What are the characteristics of safflower?

(Zhou Yushu, Li Longyun, Fan Ying, Luo)

Safflower is an annual or biennial (autumn sowing) plant of Compositae. Originated in Egypt. In China, safflower has a long history and was introduced to China as early as the Han Dynasty. Compendium of Materia Medica is a great medical work in China, which describes imported drugs including safflower and blue flower. According to Zhang Hua's "Natural History" in the Western Jin Dynasty, "Zhang Qian got species from the western regions, and now Wei also planted them." It can be seen that safflower has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. Henan Province, as the main producing area of safflower in China, remains so far. Safflower is cultivated in almost all provinces of China. But the main producing areas are in Henan, Sichuan, Zhejiang and Xinjiang. Take flowers as medicine. In addition, flowers can also extract organic dyes, and seeds can extract oil. Flowers contain anthocyanins, crocin quinone and neocarotene. Pharmacological experiments show that safflower decoction has obvious stimulating effect on the uterus of mice, cats and dogs, and has lasting antihypertensive effect on cats and dogs. Pungent in taste and warm in nature. Has effect in promoting blood circulation, dredge channels, removing blood stasis and relieving pain. Indications: dysmenorrhea, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, traumatic injury and blood stasis pain.

I. Morphological characteristics

Plant height 1— 1.5m, erect stems, smooth and hairless whole plant, lignified lower part and multi-branched upper part. Simple leaves alternate, subsessile, slightly stipitate at the base; The leaves are oblong or ovate-lanceolate, with irregularly lobed edges, spikes at the top of the lobes, smooth and dark green leaves with convex veins on both sides. The head is terminal, with many tubular flowers, leaflike involucres and serrated edges; Corolla 2-3 cm long, 5-lobed at the apex, linear lobes, red or orange; 5 Stamens, 1 pistil, lower ovary, 1 room. Achenes are white, obovate, and usually have four edges, with one end truncated and the other narrow (Figure 18-2).

Figure 18-2 Morphology of Carthamus tinctorius

1 .tubular flower 2. Anthers and styles 3. Achene 4. Root 5. Flowering branches.

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development habits

Generally, it takes about 250 days from seed germination to fruit maturity (autumn sowing), and its growth and development process can be divided into four stages.

1. rosette period

After safflower is sown, the seeds germinate quickly by absorbing water and emerge after a few days. Two cotyledons were unearthed in 5-6 days of spring sowing and 7- 14 days of autumn sowing, and the first true leaf appeared in 4-6 days. Before overwintering, the number of true leaves keeps increasing, but the plant does not elongate, but clings to the ground like a lotus, so it is called rosette stage. The length of rosette period depends on sowing date, temperature, sunshine and variety. Generally, it takes 2-4 months for autumn sowing and 1-2 months for spring sowing.

2. Extension period

After beginning of spring, plants entered a stage of rapid growth. In late March, branches began to appear on the upper part of the main stem. When buds appear at the top of the branches of safflower, the main stem stops growing. At this time, the vegetative growth of safflower is the most vigorous period, and it is also the period of reproductive growth. Buds began to appear in Sichuan in early April, and in Jiangsu and Zhejiang in late April.

3. Flowering period

Sichuan blooms in early May, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang bloom in late May, with a flowering period of about 20 days. Flowering and pollination usually occurs in the morning, and the florets in each flower head gradually open from the edge to the center, which usually takes 3-5 days. The order of flowering of plants is from the upper part to the lower part, from the main stem inflorescence to the first branch, and then to the second branch, opening step by step.

4. Fruit maturity

5-6 days after flowering, the fruit expands obviously, and it takes more than 20 days from flower withering to seed ripening. When the stems and leaves wither and die, the fruit matures.

(2) Climate and environmental requirements

1. temperature

Carthamus tinctorius is native to tropical regions and likes warmer climate, but it can grow in colder regions because of its strong adaptability to temperature. However, extreme high and low temperatures are not conducive to the growth of safflower.

Safflower is cold-tolerant, and its seeds can germinate at 4.4℃. Germination is almost complete at 5℃, and the higher the temperature, the faster the germination. The optimum temperature for germination is about 25℃. As long as the accumulated temperature of safflower is above 5℃, above 2000-2900℃,15℃; The accumulated temperature of 1500-2400℃ can meet the needs of growth and development. After flowering, when the daytime temperature is stable at 2 1-32℃, usually higher yield can be obtained.

2. Land

Safflower can adapt to a wide range of soil types, from sandy loam to clay and saline-alkali soil (it can tolerate about 0.4% saline-alkali soil), but it grows best on sandy loam or clay loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, fertility and neutral reaction.

3. sunshine

Safflower belongs to long-day plants. Short sunshine is beneficial to vegetative growth, while long sunshine is beneficial to reproductive growth. In production, in order to obtain high yield, it is necessary to make safflower seedlings develop their roots under short sunshine conditions, and then give long sunshine to promote flowering and fruiting. This process can actually be satisfied by choosing a suitable sowing date.

According to this growth and development law, a very scientific sowing date was adopted in production practice to meet the requirements of safflower for light. For example, autumn sowing in southern provinces and regions is to make safflower grow vigorously in a short period of time, providing a solid material foundation for flowering and fruiting.

Step 4: Moisture

Safflower has a well-developed root system and can absorb water in deep soil, so it is more drought-tolerant. Although safflower is drought-tolerant, high yield can be obtained by proper irrigation in dry climate. Safflower is afraid of waterlogging and sensitive to water. If the air humidity is too high, it will lead to serious diseases. The rosette stage can tolerate greater air humidity, and if it rains for a long time after the branch stage, it will lead to rust and root rot. Rain during flowering is not conducive to picking flowers. So safflower is mostly cultivated in dry areas or dry seasons.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) Land preparation and border preparation

The soil preparation of safflower need not be too fine. In the north, just prepare the soil like wheat. After the previous crop is harvested, the manure is scattered in the soil, ploughed and raked, and then the seeds can be planted. In the south, the border needs to be raised, and the height of the border is 20-25 cm to facilitate drainage. The width of the boundary varies from place to place. If the local precipitation is small and uneven, and irrigation is not needed, the border can be larger. Irrigation is needed, and the poor soil permeability is smaller.

(2) sowing

China has a vast territory and different climate. According to the distribution of safflower in different places and the requirements of safflower for temperature, light and moisture, it is advisable to sow in spring in the north, preferably from early March to early April. It is necessary to seize the favorable opportunity when the soil begins to thaw and the water content is good, and sow as soon as possible. In the south, it is mainly broadcast in autumn, from the middle of 10 to the late of10. The best sowing date in Sichuan is from the first ten days of1October to the first ten days of 1 1 of 65438. In recent years, Sichuan has also successfully adopted spring sowing.

Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 52-54℃ 10 minute, then cool them with cold water, take them out and dry them before sowing. Sowing can be done by drilling holes or nesting. The row spacing of drilling is 30-50 cm, the ditch depth is 6 cm, and the thickness of covering soil after sowing is 2-3 cm. The row spacing of hole sowing is the same as that of drill sowing, the hole spacing is 20-30 cm, and the depth is 6 cm. Each hole is sown with 5-6 seeds, and the soil is covered after sowing. The amount of seed used per mu is about 2.5-3kg for drill sowing and1.5-2kg for hole sowing. Sichuan adopted wide and narrow rows for sowing, because wide rows are convenient for picking flowers. 60cm in width and 40cm in width and 40 cm in width and 40 cm in width and 40 cm in width, 30cm in nest spacing and 6cm in nest depth. Dilute human and animal manure water is applied, and 5-6 seeds are sown per mu 1000- 1500kg. After sowing, compost or fine soil is covered with a thickness of 3cm, and 2.5-3 seeds are required per mu.

(3) Site management

1. Sparse and replenish seedlings

After sowing safflower, the yield is often affected by low seed germination rate, too much or too little rain, soil hardening and poor sowing quality. In order to ensure the whole seedling, it must be replanted or replanted immediately. When the seedlings have 3 true leaf seedlings, the hole seeder leaves 4-5 strong seedlings in each hole. Drill every 1 0cm1seedling. When the seedling height is 8- 10 cm, the seedlings are fixed, with 2 plants per nest and 20cm 1 plant.

2. intertillage weeding

Weeds not only affect the growth, reduce the yield of safflower, but also bring pests and diseases. The growth period of safflower in autumn sowing area is long, and its competitiveness with weeds is weak because of its slow growth at seedling stage. Therefore, the frequency of weeding in intertillage is more than that in spring sowing safflower, generally three times. In the first two times, the topsoil was plowed by combining thinning and hoeing, and the depth of the third time was about 5-7 cm. Intertillage and weeding should be combined with soil tillage to prevent lodging.

In addition to weeding through farming, herbicides can also be used to control weeds.

Apply topdressing

In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, safflower should also be topdressing reasonably according to its growth and development in order to obtain a bumper harvest. The demand for nitrogen in safflower seedling stage is great, and the application of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to the growth of stems and leaves and the cultivation of strong seedlings. After the stem is pulled out, safflower grows vigorously, enters the reproductive growth period, and absorbs and accumulates the most nutrients, with nitrogen absorption reaching more than 75%, phosphorus and potassium reaching about 65% and 50% respectively, so it should be topdressing again. After budding, nitrogen absorption decreased and phosphorus and potassium absorption increased. In production, thinning and fixing seedlings are combined, and human and animal manure 1000- 1500 kg is applied once per mu; During the branch stage and before the plant is closed, 2500-3000 kg of human and animal manure and 0/5-20 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc are applied per mu. Before buds appear, topdressing 1-2 times can be applied outside the roots to promote flowering. Top dressing outside the roots can be soaked in 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.5 kg urea and 1 kg calcium superphosphate, filtered and sprayed with 1000 kg water.

Go to the top

Generally, the planting is sparse, the land is fertile, and the ones that grow well can be removed from the top to promote their multi-branching. However, it is not suitable to top the densely planted safflower, otherwise there will be too many branches, poor ventilation and light transmission, and poor plant development. The land is thin and barren, and those with poor growth and development should not be topped.

(4) Pests and diseases and their control

(1) anthrax

[safflower gleosprium (Fukui) horiet hemmi]

The main sources of infection are bacteria carried by seeds and the sick and disabled. Rainy weather at 20-25℃ is conducive to the occurrence and spread of the disease, and leaves, stems and buds can all be harmed. The diseased spot on the stem is spindle-shaped, gradually expanding, reddish brown, and then turned into reddish brown or orange; The diseased spots on the leaves are round, slightly sunken and shriveled. In the later stage, the diseased branches rot, wither and droop. Prevention and control methods: select disease-resistant varieties, and safflower with thorns is more disease-resistant than safflower without thorns; Choose a high-lying, dry and well-drained plot for planting; Avoid continuous cropping, and the previous crop is preferably leguminous or gramineous plants; Strengthen field management, pull out diseased plants and burn them centrally; Spray 1: 1: 120 bordeaux solution before onset, or spray 500-600 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder every 7- 10 days for 2-3 times.

(2) Rusting

[Cigna safflower (Hutz. )Corda】

High humidity is beneficial to the occurrence and development of embroidery diseases, and continuous cropping is the main reason for rust spores to infect roots and roots. Spores spread with the wind and often infect cotyledons, leaves and bracts of safflower, forming chestnut brown herpes-like lesions. At seedling stage, honey yellow patches appeared on hypocotyls and roots of cotyledons, which were composed of dense needle-like yellow spots, with a width of 0.2-0.3 cm, a length of 0.5- 1 cm, and a circumference around the stem of 1/2- 1/3. After that, a chestnut-shaped or nearly-round rust appeared on the edge of the macula, and then it became a cushion chestnut-shaped, strip-shaped or amorphous shape, and there was a pile of dark brown winter spores on the main root. Winter spores and winter spores accumulated on diseased plants are the sources of infection early next year. Chestnut brown summer spores are spread by wind and infect leaves in late spring or early summer when the temperature is low or moderate and the humidity is high. Rust spores infect leaves. Prevention and control methods: choose high drought terrain or high ridge planting; Implement a 2-3 year rotation system; Pay attention to clearing the garden and dealing with sick and disabled plants; Seed dressing with 15% triadimefon, the amount of seed dressing is 0.4% of the seed amount; Spraying 1∶500 15% triadimefon 500 times solution 1-2 times at the initial stage of onset; Increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, promote plant health and improve disease resistance.

(3) Fusarium wilt

(Fusarium oxysporum subsp. Carthamus)

The disease is generally harmful in South China, and the incidence rate is generally 15-20%. In serious cases, the whole field can be destroyed. Bacteria are carried by soil or seeds, and the disease is most serious before and after flowering. The stem base and taproot of the diseased plant are dark brown, the vascular bundle of the root is brown, and the surface of the stem base secretes orange-red mucus, which is a conidia pile of pathogenic bacteria. Stems and roots rot one after another, and the whole plant withers. When the weather is wet, white hyphae will grow at the base of the stem. Prevention and control methods: we must strictly ensure that there is no repeated rotation; Keep the soil well drained. Remove the diseased plants in time and burn them, and disinfect the diseased soil with lime; Remove litter and weeds in the field and eliminate overwintering germs; Irrigation with 1: 1: 120 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 500-600 times solution; Select disease-free plants to keep seeds.

(4) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lid. ) de Barry. 〕

This disease often occurs in some areas in the south. Rain in spring and early summer can lead to the occurrence of this disease. The main performance is that leaves turn yellow and branches wither. Black rat dung nuclei appear in the root or stem pulp. May to June. The control method is the same as Fusarium wilt.

(5) Alternaria rubra and Ascomycetes.

Mainly harmful to leaves. A nearly round brown lesion appeared in the affected area. There are small black spots on it, which are bigger than black spots and have concentric rings. It is harmful from April to before harvest. Control methods: rotation with gramineous crops; Spraying1:1:100 bordeaux solution or 65% wettable zineb solution for 500 times in the early stage and early stage. 7- 10 once a day, several times in a row.

(6) Red fruit fly

(Aquino Rossi)

It is widely distributed and harms flower heads and tender seeds. It has 4-5 generations in Beijing 1 year, 3 generations in Ningxia 1 year, and overwinters in the flower heads of safflower or late host plants. Prevention and control methods: clear the garden and treat the residual plants; Avoid interplanting with Atractylodes macrocephala and cornflower; Spraying 800 times of 90% trichlorfon or 1000 times of 40% omethoate emulsifiable concentrate at the stage of flower bud whitening, and spraying again one week later, can achieve the ideal effect.

(7) Mytilus rubra

(Matsumura)

It is an important pest of safflower, burdock and atractylodes rhizome. 10- 15 generation occurred in the northeast, overwintering with eggs or nymphs in the roots of wild compositae plants, and the 20th-25th generation occurred in Zhejiang, overwintering with wingless viviparous female aphids on safflower seedlings and wild compositae plants. The optimum temperature and humidity for growth and reproduction are 22-26℃ and 60-80% respectively. Prevention and control methods: appropriate early sowing; Protect and utilize natural enemies, such as syrphids; The application of low residue pesticides dichlorvos, rotenone and 600 times dimethoate spray during the occurrence period can effectively control it. It is forbidden half a month before picking flowers.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Seeds.

High-yield plants with vigorous growth, consistent plant height, strong disease resistance, many branches, large flower heads, long corollas, early and orderly flowering are selected at flowering stage, and marked well. When the seeds are mature, collect the flower heads on the main stem and keep the full seeds for reproduction.

(2) Harvest

The harvest period of safflower is June-July in the north and May-June in the south. The harvesting standard is that when the crown top changes from yellow to red, the processing quality is good.

About 20 days after picking flowers, the stems and leaves wither and achenes mature, and the plants can be harvested and threshed in sunny days.

(3) processing

After picking flowers, cover them with a layer of white paper and dry them; Or dry in the shade in a cool and ventilated place, and cannot be put on hold or turned over to avoid mildew and blackening; Or dry in a drying room at 40-60 DEG C. ..

flower bud of lily magnolia

(Liu) According to

Xinyi , also known as primrose, wood brush flower, magnolia flower and winter jasmine, is a deciduous tree of Magnoliaceae. According to China Pharmacopoeia (1985 edition), Flos Magnoliae. Magnolia. And magnolia Wudang Pamp. Belong to the same genus. Location: Shaanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang; Gansu, Hebei, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Taiwan Province and other provinces are also produced. Use buds as medicine. Contains volatile oils such as pinene, eucalyptus oil essence, citral and eugenol. Rosemary also contains rosin dimethyl ether, Li Pin dimethyl ether, magnolin, Magnoliaceae, sesamin, rutin, glucuronide and so on. Bark contains brucine, salicin, etc. Pharmacological experiments show that the water and alcohol extracts and preparations of Flos Magnoliae have the functions of contracting nasal mucosa blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, exciting breathing, infiltrating anesthesia and inhibiting Candida albicans. It is pungent, slightly bitter and warm in nature. It has the effects of expelling wind and cold, dispersing lung qi and inducing resuscitation. Indications: headache, toothache, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis.

Except Primula, Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia Wudang mentioned above, they belong to the same species: Magnolia purpurea (M.liliflora Desr ), magnolia dentata (M.sargentlana Rehd.et Wils.), magnolia xikang [M. Wilson II (Fine et .Etganep). )Rehd。 Etwils。 ] and Mulan Yuncang (M. Campbell).

Key to the original plants of Magnolia *

1. The flower buds are hairy; This flower blooms first. 2. Leaves are hairless or the hairs are not obvious; Flower bud bracts have 2-3 layers. 3. Sepals are almost as big as petals, and they are petal-shaped. 4. The leaf blade is oval or oblong obovate, and the base is usually round; The pedicel of bud is very long, and the pedicel of .......................................................................................................................................................................... bud is glabrous. 5. The leaves are pointed or short. 6. Tepals 12- 14, with a claw at the base, light red outside and white inside. The medicinal materials are large, brush-head-shaped, oval, 2-4 cm long, 1-2-4 cm in diameter, and densely covered with yellow-brown fluff. ...

6. Tepals 9, white, medium-sized medicinal materials, oval, brush-head-shaped, 2-2.5 cm long, with hair color or light brown, hair diameter 1- 1.2 cm, densely covered with light yellow magnolia 5. The tip of the blade is usually round or concave; The medicinal materials are large in shape, cone-shaped like a brush head, 3-4 cm long, and the hairs often fall off partially (all the sparse ones fall off), with a diameter of dark brown 1-2 cm, and the outer bracts are concave. 2. The back of leaves is densely covered with gray silk hairs; A layer of flower bud; The medicinal materials are rectangular, yellow, 2-2.5 cm long, with ring hairs, such as bracts. The diameter of Xikang Magnolia is 1- 1.2 cm, and there are three at the base. Outer sepals, smaller, different from the other 6 petals. 7. The perianth is purple outside; Leaves obovate to oblong obovate; After drying, the bud is small, long and conical, 2-2.5 cm long and less than 1 cm in diameter. Bracts are sparsely short-haired, and the hairs are covered with magnolia grandiflora. 7. The flowers are white or the base is purple; The leaves are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the medicinal materials are of medium size, 2.5cm in diameter, 1- 1.2 cm, densely covered with grayish white or yellowish fur, and the hairs are mostly spread. Primula is brush-head-shaped, 2- Song Wanzhi: Studies on Medicinal Plants of Magnoliaceae Ⅲ, Original Plants of Magnolia and magnolia officinalis flower Ⅰ. Morphological characteristics.

(1) Winter jasmine

The plant height can reach 12m. Bark grayish brown or dark green; Buds ovate, densely yellowish villous. Simple leaves alternate with short petioles; Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with acute apex and cuneate base. Flowers open leaves first, with a single branch top and a diameter of 6-8 cm; 3 calyxes, nearly linear, about1/4 of petals; 6 petals, 2 wheels, spoon-shaped, white, and the outer base is often purple; Stamens are numerous, filaments are thick, anthers are filiform and longer than filaments; Carpel separation; Chromosome x= 19. Aggregate sunflower fruit, cylindrical, light brown; The seed is crimson [Figure 18-3 (a)].

Figure 18-3 (a) Primula

1 .flowers 2. Bud 3. Flowers 4. fruit

(2) Magnolia grandiflora

The plant height can reach 10m. The shoots and buds are light yellow hairs. Simple leaves alternate with short petioles; Leaf blade obovate to obovate-oblong, apex wide and sharp, base broadly cuneate, shiny above, pilose below. Flowers with leaves, big, diameter 10- 15 cm, white, bell-shaped and fragrant; There are 9 sepals and petals, and there is no obvious difference between them. Chromosome x= 19. The fruit of polymerized Abelmoschus manihot is cylindrical and light brown (Figure 18-3 (b)).

Figure 18-3 (b) Magnolia grandiflora

1 .flowers 2. Flowers 3. Stamens and pistils 4. Enlarged leaves 5. bud

(3) Magnolia Wudang

The plant is tall and the bark is grayish brown and smooth; Buds are oblong, yellow-green, and pilose. Simple leaves alternate with short petioles; Leaf blade obovate-oblong, apex acute, base cuneate. The first leaf of the flower is open, large, with a diameter of 18cm, slightly rose-red in white, fragrant, perianth 12, homomorphic inner and outer whorls, purple filaments and crimson stigma; Chromosome x= 19. Polymerized sunflower seeds are cylindrical [Figure 18-3 (c)].

Figure18-3 (c) Magnolia Wudang

1 .flowers 2. Enlarged leaves 3. Fruit. bud

Second, biological characteristics.

Due to different species and different distribution areas, the phenology of Magnolia grandiflora is also different.

Primula originated in western Hubei, and now it is distributed on the north and south slopes of Qinling Mountains. Mainly produced in Funiu Mountain and the south slope of Tongbai Mountain in Henan, and also produced in Shaanxi and Gansu. This variety is the mainstream commodity of Xinyi, with the largest output, accounting for 60-70% of the national purchase. After the seedlings are planted, they will blossom and bear fruit in 8- 10 years. In Qinling area, the flowering period is February-March and the fruiting period is September.

Magnolia Wudang is mainly distributed in western Hubei, southwestern Shaanxi and eastern and northern Sichuan. It is also distributed in southern Gansu and Henan. This species has been cultivated and used as medicine for nearly a hundred years, and its output accounts for 10-20% of the total purchase of Flos Magnoliae in China. The seedlings began to blossom 7-8 years after planting, and reached the peak of flowering and fruiting after 15 years. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July.

Magnolia grandiflora has been cultivated since the Tang Dynasty and is a famous garden tree species. Originated in the central province of China, Guling area of Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi Province is still wild. Now it has been widely cultivated in Jiangnan and Qinling provinces, and its output accounts for 65,438+00-20% of the total purchase of Xinyi in China. In Nanjing, yellow hair buds are usually formed at the top of branches in July, which begin to swell in February and bloom in March. The flowering period is 8- 12 days, the young fruit is green, it turns red in mid-September, and the fruit is mature. Phenological periods in other places are shown in table 18-5.

Table 18-5 Phenology of Magnolia grandiflora (1974)

Flower Bud (Annual Report of Phenological Observation of Animals and Plants in China No.4)

Mulan's seeds have physiological after-ripening. If it is not treated, it will germinate slowly and emerge unevenly after sowing. Seeds will lose their vitality if they lose water or go moldy. The results showed that under the condition of 3- 15℃, the seeds of Magnolia grandiflora could be released from dormancy by laminating with wet sand for 8 weeks (table 18-6). If gibberellin with a certain concentration is treated before stratification, the physiological ripening of embryos can be accelerated and the stratification time can be shortened (Table 18-7). The optimum temperature for seed germination after physiological maturity is 20-30℃. The seeds of Magnolia grandiflora are light-insensitive, and light has no obvious effect on seed germination.

Table 18-6 Effect of wet sand stratification on breaking the dormancy of Magnolia grandiflora seeds; Studies on seed dormancy and germination physiology of Magnolia grandiflora, Shi Xiaohua et al.

* End the germination test after 40 days, and then calculate the germination rate according to the daily germination number (the same below).

Strong germination ability and high branching rate. According to reports, the branching rate of pink primrose is 67.5%. The flower buds are terminal or axillary, formed on the branches of the current year in autumn, and the leaves open first in March of the following year. Flower buds are mixed buds. In the development process, from the formation of flower buds in mid-June to the opening of flower buds in late February of the following year, the scales fell off four times, each time 1 time, and the flower buds expanded obviously. Short branches and middle branches are mainly flowering and fruiting, and the top of medium-growing branches is most likely to form flower buds; It is difficult for long branches and clustered branches to form flower buds (Table 18-8).

Table18-7 Effect of gibberellin treatment before stratification on breaking dormancy of Magnolia grandiflora seeds

Table 18-8 Investigation statistics of flowering habits of different branches such as Primula and Gaozhengyi. Introduction and cultivation of primrose.

Flos Magnoliae is often cultivated or wild on hillsides and roadsides at an altitude of 600- 1200m. Like warm and humid climate and plenty of sunshine, cold and drought-resistant, avoid water accumulation. It grows well in acidic or slightly acidic fertile sandy loam. Seedlings are afraid of strong light and drought. However, it has strong adaptability and resilience, can grow in valleys, hills, plains, shady slopes and sunny slopes, and has fewer pests and diseases.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

Only by choosing sandy loam with abundant sunshine, high and dry terrain, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and slight acidity can we give full play to the fast-growing characteristics of Magnolia grandiflora. Generally, only holes are dug, and the spacing between plants is 4×5m, and the length, width and depth are 1m respectively, and decomposed manure, compost, garbage manure or humus soil are applied.

Nursery should choose flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, slightly acidic soil, loose and fertile plots. Tillage and weathering in winter, shallow tillage in early spring, application of decomposed organic fertilizer before ploughing and soil disinfection. After harrowing, a seedbed with a height of15-20cm and a width of 30-35cm is made.

(2) Breeding methods

Seeding and grafting propagation are often used in production, and layering and cutting propagation can also be carried out.

1. Sowing and propagation

Selecting healthy mother plants over 15 years old, each with 20-30 buds, and artificial pollination when the flowers are about to open can improve the seed setting rate. From July to September, when the fruit shaft is purple and the fruit will crack, it should be picked, dried and threshed in time. Soak the seeds in 0.2% alkali solution for 20-24 hours, wipe off the seed coat oil, take them out, wash them with clear water, dry them slightly, soak them in gibberellin solution for 24 hours, then mix them with clean fine sand according to the ratio of 1:2, put them in wooden cases, and dig holes indoors or outdoors for layered treatment.

In the middle and late March, the layered seeds were taken out and drilled. Open a ditch with a depth of about 3-4 cm on the seedbed, sow the seeds into the ditch with a spacing of 3-4 cm, cover the soil horizontally with the bed surface, gently compact it, and often keep the bed soil moist, and seedlings can emerge in about 30 days.

The seedbed for raising seedlings in the sunny bed is selected in the leeward and sunny place. The height of the north wall is 60-70 cm, the height of the south wall is 15-20 cm, and the width is 1.5m, depending on the number of seedlings. Dig 33cm deep into the bed, fill in fine soil and organic fertilizer (ratio 2∶ 1), mash, mix well, smooth, then put in seeds, and cover with soil about 4cm thick. The bed surface is covered with plastic film and straw curtain, which is opened in sunny days and covered at night. When the seedlings grow 5-6 true leaves, transplant them into the nursery with soil according to the row spacing of 14×33cm, and water them in time after planting.

Nursery management at seedling stage should use cuttings to shade and spray water frequently to increase field humidity and prevent high temperature and strong light from burning seedlings. Timely intertillage and weeding, combined with watering, are suitable for applying dilute human and animal manure or ammonium sulfate and urea. Topdressing should master the principle of promoting early and controlling late, that is, applying it again in spring and summer to promote seedling growth, reducing water and fertilizer after mid-August, controlling the excessive growth of new shoots and avoiding freezing. After two years of cultivation, it can be planted.

2. Grafting propagation

Grafting or budding with dwarf rootstock magnolia grandiflora and "multi-head grafting" on inferior original trees can dwarf the trunk, improve the tree shape, update varieties, maintain the excellent characteristics of the mother, and blossom and bear fruit early. Experiments show that grafted seedlings can bloom in 2-3 years, while seedlings need 8- 10 years.

Bud grafting and branch grafting (cut grafting and split grafting) can be used, but the survival rate of bud grafting is higher than that of branch grafting because of the large pulp of magnolia rootstock and the serious water loss in the incision during split grafting or cut grafting (Table 18-9).

Table 18-9 Effects of different grafting methods on the survival rate of Primula plants, etc. Introduction and cultivation of primrose