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What is chromatics? What does chromatics mean? & lt/FONT & gt；

Chromology refers to a set of color theories based on the color representation system and quantitative color harmony theory in the 20th century, and it is one of the important basic sciences. His theory was founded by German chemist W ostwald (1855 ~ 1932) and American painter A·H· Mancel (1855 ~ 1965438).

Chromology is a science that studies the laws of color generation, acceptance and application. Together with perspective and artistic anatomy, it has become the basic theory of art. Because shape and color are two basic appearance elements of object image and artistic image, the research and application of chromatics has become the primary and basic subject of artistic theory. As the basis of chromatics research, optics is the main one, followed by psychophysics, physiology, psychology, aesthetics and artistic theory. Therefore, its emergence and development depend on the great progress of these disciplines (especially optics), and the achievements of chromatics research provide materials for these disciplines and promote their deepening.

Human perception of color.

Human's perception of color is as long as human's own history. When primitive people painted on the face and trunk with solid or liquid pigments, they began to consciously apply color. In Neolithic pottery, we can see that primitive people consciously used simple colors. In the history of color application, decorative function appeared before copying function. Pigments made by human beings started from accidentally mixing oil and some soil when barbecuing animal meat, and gradually developed into pigment binders such as egg white, wax, linseed oil, gum, casein and propylene polymerization agent. In ancient China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia, pigments were mostly used to decorate furniture, buildings, clothes and statues. The color in China's early paintings is mainly a means to modify the outline and image, and the color is simple and simple. The walls and floors of ancient Rome were inlaid with rich colors. Since the Renaissance, artists have been exploring new color materials. Van Eyck and others improved the "oil-rubber powder painting" and formed oil painting pigments modulated with linseed oil, which provided media materials for oil painting. Since then, the means of color expression in painting have been greatly enriched.

Although human beings have used color for thousands of years, the scientific research of chromatics in an independent sense started later than perspective and artistic anatomy in modern times, because the research of chromatics must be based on the emergence and development of optics. In order to obtain the expressive effect of naturalism, painters in the Renaissance once studied optical problems and paid attention to color perspective. It was not until Newton in 65438+60 in 2007 came to the conclusion that white light was a mixture of different colors through the famous "sunlight-prism refraction experiment" that the essence of color was gradually explained correctly. Modern experimental optics laid by Kepler provided a scientific basis for the emergence of chromatics.

The research of perceptual psychology provides an important premise for solving the problem of color vision and a psychophysical method for solving the problem of reflection of light by visual mechanism. The color problems raised by visual art, especially the external light description, color juxtaposition and contrast, complementary color and other problems encountered after the appearance of Impressionism, have prompted theorists and artists to explore the laws of color generation, acceptance and application in a scientific way. In the second half of the19th century, specialized works on chromatics began to appear, such as Chevreux's Principles of Color Harmony and Contrast (1854) and Bei Salder's Color Theory (1876). In the 20th century, chromatics has made great progress on the basis of modern optics, psychophysics, neurophysiology and art psychology. The development of chromatics promoted the transformation of visual art from19th century to the pluralistic era of 20th century.

The basic content of chromatics

Chromatics can be roughly divided into four main parts according to the relationship between color and light, eyes, personal perception and application:

① The relationship between color and light involves physics, mainly optics.

Color is fundamentally a manifestation of light. Light generally refers to electromagnetic waves that can cause vision, so-called "visible light", and its wavelength range is about 0.77 micron red light to 0.39 micron purple light. In this range, different wavelengths of light can cause different color perception of human eyes, so different light sources have different colors; On the other hand, photoreceptors display different colors according to their ability to absorb and reflect light. This optical property of color leads to a series of problems in this part of chromatics: color classification (color and achromatic), characteristics (hue, purity, lightness), mixing (light-color mixing, that is, additive mixing; Three primary colors of color and light, namely red, green and blue; Three laws of mixing, namely complementary color law, intermediate color law, substitution law, etc. Munsell integrated the previous research results in this field and established the "Munsell color system".

② The study of color vision must examine the acceptance process of color by the visual organ-eyes.

This part of chromatics involves physiology and perceptual psychology, and many psychophysical methods are used to study it. The human eye mainly responds to light through rods and pyramidal receptors. It is generally believed that color vision is mediated by pyramidal receptors, which are mainly concentrated in the central area of retina. It contains photosensitive pigment, which is stimulated by light to form nerve excitement and spread to the visual center in the cerebral cortex to produce color vision. Based on this basic process, chromatics also studies the reception process, that is, the contrast (simultaneous contrast and continuous contrast of hue and lightness), constancy and color discrimination (including color blindness and color weakness) in color vision. Before the 20th century, there were mainly "three-color theory" and "four-color theory" about the visual mechanism and process of color. The research of modern physiology and psychology supports these two theories respectively, and tries to unify them with the hypothesis of "stage theory". In addition, in order to quantitatively analyze color characteristics, colorimetry, which is of great significance in theory and application, came into being in the 20th century.

(3) Chromology also examines the relationship between color and perceived individuals.

Color will have different feelings due to different viewers and different conditions, resulting in excellent feelings (cold and warm, swelling and shrinking, distance, weight, excitement, etc.). ), can be divided into positive and negative tendencies, likes and dislikes of color (including likes and dislikes of monochrome or multicolor and different tones), and the meaning of color (symbolism and expressiveness). ) and color auditory phenomenon (that is, synaesthesia) In short, this part mainly studies the relationship between color and the viewer's feelings and emotions under certain conditions. It is based on the research of personality psychology.

(4) Chromology further investigates the application of color in life and art. ..

First of all, we should study color (light source color, inherent color, environmental color), color perspective, color materials (history, classification, performance, deployment law, etc. ), and then discuss the specific application of color. The application of color in life mainly includes clothing, makeup, indoor layout and so on. The application in art is the most important aspect in the study of chromatics, which mainly includes painting colors (sketch colors and decorative colors) and stage colors (colors of scenery, props, clothing, lighting, etc.). ), video, color photography (including film photography) and so on. Because color permeates all aspects of human life, it can be said that there are problems of color application everywhere. In modern visual arts, the status of color is increasingly prominent. Expressionism, Op art, abstraction, etc. Especially, color is regarded as the main visual art language. The continuous renewal and enrichment of color materials and means of expression have opened up a broader world for the application of color, and also put forward many new topics for the study of chromatics.