henan Province, and Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong Province, and helped to control the Yellow River Project, with remarkable achievements. He was recommended to the Prime Minister's yamen as a local official. In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was hired by a foreign company as the manager of mining Shanxi minerals. Later, he participated in the drafting of the articles of association of Yufeng Company of Henan Mining Bureau, and made plans for mining Maha Gold Mine in Sichuan and Sifu Coal and Iron Mine in Quyan, Zhejiang Province, and became a comprador and broker of foreign businessmen. Twenty-six years (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Liu E bought Taicang Xiaomi from the allied forces and set up a stabilization bureau to relieve the hunger in Beijing. In thirty-four years (1908), the Qing court exiled him to Xinjiang on the charge of "selling grain in warehouses privately" and died in Urumqi the following year. \x0d\ Liu E is famous and highly respected for writing Lao Can's travel notes. In addition, he also made a certain contribution to the establishment of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. \x0d\ The existing hall, hall and hall of Liu E's former residence have three entrances. This hall is built of hard rocks and is a cantilever beam. Three-room width 1 1m, entrance 7 purlins, 7.85m, cornice 3.7m, corridor 1.5m, ceiling beam painted. There are three cultural relics in the former residence: an guqin played by Liu E; There is a golden nanmu Weiqi table; Liu E is wearing a fur coat. \ \x0d\\x0d\ ● Guan Tianpei Temple ●\x0d\ There is an ancient and solemn ancestral temple-Guanzhong Gong Jie Temple, which was built in memory of the national hero Guan Tianpei. \x0d\ Guan Tianpei (1781-1841) is a native of Shanyang County, Huai 'an Prefecture (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province). Born in the military, he has served as the commander-in-chief of Susong Town, the prefect of Jiangnan and the prefect of Guangdong Navy. In the First Opium War, he led the Qing army to bravely fight against the British invaders. 184 1 February 25, 2008, he died heroically in the battle with the British army in Jingyuan Fort, Humen, Guangzhou. \x0d\ Sun Changqing, the closest relative, escorted his body back to Huai 'an for burial, and built an ancestral temple in the east street of the county. Guan Zhong Min Ancestral Temple in East Street, Huai 'an County was originally three halls and two rooms, surrounded by antique flower wall courtyards. On the altar, the statue of Guan Tianpei's official uniform is lifelike, with a pair of relatives on each side, holding swords and books respectively. There is a long plaque on the door of the hall, "Guanzhong Festival Public Temple". Lin Zexu's Nanmu elegy inscribed by Zhou Muzhai, a great calligrapher, hangs on both sides of the temple. China has experienced many vicissitudes, and the original temples in Guan Tianpei have been destroyed by the war in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. At the beginning of liberation, the people's government restored Guan Zhong's memorial hall as it was, for guests to pay their respects, and encouraged the descendants of the Chinese people to inherit and carry forward the glorious tradition of patriotism of the Chinese nation and work hard to revitalize China. \x0d\ The tomb of Guan Tianpei, a national hero, was built in Nanyao Village, Chengdong Township, Huai 'an. The foundation of the tomb is a cement stone structure building. The white tombstone is engraved with the words "the tomb of Guan Zhong, our envoy Gong Tianpei". The water is flowing beside the tomb, and the pine and cypress are towering. The tomb of Jiegong Temple in Guanzhong was listed as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. \x0d\ The news of Guan Tianpei's sacrifice reached Guangzhou, and Lin Zexu, who had been removed from his post, was both sad and angry. He wrote a couplet with a wave of his hand: six years of solid gold soup, asking who suddenly destroyed the Great Wall, he put all his eggs in one basket to teach the bow; Double loyalty is the same as the threshold, and different people smell it and respect it. Today, Lin Zexu's elegy is engraved on the doorpost of Guan Tianpei Temple in Huai 'an. Guan Tianpei's patriotic action of bravely resisting the British invasion, being fearless in times of crisis and pledging to serve the country to the death showed the invincible heroism and noble integrity of the people of China. People will always remember this outstanding patriotic general in China's modern history. \ \x0d\\x0d\ ● Qing Yan Park ●\x0d\ Qing Yan Park, formerly known as Chengnan Park, is located on the west side of Renmin South Road and the north side of Huancheng Road in Huaiyin City, which is the most representative classical garden in northern Jiangsu. She combines the openness of the north with the exquisiteness of the south, allowing tourists to enjoy the beautiful scenery during their play. \x0d\ Qing Yan Park, built in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, has a history of more than 300 years. It is the only well-preserved classical garden in Huaiyin and the only well-preserved official garden in the history of water transport in China. According to Qinghe County Records, Qing Yan Park was once called Huaiyuan, Zhanyuan, Liuyuan and Chengnan Park. The name of Chengnan Park is the longest, and it was restored to the ancient name of "Qing Yan Park" from19910. There are pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions and rockeries in the park, with winding paths, long corridors and flowing water. The flowers in the four seasons are flourishing, beautiful and elegant. \x0d\ There are many antique buildings in Qing Yan Park, mainly including Hu Aixiang Hall, Jiaoyin Hall, Jinlai Yuxuan, Guandi Temple, Yeyuan, Hefang Academy, Rose Garden, Qulang, Shuixie, Chuanlou and Qianyuzhai. Among them, which college is the most worth mentioning. Hefang Academy was originally a part of Qing Yan Park built by Jin Fu, the governor of Qing Dynasty, and Qing Yan Park was built in the 17th year of Kangxi (AD 1678). At that time, the river chief, who held several rights, was stationed in Qingjiangpu, Jiejie: "Digging ponds and planting trees thought it would be a museum." After several constructions, it has the scale of a garden. Where College is the most distinctive building in Qing Yan Park. Founded in the 15th year of Qianlong (A.D. 1750), Qing Yan Park has changed beyond recognition after several changes, and there is only one academy left. Hefang Academy was changed to Xinhua Library during the period of Jiangsu-Anhui Border Region Government, and later renamed Bo Gu Library to commemorate the martyrs who died on April 8th. Renovated in recent years, it was renamed "Hefang Academy", and the couplet at the entrance is still an old saying: the famous garden has a different world, and the old tree does not know the old tree. Around the Yihefang Academy, it was the leisure place of the river head in those days, and the pavilion and the stele gallery were built here. From these imperial inscriptions, we can know the hardships of water control and the situation of water transportation, which is a rare group of water conservancy historical materials and historical relics. \x0d\\x0d\ ● The former site of the New Fourth Army in Huanghuatang ●\x0d\ Huanghuatang is from 1943 10 to 1945 September19, where the New Fourth Army and the Central Central China Bureau are located. \x0d\ Up to now, there are still two thatched huts where the division commander of the Second Division, acting secretary of the Central China Bureau, acting political commissar of the New Fourth Army Rao Shushi, organization minister of the Central China Bureau and deputy commander Zhang successively live, Lai Chuanzhu, chief of staff of the New Fourth Army, Huanghuatang, Ceng Shan and Rao Shushi, which were the main sources of life for the troops in those years, Luchaitang, where the military health center once lived, and Xintang/KLOC-0, a summer swimming place. In 1982, the former headquarters of the New Fourth Army was occupied by Jiangsu Province. \ x0d \ 2002, in order to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the headquarters of the New Fourth Army and the Central Central China Bureau stationed in Huanghuatang, with the approval and support of the provincial party committee and government, the county government rented 150 mu of land in front of the former headquarters, and built a new memorial hall for the headquarters of the New Fourth Army in Huanghuatang, displaying more than 1000 historical pictures. There is also a square in front of the museum to cooperate with other scenic spots for construction. * * Together with the former military headquarters and the former residence of the leaders of the New Fourth Army, the memorial site of the military headquarters of the New Fourth Army in Huanghuatang was formed. It was opened to the public in April 2003. \ x0d \ x0d \ Huai 'an has many cultural attractions, such as Ganluo City, Ji 'an Tomb, Moon Tower and Ciyun Temple. I won't go into details here.