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◎ Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee

Huangshan was widely praised during the heyday of literature and art in Chinese history (the "landscape" style in the mid-16th century AD), and was famous for its "shock" It is famous as "the most amazing mountain in China". Today, Huangshan is famous for its magnificent scenery - strange pines growing on granite rocks and strange rocks floating in the sea of ??clouds. For tourists, poets, painters and photographers who come to this scenic spot from all over, Huangshan has an eternal charm.

◎Overview

Huangshan is located in the southern part of Anhui Province in eastern China. It is about 40 kilometers from south to south and 30 kilometers from east to west. It covers an area of ??about 1,200 square kilometers, of which the essence is 154 square kilometers. It is known as "Five Hundred Miles of Huangshan".

Huangshan Mountain is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone. Due to the high mountains and deep valleys, the climate changes vertically. At the same time, due to the large difference in sunlight radiation between the north slope and the south slope, the local topography plays a dominant role in its climate, resulting in climate characteristics of more clouds and fog, high humidity, and heavy precipitation. The main peak, Lotus Peak, is 1864.8 meters above sea level. The six major scenic spots in the mountains are hot springs, Cloud Valley, Pine Valley, Beihai, Yuping and Diaoqiao. The scenery is beautiful and beautiful.

The Farewell Pine at the Yuping Tower Scenic Spot in Huangshan

Huangshan was originally called "Yishan" because it is said that Xuanyuan Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, once practiced here to become an immortal. It was renamed on June 16, the sixth year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (AD 747). This day was also designated as the birthday of Huangshan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Huangshan Mountain is world-famous for its majesty, beauty, and variety. It is also a national-level scenic spot and health resort with rich resources, complete ecology, and important scientific and ecological environmental values. It has both natural and cultural landscapes.

Huangshan combines the beauty of all the famous mountains in China, and is especially famous for its "four wonders" of strange pines, strange rocks, sea of ??clouds, and hot springs. Mountain, Huangshan has the reputation of not seeing the mountains after returning.

◎Cultural Heritage

Religious culture with a long history

Huangshan has a close relationship with religion. In the old Taoist books of the Tang Dynasty, there are records about Xuanyuan Huangdi and his appearance. The immortal story of Chengzi and Fuqiu Gong coming to the mountain to refine elixirs and ascending to heaven has been passed down for thousands of years and has a profound influence. Many peak names related to the above-mentioned immortal stories are still left, such as Xuanyuan Peak, Fuqiu Peak, as well as Alchemy, Immortal, and Ascension. , Immortal Capital, Taoist, and Wangxian Peaks. The name of Huangshan Mountain is also related to the Yellow Emperor's theory of alchemy. Taoism established earlier Taoist temples in Huangshan, including Fuqiu Temple and Jiulong Temple. In the late Song Dynasty, Taoist Zhang Yinfu practiced in Huangshan and founded Songgu Dojo. After the late Ming Dynasty, there was no trace of Taoist activities in the entire mountain. According to the "Huangshan Illustrated Book", Buddhism was introduced to Huangshan as early as the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, and nearly a hundred temples were built in successive dynasties. Among the temples, Xiangfu Temple, Ciguang Temple, Cuiwei Temple and Tobo Temple are known as the "Four Jungles" of Huangshan. Among the Buddhists of Huangshan in the past dynasties, there were many who were good at poetry and painting. The famous ones include Daoyun in the Tang Dynasty, Haineng, Hongzhi, Yinke, Yuanze, and Wang Yin in the Ming Dynasty, Dajun, Dahan, Bo'an, and Jian in the Qing Dynasty. Jiang, Xuezhuang, etc., all have works handed down from generation to generation.

Sunset landscape on the top of Huangshan Danxia Peak

Excellent collection of Huangshan art

The great natural beauty of Huangshan has amazed countless poets, painters and other artists. and intoxication, resulting in irrepressible creative passion and leaving behind countless works of art. In the 1,200 years from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, more than 20,000 poems praising Huangshan can be found. Huangshan's artistic works are rich in genre and content. They explore and enrich the beauty of Huangshan from all sides, and are brilliant flowers in the art treasure house of the motherland. As far as poetry is concerned, many excellent works by Li Bai, Jia Dao, Fan Chengda, Shi Tao, Gong Zizhen, Huang Yanpei, Dong Biwu, Guo Moruo, Lao She, etc. have been handed down to the world. Among the prose, Xu Xiake's "Travel to Huangshan Diary", Yuan Mu's "Travel to Huangshan"), Ye Shengtao's "Three Days in Huangshan", Feng Zikai's "Shangtiandu", etc. all reflect the beauty and beauty of Huangshan. In addition, there are countless stories and legends about Huangshan, such as "The Yellow Emperor Alchemy", "Li Bai's Drunkenness", "The Immortal Guiding the Way", "The Fairy Embroidering", etc. are widely praised. In particular, the Huangshan School of Painting, which embodies the beauty and tranquility of Huangshan Mountain, has become a shining pearl of Huangshan culture. The masters of the Huangshan School of Painting constantly absorb nutrients from the Huangshan Mountains and waters to enrich their artistic creations. They are unique in the painting world with their solemn and concise brushwork, bright and beautiful compositions, noble and tragic style, and profound and grand purpose. Huangshan has nurtured many artists in various eras, and artists have given Huangshan artistic life.

◎Natural Heritage

Anhui Huangshan Scenic Area Tiandu Peak Sea of ??Clouds

Geology and Landforms

Huangshan has experienced a long period of orogeny and crustal movement Uplift, as well as the baptism of glaciers and natural weathering, formed its unique peak forest structure. Huangshan Mountain is known as having "Thirty-Six Big Peaks and Thirty-Six Small Peaks". The main peak, Lotus Peak, is as high as 1,864 meters above sea level. Together with the flat Guangmingding Peak and the steep Tiandu Peak, it occupies the center of the scenic spot and is surrounded by 77 thousand-meter peaks. The mountains above are covered with verdant peaks, organically forming a rhythmic, majestic and three-dimensional picture.

The mountain is mainly composed of Yanshan period granite, with developed vertical joints, strong erosion and cutting, crisscrossed fractures and fissures, and long-term water erosion, forming magnificent and colorful granite caves and tunnels, making it a heavy ridge canyon. There are pass points everywhere, including 30 ridges, 22 rocks, 7 passes and 2 passes in the whole mountain. The front mountain rock mass has sparse joints, the rocks are mostly spherically weathered, and the mountain is thick and spectacular; the back mountain rock mass has dense joints, mostly vertical weathering, and the mountain is steep, forming the landform characteristics of "the front mountain is majestic and the back mountain is beautiful".

Glacier Relics

Huangshan has abundant Quaternary glacial relics, mainly distributed in the southeast of the front mountain. Typical glacial landforms include: Kuzhu Creek and Xiaoyao Creek were created by the movement of glaciers. The "U"-shaped valley formed by the cliff; there are two "V"-shaped valleys and knife ridges left over from the eyebrow peak and the back of the crucian carp; the top of Tiandu Peak is the corner peak left over from the ice bucket on three sides; Baizhang The spring and the herringbone waterfall are glacial hanging valleys formed by the convergence of glacial valleys and glacial branch valleys; the riverbed terraces from Xiaoyao Creek to Tangkou, Wuniguan, Huangshidang and other places are distributed with moraine transported and accumulated by glaciers; it is said that Xuanyuan The "alchemy well" and "medicine mortar" used by Huangdi to make alchemy were also mortars formed by glaciers.

Water resources

Huangshan is the watershed of the two major river systems of the Qiantang River and the Yangtze River. It is very rich in water resources. There are many mountain streams and valleys radiating from the center to the surroundings, including 36 large valleys. , forming 36 sources, flowing into 24 streams, bounded by Taohua and Yunmen peaks, and flowing into the Xin'an River, Qiantang River, Qingyi River, and Yangtze River respectively. The height difference in Huangshan Mountain is large, and the mountains and rivers gushing out, forming waterfalls, hanging as if they were drilled, and splashing beads and jade, which constitute the most active and vital landscape in Huangshan Mountain. The famous ones are "Herringbone Waterfall", "Baizhang Spring" and "Jiulong Waterfall". "In addition, there are 20 named pools, 15 springs and 9 ponds.

Animal and plant resources

Huangshan has complex natural environmental conditions, a stable and balanced ecosystem, obvious vertical zoning of plants, and complete communities. It also preserves an alpine swamp and an alpine meadow. It is a place where green plants gather, with a forest coverage rate of 56% and a vegetation coverage rate of 83%. There are 1,452 species of wild plants in Huangshan, among which the metasequoia is a national first-class protected species, 4 species are classified as second-class protected, including ginkgo, 8 are classified as third-class protected, 10 species including dendrobium are endangered species, and 6 species are endangered species in China. Endemic species, 2 species are endemic to Huangshan, and 28 species of plants were first discovered in Huangshan or named after Huangshan. The famous tea "Huangshan Maofeng" and the famous medicine "Huangshan Ganoderma" are famous both at home and abroad. There are many ancient and famous trees in Huangshan Mountain, and they are famous for being ancient, large, rare, strange and numerous. The Huangshan pine is the most famous.

Huangshan is also an ideal place for animals to rest and breed. There are 24 known species of fish, 20 species of amphibians, 38 species of reptiles, 170 species of birds (belonging to 17 orders and 40 families), vertebrates, There are 300 species of animals, the main rare birds and animals include white-necked long-tailed pheasants, macaques, macaques, sika deer, wild goats, clouded leopards, eight-tone birds, white pheasants, lovebirds, etc.

Strange Rocks of Huangshan Mountain

Four Wonders of Huangshan Mountain

“Since ancient times, Huangshan Mountain has been a wonder in the world.” “The wonder of Huangshan Mountain lies in its peaks; Pine and stone; the wonder of pine and stone is believed to be in the ancient times; the wonder of cloud and mist is believed to be in the sea. "The peaks and mountains in the sky, the vast clouds and smoke, the flowing waterfalls, the rugged rocks, and the strange green pines all show the majestic beauty of Huangshan.

Strange pines: Pines are the most peculiar landscape in Huangshan. There are tens of thousands of Huangshan pines that are more than a century old. They mostly grow in the cracks of rocks. Their roots are intertwined and tall and tall, showing extremely tenacious vitality. They have been named There are nearly a hundred trees, and the welcoming pines under Jade Girl Peak have become a symbol of Huangshan.

Weird rocks: Huangshan Mountain is lined with dangerous peaks and steep cliffs. The foot of the peaks plummets to the bottom of the valley. Granite stone forests and stone pillars are widely distributed on the top of the mountain, on the mountainside and in the valleys. The strange rocks and strange rocks are as vivid as if they were made by God. , constitute a series of wonderful natural pictures, of which there are more than 120 famous ones. The famous ones include "Squirrel Jumping to Heaven", "Monkey Looking at Peace" and so on.

A rare sea of ??clouds appears in Huangshan Scenic Area in Anhui Province

Sea of ??clouds: "Since ancient times, clouds in Huangshan Mountain have formed a sea." Huangshan Mountain is the hometown of clouds and mist, with peaks as its body and clouds as its clothing. The magnificent and colorful "Sea of ??Clouds" is famous in ancient and modern times for its beauty, wonder, wonder and illusion. Especially the "Sea of ??Xia" when it clears up after rain and snow, and when the sun rises or sets, is the most spectacular. Strange rocks, strange pines, and peaks float in the sea of ??clouds, appearing and disappearing. Being among them is like entering a dreamland, drifting away, and you can appreciate the realm of "the sky is the shore when the sea reaches the end, and I am the peak when the mountain reaches the top" .

Hot spring: Huangshan Hot Spring, known in ancient times as "Lingquan", "Tangquan" and "Cinnabar Spring", gushes out from under Ziyun Peak and faces Taohua Peak across the stream. Legend has it that Huangdi Xuanyuan lived here Those who took a bath and ascended to heaven on the 7749th day. Hot springs contain a variety of trace elements that are beneficial to the human body. The water quality is pure and the temperature is suitable for drinking and bathing. Jia Dao, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once lamented that "the great philosopher has passed away, but this water is my true teacher."

Pine is an evergreen tree, and a few are shrubs. The bark is mostly scaly, the leaves are needle-shaped, and the fruit is spherical. The seeds are called pine nuts and can be eaten. Wood and resin are very versatile.

There are more than 100 varieties of pine trees in the world, all of which are positive and fast-growing tree species. In addition to needing some shade during the seedling period, they also like light and fertile and moist soil during the growth period. The original native species in our province include Huashan pine, Pinus tabulaeformis, whitebark pine, Masson pine, Bashan pine and juniper. Varieties introduced from home and abroad include North China larch, cedar, Yunnan pine, Scotch pine, slash pine and loblolly pine. wait. The biological characteristics of these tree species vary. Some prefer a warm and humid climate, while others prefer a mild and cool climate. Some are cold and drought tolerant, while others are not cold tolerant and fear drought. Here we mainly introduce the suitable cultivation ranges of several pine trees.

l. Huashan pine, also known as white pine and five-bearded pine, can be planted in the Qinba Mountains and some mountainous hills in Weibei. The annual average temperature should be below 15°C and the annual precipitation should be between 600-1500 mm. . It has strong adaptability to soil and can grow on mountain cinnamon soil, red and yellow soil, and red lime soil. However, it has strict requirements on soil moisture and is intolerant of drought and barrenness, as well as salt-alkali and poor drainage. Huashan pine is relatively cold-tolerant and can grow normally at low temperatures of minus 7 to 10 degrees Celsius, and can also grow at absolute low temperatures as high as minus 31 degrees Celsius. Huashan pine trees are tall, with green needles and numerous cones. They are also a popular ornamental tree for garden landscaping and nutritious and delicious dried fruit trees.

2. Masson pine, also known as green pine and fir pine, is the main afforestation tree species in the subtropics and can only be planted in some places on the southern slopes of Bashan and Qinling Mountains. It is suitable for warm and humid climate, growing in places with annual average temperature of 13-22℃ and annual precipitation of more than 800 mm. It is intolerant of extremely low temperatures, and the needles of the saplings will wither when the temperature is minus 15°C in winter. Masson pine has no strict soil requirements and can tolerate dry and infertile soil. It can grow in clay, sandy soil, gravel soil, and thin soil layers or rock crevices on sunny slopes. It likes acidic and slightly acidic soil and grows best in mountains with a pH value of 4.5-6.5.

Masson pine grows fast, has a long life, has strong adaptability, is tall and vigorous, and is majestic. It is not only the main pioneer tree species for afforestation in barren mountains, but also a good tree species for creating landscape forests and convalescent forests.

3. Pinus tabulaeformis, also known as jack pine and black pine, has the widest adaptability and can grow from south to north in Shaanxi Province. It is the best pine species to adapt to the continental climate. It is cold-resistant and drought-resistant, and can withstand low temperatures of minus 25°C. It can grow in northern Shaanxi with a rainfall of 300-400 mm. Pinus tabulaeformis does not have strict soil requirements and prefers slightly acidic and neutral soils. It will not grow well in alkaline soils with a pH value above 7.5. It is not intolerant to saline-alkaline soil, but grows well in limestone mountains, deep soil, high organic matter moisture content, abundant precipitation, and good drainage. Therefore, Pinus tabulaeformis is one of the main coniferous tree species used for windbreak, sand fixation and soil and water conservation in loess ravines and sandy areas in northern Shaanxi Province.

4. Pinus sylvestris is the main fast-growing timber species and excellent tree species for shelterbelts and "all around" greening in Northeast my country. It was introduced to the Yulin area of ??our province in the 1960s and has grown well. It is very cold-resistant and can withstand low temperatures of minus 40-50℃. At the same time, it is also a tree species with strong drought resistance. It does not require soil moisture and has a very developed root system, which can make full use of the moisture in the soil. The soil requirements are not strict, and it is suitable for growing on wind-sand soil, gravelly coarse sand soil, sandy soil, chernozem soil, and white mud soil. It is only unfavorable to its growth in alkaline soil with a pH value exceeding 8 and in places with a salt content exceeding 0.1% or waterlogging.

Based on the requirements of Pinus sylvestris for suitable environmental conditions, it is only suitable for large-scale planting in northern Shaanxi as a tree species for sand prevention, sand fixation, gully management, and "four side" greening.

5. Cedar, also known as Himalayan pine and Himalayan cedar, is a tall and majestic cedar tree. It is a precious timber species and a world-famous ornamental tree species. Cedar is a subtropical tree species that is suitable for growing in a warm and humid climate, with an annual rainfall of 600 to 1000 mm, and in deep, fertile, loose soil that is acidic or slightly acidic. However, it can also grow in places with heavy loess, infertile soil, and exposed rocks. It is not suitable for growing in low-lying water or places with high groundwater levels. Otherwise, it will grow poorly or even die. It has poor smoke resistance and is susceptible to smoke damage.

Cedar is suitable for planting in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi. Because cedar bears little fruit and has a low survival rate of cuttings, it is mainly supplied by other provinces, so it is used for garden greening and street tree planting every year. There are many natural types of cedar. According to the tree shape and branching conditions, it can be divided into three types: thick-leaf cedar, weeping cedar, and warped cedar.

Pinaceae is the largest family in the Gymnosperm phylum, with 10 genera and more than 230 species, of which Pinus has more than 90 species. It is the largest genus in the Pinaceae and the entire Gymnosperm phylum. Pine trees are the most important forest tree species in the northern hemisphere. Except for the Sumatran pine, which is distributed to 2 degrees south latitude, the other species naturally grow in the mountains and plains from the equator to 72 degrees north latitude. Especially in temperate areas, there are not only many types of Pinus plants, but they often form vast forest seas. Therefore, pine trees are known as the "Mother of Forests in the Northern Hemisphere."

Pine trees are extremely adaptable to terrestrial environments. They can tolerate low temperatures of -60°C or high temperatures of 50°C, can grow in exposed mineral soil, sandy soil, volcanic ash, calcareous soil, limestone soil and various soils from podzol to red soil, and are resistant to drought and barrenness. , likes sunshine, so it is a famous pioneer tree species.

The most obvious feature of pine trees is that the leaves are needle-shaped, often with 2, 3 or 5 needles in a bunch.

For example, the leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis, Masson pine, and Huangshan pine have two needles in a bunch, the leaves of whitebark pine have three needles in a bunch, and the leaves of Korean pine, Huashan pine, and five-needle pine have five needles in a bunch.

Pine trees are monoecious plants, and the sporophylls are arranged in a cone shape, forming male and female cones. Female cones are borne singly or in groups of 2 to 4 at the top of new branches, while male cones are mostly gathered at the lower part of new branches. The cones of pine trees generally bloom in spring and summer, but after pollen is transferred to the female cones, they will not germinate until early summer of the next year, fertilizing the female flowers and developing into cones (commonly known as pine cones or pine cones, not fruits). The cones mature in the fall, and the seed scales open, each with two seeds.

Most species in the genus Pinus are tall and straight trees with good materials and many of them can be used as pillars. The "King of Timbers" in Northeast China - Korean pine, a tall tree species (up to 75 meters high) widely distributed in western North America - ponderosa pine, native to the coast of California, USA. The fastest growing pine - radiata pine, native Slash pine native to the southeastern United States, Caribbean pine native to the Caribbean region of America, Scots pine widely distributed in western and northern Eurasia, etc., are all famous timber tree species.

The ornamental value of pine trees is also obvious. In China, pine trees can be seen from the royal classical gardens to the homes of modern residents, such as the Chinese pine and whitebark pine in Beihai and the Summer Palace in Beijing, and the five-needle pine widely used in stump bonsai. Some famous mountain resorts are even more famous for their mountains. The pine trees are strong and powerful, and the pine trees are famous for their mountains. Huangshan pine in Huangshan Mountain, Huashan pine in Huashan Mountain, and Beauty pine in Changbai Mountain... all of them are amazing to tourists.

China is one of the countries with the richest gymnosperm species in the world. Looking at Pinaceae alone, it can be fully demonstrated that China is a veritable "hometown of gymnosperms". In China's vast mountain forests, there are not only lush pine, larch, spruce, and fir forests, but also many extremely precious and rare Pinaceae tree species hidden in some deep mountain forests. Among the first batch of rare and endangered plants announced by the state as key protected species, there are 39 species of Pinaceae plants, accounting for 1/10 of the total (389 species). Among them, silver fir is listed as a first-level key protected plant, 17 species such as Baishanzu fir and golden pine are listed as second-level key protected plants, and 21 species including yellow branch yew fir and Scotch pine are listed as third-level key protected plants.