Urology common sense

1. What departments are there in urology?

Urology is a medicine that specializes in male and female urinary tract and male reproductive system, which is mainly subdivided from surgery.

Male urinary system and reproductive system are inseparable, while female urethra is open to the outside world. Both men and women, urinary tract and reproductive tract are closely related, and their diseases often affect each other.

Urology can be further subdivided into various sub-specialties, such as urology, urinary calculi, dysuria, pediatric urology, sexual dysfunction, male infertility and so on. Urology is also closely related to many medical fields such as nephrology, obstetrics and gynecology, andrology and oncology.

The organs covered by urology include kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra, as well as testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, scrotum and * * * of male reproductive system. The scope of urology diagnosis and treatment includes: prostatitis; Prostatic hyperplasia; Prostate cancer; Urinary tract infection (urethritis, mycoplasma and chlamydia infection, gonorrhea, nongonococcal urethritis, etc.). ); Urinary calculi; Kidney cancer, ureteral cancer, bladder cancer; Urinary diseases such as urinary incontinence.

Varicocele; Hydrocele of tunica vaginalis: hydrocele of testis, hydrocele of spermatic cord and hydrocele of communicating tunica vaginalis; Female urology: urinary tract infection, urethral caruncle, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, etc. "internal diseases" that urologists can treat (that is, diseases that do not require surgical treatment), such as urinary tract infections; At the same time, it can also treat its "surgical diseases", such as the correction of congenital malformation and the surgical treatment of cancer.

Only about 20% of patients receiving urological treatment need surgery. Urologists are also involved in the evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence.

Urodynamics is a series of instruments to measure the flow, storage and pressure changes of urinary system, among which urologists often use urinary flow rate, bladder pressure mapping or portable urodynamic meter as a reference for treating patients. Treatment may include drug prescription (such as oxybutine or various alpha blockers) or surgical treatment (such as urethral suspension).

The main male diseases in urology are: 1. Male urinary tract inflammation, such as epididymitis, urethritis, acute and chronic prostatitis, prostatic hyperplasia (hypertrophy), etc.

Male sexual dysfunction and prostate diseases, such as impotence, premature ejaculation, nocturnal emission, kidney deficiency infertility, excessive sequelae of adolescence, non-retrograde, male abnormality, etc. 3。 Male sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, chancre, sexually transmitted lymphogranuloma, nongonococcal urethritis, condyloma acuminatum and genital herpes; 4。

Morphological abnormalities of male external genitalia, such as excessive prepuce, phimosis, induration, varicocele, hydrocele of testis, cryptorchidism, etc. Female disease editor 1.

Female urethral syndrome refers to the symptoms of bladder and urethra, but no organic lesions were found, mainly manifested as frequent urination, urgency, dysuria and dysuria in different degrees. The occurrence of this disease is related to unhappy marriage, childbirth, gynecological diseases or gynecological surgery.

The incidence of depression, tension, anxiety or neurasthenia, divorce, family disharmony and uncoordinated sexual life is high. 2。

Overactive bladder is characterized by frequent urination and increased nocturia, sometimes accompanied by urgency and urinary incontinence. The etiology is unclear, which may be related to the dysfunction of bladder muscle and nerve regulation, and some patients may be sequelae caused by chronic bladder inflammation.

At present, the therapeutic drug is tolterodine hydrochloride (senidine). 3。

Stress urinary incontinence is a major disease that China professional women are prone to. The reason is related to the relaxation of pelvic floor supporting tissue caused by multiple deliveries or low estrogen level after menopause.

At present, there are many minimally invasive operations that can cure the disease well. 4。

Urinary infection is the most common female urinary disease, which is mainly related to sexual contact in adolescence, fatigue and menstrual infection in middle-aged women, low estrogen level in elderly women after menopause, urinary epithelial repair and decreased anti-infection ability. In addition to paying attention to lifestyle adjustment, menopausal women can also supplement small doses of estrogen under the guidance of specialists.

5。 Urethral caruncle mostly occurs in middle-aged and elderly patients, which is related to the long-term inflammation and poor repair ability of urinary epithelial tissue in postmenopausal women, and a few patients can turn into malignant urinary tract tumors.

6。 Bladder or urethral fistula is very painful, and its occurrence is mostly related to incorrect delivery methods. Long-term involuntary discharge of urine from * * * often seriously affects work and normal life, and often leads to the breakdown of family relations. It is an invisible demon that hurts the majority of women in the workplace.

2. What are the urological examinations?

Urine examination: although it is only a bubble of urine, it actually reveals a lot of information; For example, the specific gravity of urine can show whether the patient is short of water; Urine pH value of patients with stones is very important to prevent recurrence of stones.

In addition, whether there is sugar and protein in urine can also be known through urine examination, and protein in urine may indicate renal inflammation, nephrotic syndrome or other diseases. Urology is more concerned about whether urine contains more than normal white blood cells and red blood cells, because too many white blood cells in urine indicate inflammation, while too many red blood cells may indicate inflammation and hematuria; In addition, it may also suggest the formation of stones, which may cause hematuria in the process of stone discharge; The most worrying thing is that hematuria may also indicate that there is a tumor in the urinary system, especially asymptomatic hematuria. If the patient is over 50 years old and still has hematuria after drug treatment, it is necessary to consider whether there is a tumor in the kidney or bladder.

Abdominal X-ray examination is also very practical in clinic. The size, shape and appearance of both kidneys can be seen, or there is abnormal calcification. In addition, the abdominal X-ray film can also show whether the intestine is swollen, whether the liver and spleen are swollen, and whether the skeletal system is normal, such as whether there are bone spurs, fractures or joints, spondylitis, scoliosis, etc.

Ultrasound examination When urine test and abdominal X-ray examination show that in order to further evaluate or get more information, the next examination is likely to be ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examination of urinary system is non-invasive and the examination time is relatively short. The main objects of ultrasound examination are kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate and scrotum.

Intravenous pyelography Another common examination in urology is called intravenous pyelography, that is, intravenous injection of contrast agent, which will flow through the kidney with blood circulation and develop the whole kidney, ureter and bladder. A lot of information can be obtained through this inspection. Especially for patients with stones, whether stones cause hydronephrosis and hydroureter, the size, location and related anatomy of stones will affect their treatment methods.

Cystoscopy Through cystoscopy, we can see the bladder, ureteral orifice, male prostate and urethra. If there is a tumor in bladder, urethra or prostate, neither X-ray nor ultrasound can tell you whether it is benign or malignant. At this time, cystourethroscopy can first look at the appearance and characteristics of the tumor with naked eyes, and then do biopsy to get the most correct diagnosis.

3. What does urology include?

Urology, the main treatment areas are: various urinary calculi and complex kidney calculi; Kidney and bladder tumors; Prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis; Inflammation and tumor of testis and epididymis; Hydrocele of spermatic cord sheath; Various urinary system injuries; Congenital malformation of urinary system, such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, hydronephrosis caused by ureteropelvic junction stenosis, etc.

2. Chronic cystitis: Experts pointed out that the disease is mostly secondary to other diseases of the urogenital system. Therefore, in addition to general examination, the most important thing in diagnosis is to find out the types of pathogenic bacteria and the results of drug sensitivity test, and to find out the reasons for the persistence or recurrence of infection. Of course, the examination of cystitis also has the following items.

3. Urography: Chronic cystitis is characterized by decreased bladder volume and rough or irregular bladder edge. These can be accurately detected by urography.

4. Gender: Female Age: 30 Area: Does Foshan First People's Hospital have urology?

The urology department of Foshan First People's Hospital was established in the early 1980s, with 50 beds.

It is the most powerful urology department in this city. The outpatient volume of urology in the First People's Hospital of Foshan City reached more than 3,000 person-times/month, the number of inpatients 1.300 person-times/year and the number of operations 1.200. Endoscopic surgery was nearly 1000 sets/year, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy reached 1 10 person/month. Have a series of new, advanced and complete professional equipment in the world; Perform special examinations, such as transrectal ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, urodynamic examination, cystoscopy and ureteroscopy.

The urology department of Foshan First People's Hospital has carried out a large number of complicated specialized operations, such as adrenal pheochromocytoma resection; Radical nephrectomy+inferior vena cava incision to remove tumor thrombus; Radical operation of ureter and bladder tumor; Total cystectomy plus controllable bladder surgery; * * * Radical surgery for cancer and testicular cancer; Plastic surgery for total urogenital malformations (pyeloureter, bladder, congenital hypospadias, cryptorchidism, hermaphroditism, hydrocele of testis); Surgical treatment of complex urinary calculi: open prostatectomy and vasectomy; Allograft kidney transplantation.