Characteristics of network literature

Characteristics of network literature.

We know that traditional literature is based on paper. Under its special cultural background, traditional literature has formed the characteristics of emphasizing educational function, practical function, outstanding performance, emphasizing "both form and spirit" and diversified themes and styles. From the very beginning, network literature showed different characteristics from traditional literature. There are similarities and differences between online literature and traditional literature. The same side is that literature also has educational function, but online literature seems to emphasize its entertainment more; The same is true of practical functions, and the network also emphasizes practicality; The diversity of styles has not changed, and the authors of online literature are extensive and the styles are more diverse. The difference is that online literature is more expressive, and what traditional literature cannot express can be expressed by online literature. For example, the fusion of poetry and dance enhances expressiveness. The subject matter of online literature is more abundant. Due to the strict censorship system and the censorship system of newspapers and magazines, traditional literature cannot be related to the subject matter, and some of them are even shot. This problem does not exist in online literature. As long as it doesn't violate politics, so-called sexual problems and personal privacy psychological secrets can be expressed online. Traditional literature emphasizes that the text carries the Tao, and there are many works without themes and ideas in online literature. The entertainment of literature is more fully reflected in online literature. Stylistically, there are many new styles in online literature, such as novel relay, prose poem relay, poetry follow-up contest and so on. Of course, it must be noted that at present, the vast majority of online literature works are mostly ready-made works of forwarding writers, even if they are not famous writers, they are written below and then posted. It can only be said that traditional literary works are digital and networked, but they are completely different from the existing media in terms of communication methods. It's just that some online literary works only exist in the virtual space of the Internet, and their creative techniques, styles, modes of communication and ways of acceptance are unique.

Part of online literature is to post original traditional literary works for everyone to read and appreciate. This part of the work is not original, but it satisfies the public's desire for appreciation and collection. Art galleries, museums and libraries are no longer quite far from home, or even completely inaccessible by themselves. The literary and artistic works in these venues are no longer distant public collections, but "virtual collections" that can be enjoyed at any time with a little mouse click on a personal computer. The world of literature and art enters the room from the outside, from the real to the virtual, from the public to the individual, from the past to the present, from experience to experience, from appreciation to browsing. This is also their different functions.

In short, online literature has the following obvious characteristics.

The first is the commonness of the creative subject.

Personality Because all works of art on the Internet exist in digital form, they can be copied at will and easily transformed. Individual subjective will can be realized to a greater extent.

Traditional art embodies more "mass". Art serves more people. After artistic creation is completed, you must enter public places or public media. The network art is more "personalized" because it is more open and random. Personal feelings, a little inspiration and a little spark of art can all be recorded, made and released. The Internet has released people's "writing complex" and realized people's "publishing desire".

As described by Negroponte, computer network technology will make "finished and unchangeable works of art" become history. Drawing two beards on Mona Lisa's face is no longer the patent of the master artist. Marcel duchamp, a master of modern art, copied and painted a moustache for Mona Lisa. The revised Mona Lisa was given a new title and became Duchamp's "masterpiece". On the internet, many people will be able to see all kinds of digital operations on various works of art that are said to have been completed, transform the works, and copy, smear and delete them at will.

From the perspective of appreciation, network art has narrowed the public places for art appreciation such as cinemas, concert halls and libraries, making them closer to the "desktop" of personal computers.

Network software development is also developing in this direction. The characteristic of TV is that all programs watched by viewers can be played to specific groups or individuals, and even programs can be sent to your pager or mobile phone. This "narrow-range broadcasting" is turning the Internet into a personal broadcasting system.

Network art language has the characteristics of planarization, popularization and popularization. Network art is open and modifiable. Considering that the works have to face a wide range of people, the language of online art creation is more plain and popular. At present, the creation of network art, for the public, is mostly a personal self-display.

Since the appearance of computer painting, the boundary between professional painters and amateurs tends to disappear. For example, computers make it possible for some people with good taste but poor artistic foundation to create art. Sometimes when you use computers to create paintings, you will often get unexpected results because of temporary negligence, which traditional techniques can't bring. More and more non-professionals enter the field of artistic creation through computers, which greatly releases the potential talents of non-professional artistic creators.

Comprehensive. Network art is a comprehensive art, and computer technology changes the physics of information from analog signal to digital signal, and the storage form also changes accordingly. The existence of network art has brought about qualitative changes to the preservation and dissemination of art. Multimedia technology integrates various art forms and realizes the combination of pictures, words, sounds and images. On the Internet, poems, novels, advertisements, operas, essays, paintings, animations, pop music, movies (pictures) and television can all blend together, piece together, cut and paste on the same homepage, or establish a super-stylistic link from one artistic style to another.

Changing from a single text to hypertext is a fundamental feature of this comprehensive art. In the past, readers and researchers were faced with a single text, but after entering the Internet, the organizational form of art has changed, not just the form of an article or a book, but a kind of "hypertext". Hypertext is a kind of text file, in which some words, words, symbols, phrases or images play the role of "hot links" and are displayed on the screen, and their fonts or colors are changed or underlined to distinguish them from ordinary text. When the mouse cursor moves over a word or image, the shape of the cursor changes from an arrow to a hand. Click the mouse, and the home page displayed on the screen will jump to the new content of the link, that is, link to another text. Another way to link hypertext is to link information to a map by category, which is actually a navigation map of the World Wide Web www, and users can find information according to the guidance of icons. Internet search engines provide convenience for information inquiry in the form of information classification.

In this way, hypertext becomes a text network formed by mutual links between texts.

Modern artists have mastered the comprehensive application of various materials and media. 1998 In the summer, Beijing Yanhuang Art Museum held an "Video Art Exhibition". From the plane effect, it is similar to a painting, but each image is a combination of photography, computer drawing, spraying and other artistic means. Similar to the characteristics of this modern video art, hodgepodge art and platter art will be widely popular in the network.

Dynamic. Another difference between network art and traditional art is that it has changed from static to dynamic. Once Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jin Wen and movable type are created, they will never change unless they are destroyed. Film and television are made into copies and videos, which are difficult to change; A novel and a painting on the internet may change tomorrow because of the modification of the website owner. In a sense, online art works are permanent works, and visitors can comment, modify and supplement them at any time. These comments and modifications can be attached to the text to become hypertext links, or the producer can modify the text according to the visitor's point of view to make the text appear in a new look. In this way, network art has become a dynamic art.

After the introduction or some chapters of a novel are published on the Internet, the author and publishing department can investigate the readers who visit the novel and analyze their education level, beliefs, hobbies and feedback, so as to judge the readers who are suitable for the novel, analyze their education level, beliefs, hobbies and feedback, and judge what kind of readers the novel is suitable for, the best-selling degree of the novel and what changes need to be made when it is reprinted.

When reading printed works of art, it is an irreversible linear reading process to turn from one page to the next, from one plot to the next, and from one story to the next. However, online art works can often be linked to related themes, plots and stories when browsing, similar to montage switching of movie pictures. The director is the audience.

Traditional art is a kind of "read-only art", which can only be watched passively, with a certain distance in space. Network art is a kind of "readable art", and the spatial distance is shortened to less than 1 meter. Once the mouse is used for modification and feedback, the distance disappears to zero.

Many art-related websites on the Internet are also updated every day, even from time to time. As long as the disseminators of online art works are willing, they can modify, supplement and improve these works at any time.

Interaction. Network users are not only recipients of information, but also participants and producers of information, as long as users are interested in participating and manufacturing. Other electronic media transmit information through publication → dissemination → acceptance, while the information transmission of online media is publication → dissemination → acceptance, which is bidirectional, reversible and interactive. Because of different personalities and tastes, each different network user has different reactions to the information received, and can also have different information feedback. This interactivity is the same as that of video games. From this point of view, the works of art on the Internet are all arts with great personal characteristics.

Network art is a kind of communication art, which is the communication between creators and appreciators, producers and browsers, and browsers and other browsers. It is this characteristic of two-way communication that makes the original works of art reinterpreted, reconfigured and "translated", thus making it possible for works of art to become richer, more complex, more refined and more meaningful. However, before this possibility is realized, the unique historical context (original context) in the creation of artistic works is lost, and the original truth is distorted and modified. Works of art have entered the real situation, and the real situation varies with different artistic recipients. Network further makes daily life more scientific and artistic, and network art becomes a display of things that people have not told, seen or heard in daily life, enabling visitors to experience life elsewhere.

Most writers believe that the possibility that readers can modify online literary works at will, that is, whether the interactivity of online art is in contradiction with the individualization of writers' creation, does not hinder their own creation. Some writers say that there is no problem with this. "Because the basic text exists forever, what has been modified by readers is no longer a writer's thing." "Just as 100 people will have 100 understandings when reading a dream of red mansions, this difference does not prevent Cao Xueqin from writing his own novels." All kinds of criticism and arguments from the internet will not hurt the author. (Liu Zhenyun) There is also a view that the network, as a modern way of information exchange, lacks humanistic atmosphere in its operation, while scholars still like tangible books.

Short-lived. In the field of fine arts, Alan Caprau, the founder of "Emerging Works", described the relationship between "Improvised Works" and the culture of "used and discarded" in daily life. In his view, this ideal of "improvisation" can be exhibited once, just once. Improvisation is toilet paper of art. Another school of "activity art" aims to create maximum accessibility and transience. Its representative, the Israeli activity artist Yeyakov Agam, expounded their belief J: "Three minutes ago, we were different from ourselves, and three minutes later, we were different again. ..... I tried to create a non-existent visual form to shape this view. Once an image appears and disappears, nothing can be saved. " (alvin toffler, USA: Future Impact, 148, 149, Beijing, Xinhua Publishing House, 1996. )

Improvisation is the basic feature of this genre, and transience is the universal feature of contemporary popular cultural products, which makes most popular cultural products lose their lasting charm. Unfortunately, this feature is more prominent in network art.

From traditional art to network art, from holding your breath to simple browsing, the wishful thinking immersed in it has been replaced by a fleeting glimpse of "visiting here". Fragments are the basic form of post-modern cultural images. Today's network art is a patchwork art, and it is a patchwork art. In a year and a half, American writer Paul Roberts wrote 1000 "nonlinear texts" for some optical disc companies-each short article is no more than 200 words, which is used to annotate some phrases that readers may be interested in and click the mouse to browse further. The traditional "appreciated" art has become "browsed" art, and netizens no longer stay on "fragments" for a long time, but just enjoy flowers and browse in a hurry. In order to attract the attention of network users, the producers of network art deliberately show visitors all kinds of novel and unique kaleidoscope art that they have never heard of before. The quality of a home page is measured by the number of visits of network users. Most websites have an automatic counter on the homepage, which automatically counts the number of times users click on the homepage. The scenery of epic movies is no longer there. I'm afraid today's audience will never have the patience to watch a movie for more than five hours like Liberation. Audiences are greedy for cultural snacks and cultural fast food, such as "Selected Movies" introduced by "Global Film and Television" of Beijing TV Station 10 minutes.

Virtual. Network art is a kind of digital virtual art, which only exists in computer space. This virtuality makes the sense of art scene disappear.

As far as music is concerned, no matter how wonderful the music in the computer is, it can't compare with the performance in the concert hall, because the "texture" of the live music captured by the latter's ears can't be captured by the computer; As far as painting is concerned, the true color pictures in the exhibition, no matter how realistic, will not make people feel real and tangible in front of the frame. As far as movies are concerned, the cinema is dimly lit, and the mysterious and dark atmosphere makes the audience suddenly integrate into the plot of the movie.

Just like after the appearance of TV, some people put forward the conclusion that movies will die. Faced with the latest entertainment methods and virtual reality technology, some people are worried about the future of movies. In lamenting the film, people don't realize that it is not the film art itself that is declining, but the existing traditional film technology and multimedia technology are incomparable. At the same time, we should also see that the existing electronic media such as home theaters and high-definition projection TVs do not yet have the special atmosphere and audio-visual experience of high-tech theaters. A fatal weakness of network art is the disappearance of the sense of existence.

Download ability. Over the past hundred years, with the development of modern science and technology, our art has also developed from "copying art" to "downloading art".

The industrial revolution provided conditions for the large-scale reproduction of artistic works. Photography was invented in the middle of19th century, and the reproducible film art was born in the end of19th century. Although the photographic copier was put on the market in new york as early as 1907, it was not until 1959 that Xerox 9 14 electrostatic copier was put on the market that the copying technology was widely used. From photo development to film development, from typesetting to laser typesetting, from copying to electronic scanning, in addition to saving time and improving efficiency, art has also entered the era of reproduction from primitive times.

Most flowers change color in the process of opening. Generally speaking, it gradually evolved from dark color to light color. This is due to the decrease of pigment content in petals per unit area. When the original flower blooms, the area of petals is constantly expanding, but the newly synthesized pigment is very limited, which can not meet the needs of petal extension. In this way, as the amount of pigment per unit area decreases, the color becomes lighter and lighter. Oxidation deterioration and continuous decomposition in the sun are another reason for fading.

Compared with the flowers of contemporary art a century ago, the area of petals has expanded countless times, while the artistic content of unit works has also declined, and the "color" has become more and more weak. The number of works of art is increasing day by day, but the life span is decreasing day by day. No book is as valuable today as it used to be. The amount of knowledge contained in a book is shrinking, and the reading time of the book is also shortening. With the progress of modern science and technology and the convenience of creative means, artistic creation has become easy, and a large number of artistic works have been infinitely copied, resulting in a large number of artistic fakes and artistic rubbish.

Today's network art has brought art into the download era: just click the "Selected" column in the menu with the mouse, then click "Save As" and tap a new file name, you can store Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa in the hard disk of your personal computer, and you can adjust or print it at any time when necessary. Large-scale reproduction of art is a kind of commercial behavior, which makes the same works of art as the original enter the consumer market. Downloading artworks is purely a personal act, so that artworks can enter the home display screen.