Dadu City on Dadu Road

Due to the location selection and new construction, the urban planning of Yuan Dadu is not restricted by the old pattern, so its residential areas are different from those of Jinzhongdu in the mixed form of old and new squares. They are all open streets

Lane. According to the orientation, the Yuan Dynasty divided Dadu streets into 50 squares: Futian Square, in the West Baita Temple, which is now the Baita Temple area in Beijing. Fucai Fang is located at the entrance of Jinyu Bureau Alley inside Shuncheng Gate, which is north of the National Culture Palace in Beijing today. Jinchengfang is located inside Pingzemen, which is the Dashuiche Alley area south of Fuchengmen Inner Street in Beijing today. Yuxuanfang is located near the front of Zhongshu Province, east of the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Baodaifang is located in the north of the Privy Council, in the area of ??today's Wangfujing Street in Beijing. Lingchunfang is located in the north of General Manager's Office on Dadu Road, in the Lingguang Alley area west of Andingmennei Street in Beijing today. Danguifang is in the north of Lingchunfang. Mingshi Square is located in the east of Taishi Courtyard, now in the area of ??the observatory inside Jianguomen, Beijing. Fengchifang is located in the north of Xiejie, near Haizi, which is now north of Gulou West Street in Beijing. Anfufang is located in Yangjiao City, Shunchengmen, west of Gennan Street and northeast of Ganshi Bridge in today's Xihuangcheng City. Huaiyuanfang is in the northwest corner of Dadu City. In Taipingfang, there is the Dachenghua Puqing Temple, located in the Baochan Alley area of ??Xizhimen, Beijing today. Datongfang and Wendefang are named after them, or in the Guozixue and Xuansheng Temple in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, which is now the Guozijian area in Beijing. In Jintaifang, there is Qizheng Tower, which is now the area of ??Old Drum Tower Street in Beijing. Mu Qingfang is located near the Imperial Ancestral Temple, to the north of Chaoyangmen in present-day Beijing. Wufufang is located in Zhongdi, or near Zhongzhong Pavilion, which is the area around Drum Tower in Beijing today. Taihengfang is located in the northeast of Dadu City. Bazhengfang is located near Wansicang and Bazuosi. At that time, there was Qingshou Temple in Yongfang, which is the area west of the current Beijing Telegraph Building. Qianningfang is in the northwest of Dadu City. Xianningfang, Tonglefang, Shouyufang, Yiminfang, Xijinfang, and Dijinhaizi are now the northeastern part of Jishuitan and Gulou West Street in Beijing. Kangqufang, Jinxianfang and Jiahuifang are in the south of Dadu City. Pingzaifang is located in the north of Dadu City. Heningfang, Zhilefang, Lindefang, Youqingfang and Qingyuanfang are in the northwest corner of Dadu City. Rizhongfang is located northwest of Anmen today. Yinbinfang is located in the east of Dadu City. Xichengfang is in the west of Dadu City. Youyifang is three miles north of Fuchengmen in present-day Beijing. Jurenfang is located in the east city of Dadu City. Muqinfang is located close to the princes' palaces. Renshoufang is located near the Imperial Medicine Academy and in the area of ??Longfu Temple in today's Beijing. Wanbaofang is west of the Qianbu Corridor on the right in front of the inner palace, and west of the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. In Yushunfang, there is the Temple of Fortune, Longevity and Xingyuan, which is now the Huabichang Alley area in Xizhimen, Beijing. Wuyunfang is east of the Qianbu Corridor on the left in front of the palace, which is now east of the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing. Zhanlufang is near the official wine warehouse and in the east of the capital city. Leshanfang is located close to the princes' palaces and is close to Muqinfang. Qingqingfang is located near Yushitai, in the Ganyu Hui area of ??Mishi Street in Beijing today. The streets in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty were all bounded by streets. Although there were gates, there were no walls. The gates were just signs. "Analysis of Jinzhi" states that there are 50 squares in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, but "Rixia Jiuwen Kao" quotes "Yitongzhi of Yuan Dynasty" and only lists 49 squares, which may be omitted. "Analyzing Jin Zhi" also contains Lirenfang, Faxiangfang, Shanlifang, Ledaofang, Haodefang, Zhaoxianfang, Shansufang, Zhaohuifang, Juxianfang, Mingyufang, Zhanqinfang, Huiwen The names of the squares such as Fang, Inviting Tea Fang, Xunli Fang, Xianyi Fang, Sicheng Fang, Donghuang Huafang, Mingzhao Fang, Penglai Fang, Nanxun Fang, Qianshan Fang, Ke Fengfang, Fengchu Fang, etc. are all It is not included in "Yuan Yi Tong Zhi". "Analysis of Jinzhi" was written at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The names of the houses recorded in it were either changed from the old ones or added at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.

If a person climbs the city and stands on the city gate, looking straight ahead, he can see the gate on the opposite city wall. There are various shops and stalls on both sides of the public streets in the city... The whole city is arranged in a square, like a chessboard. "Although the capital city has three gates in the south and two gates in the north, from Li Zhengmen to the north, it passes through Chongtian Gate and Daming Gate, Daming Hall, Yanchun Gate, Yanchun Pavilion, Qingning Palace, Houzai Gate in the middle of the imperial city, and reaches the Central Pavilion There is also a wide imperial road on the central axis. After investigation, the remains of the royal road discovered in the north of today's Jingshan Park (Yanchun Pavilion and Houzaimen Site) in Beijing are as wide as 28 meters. According to the street system of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, “the main street is twenty-four steps wide and the small street is twelve steps wide. "Three hundred and eighty-four fire lanes, twenty-nine lanes". Its famous streets include "Qianbu Corridor Street, T-shaped Street, Cross Street, Bell Tower Street, Banbian Street and Qipan Street". After investigation, it was found that "the distribution of streets in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty" The basic form is: on the east and west sides of the main north-south avenue, there are many east-west alleys at equal distances. The main street is about 25 meters wide, and the alley is about 6 to 7 meters wide." The Hutongs in Yuan Dadu are planned to take the area between two adjacent city gates as one area. In recent years, from the Guangxi Gate (Northeast Gate) of Yuan Dadu to the northeast of Dadu City During the survey, a total of 22 east-west alleys were discovered. It is worth noting that there are also 22 east-west alleys that are still preserved between Dongzhimen (Yuan Chongren Gate) and Chaoyang Gate (Yuan Qihua Gate) in Beijing today. It can be seen that the 22 alleys lined up between two adjacent city gates must be the unified layout of the capital city of the Yuan Dynasty. The streets north of Chang'an Street in the east and west of today's Beijing were both in the city of Yuan Dadu and Beiping (Beijing) in the Ming Dynasty, so they were changed. It is not big, and the layout of the streets in the Yuan Dynasty City is still preserved today, which established the basic layout of Beijing today.

The Yuan Dynasty City has a central platform, which is the center of the city in the east, west, and south. This is the first time in the history of Chinese urban architecture. The actual situation is that the central platform is equal to the north and south city walls of Yuan Dynasty, but it is slightly closer to the east wall than the west wall. The central platform covers an area of ??one acre, and there is a central pavilion next to it. "Zhi" records: "The central platform is fifteen steps west of the central pavilion. "There is a stone tablet directly south of the central platform with the four words "central platform" engraved on it.

The Central Pavilion is to the east of the central platform and is located on the central axis of the capital city. "Analysis of Jin Zhi" also records that "Qizheng Tower is the most beautiful and beautiful part of the capital. The East Central Pavilion." Qizheng Tower is the Drum Tower of the Yuan Dynasty capital city. It is west of the Central Pavilion, that is, west of the central axis of the capital, and is located in the old city of today's Beijing. Gulou Street. In the Ming Dynasty, the Drum Tower and the Bell Tower to its north were moved eastward to the current position of the Drum Tower and Bell Tower in Beijing, which is on the central axis of the city. The drum tower in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty was equipped with timekeeping and time-telling tools such as pot leaks and drum horns; the bell tower had an attic with triple cornices and a built-in large bell, which sounded loudly and could be heard throughout the city. The Bell and Drum Towers were one of the tools used by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to control Dadu. "Marco Polo's Travels" states: "In the center of the new capital, there stands a tall building with a big bell hanging on it. The bell rings every night to tell the time. After the third bell rings, no one is allowed to walk on the street. Exceptions can be made if there is an emergency, such as a pregnant woman giving birth or someone being sick, who must go out to call a doctor. However, in this case, people who go out must carry lights. "At night, there will be a team of thirty or forty people." Patrol soldiers patrolled the streets constantly to see if anyone left home during the curfew time - that is, after the third bell rang - and those found were immediately arrested and imprisoned. ”

The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was very large. It is vast. As the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, because it is the political center and cultural center, it is densely populated and has a prosperous commercial economy. According to "Analysis of Jinzhi" alone, there are more than 30 types of commercial markets in and around the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Among them, the rice market, noodle market, satin market, leather hat market, hat market, poor man market, goose and duck market, pearl market, Shala City (i.e. treasure market), charcoal market, and ironware market were all located in the north of Jishuitan, Beijing today. The area around the Bell and Drum Towers is because the water transport ships from the south are all anchored in Jishuitan. "Analysis of Jinzhi" describes the grand occasion of this place: "The market on the southeast corner of the Bell Tower is full of needle shops. Xixie Street (today's northeast of Jishuitan, Beijing) is near Haizi, where there are many Getai taverns and Wanghu Pavilion. In the past, noble officials visited them. On the left and right sides of the tower are fruit wood cakes, charcoal utensils, etc. It is said that "the Bell Tower... was the most prosperous and prosperous place in this dynasty." The area around the Bell Tower and Drum Tower in the Yuan Dynasty was the most prosperous commercial area. Here is a Xiejie (today's Gulou West Street in Beijing) along the north bank of Jishuitan, so it is also called Xiejie City. Yangjiao City in Shunchengmen is also a prosperous place in Dadu City. There are sheep market, horse market, cattle market, camel market, donkey and mule market, poor man market, and slave market. It is located approximately in the west of today's Beijing. The area from Ganshi Bridge to Xisi in the urban area. In addition, there are fruit markets outside Heyimen, Shunchengmen, and Anzhenmen. There is a book market and a paper market in front of Zhongshu Province (to the east of Nanheyan Street in Beijing today). There is a shoe market in the northeast, and there are vegetable markets outside Sanqiao outside Lizhengmen, Tingzi Street in Wenmingmen, and outside Heyimen, etc. The products sold in the market, except for some daily necessities, are local products, and many products come from all over the country. At that time, sea transportation was booming and river transportation was smooth. "The wealthy merchants from Sichuan and Shaanxi and the big businessmen from Wu and Chu could reach under the chariot with a flying sail and a reed", providing the capital with abundant commodities. Of course, among these commodities, more are precious furs such as sables, minks, and rhinoceros for the enjoyment of dignitaries, rare treasures such as pearls, turtles, fragrant rhinos, and noble textiles such as brocade and silk. According to "Marco Polo's Travels": Doing business in the metropolitan markets are not only wealthy merchants from the north and south of China, but also businessmen from as far away as Central Asia and South Asia. "The most rare and precious things in the world, can be found in the city, especially Indian goods such as gems, pearls, medicines and spices.” "According to the registration, the number of carriages and packhorses carrying raw silk to the capital was no less than a thousand times a day." This economic relationship between the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and other areas inside and outside the country also reflects its role as the capital of feudal society from one aspect. economic characteristics.

Why is there one less door on the north wall of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty

Luo Baoping

"Kaogong Ji" proposed that the capital was square in shape, with three doors on each of the four walls. . The fact that there are only two doors on the north wall of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty has a Feng Shui meaning.

Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are related to Qi.

The urban layout of ancient capitals in my country was mostly based on the planning plan proposed in the "Kaogong Ji" in the pre-Qin period. The main content is: "The craftsmen run the country, with nine li square, three gates on the side, and nine classics in the country. Nine latitudes, nine tracks of warp. The left side is the right side, facing the back market. The city is in the shape of a square, with three gates on each side. Obviously this is an ideal plan proposed by the Zhou people based on the idea of ??etiquette. In fact, when constructing capitals in the past dynasties, appropriate adjustments were made to the "Kaogong Ji" plan according to actual needs. Capitals that were truly built according to the "Kaogong Ji" did not exist. Among many ancient capitals, the Yuan Dynasty capital It is the capital city that most thoroughly embodies the planning ideas of "Kao Gong Ji". However, even in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty, there are some things that are inconsistent with "Kaogong Ji". The north wall does not follow the system of "three side gates" and only opens Anzhen and Jiande gates.

The reason why there are only two doors on the north wall of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty is not recorded in the history books, but it is not unexplainable. The reason should be the effect of Feng Shui. When it comes to construction, ancient Chinese people believed in Feng Shui, and they followed suit in city construction. Feng shui is also called "Kanyu" and "Phase and Earth Technique", and it belongs to the category of ancient "numerology". Judging from archaeological excavations such as the Banpo site in Xi'an and the Xishuipo site in Puyang, Henan, the germination of Feng Shui thought appeared in my country as early as the end of primitive society. By the Zhou Dynasty, the application of Feng Shui concept in building site selection had become relatively common. "Book of Rites: Kingship" says: "For all residents, the land is measured to control the city, and the land is measured to the residents." This includes Feng Shui methods.

The scope of Feng Shui is very wide. "Zhao Jing" says: "It goes up to military states, then to prefectures, counties and cities, down to villages, offices and even mountain dwellings, but wherever people live, they are all the same." It shows that Feng Shui has great influence on cities. important impact on planning and construction. The person responsible for the planning and construction of the metropolis was Liu Bingzhong, a famous scholar in the Yuan Dynasty. He had been familiar with classics and history since he was a child. ," "Yuan History·Liu Bingzhong Biography" Therefore, it is normal for Liu to guide most constructions with Feng Shui.

Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are related to Qi. Regarding this kind of "qi", "The Book of Burial: Neipian" says: "When it gathers, it will not disperse, and when it moves, it will stop, so it is called Feng Shui." Because of this, when ancient people built a city and settled down to live in a tomb, they must first choose " For a prosperous place that "harbors wind and gathers qi", "it is desirable that its walls be dense and solid so that the qi can be gathered." According to Feng Shui, South belongs to Yang and North belongs to Yin. The Yuan Dynasty was a regular and symmetrical city. If there were three gates on both the north and south walls, because the city gates faced each other from the north to the south, then after Yang Qi entered the capital from the south gate, it would go north along the central axis, passing through the imperial city and the palace city. To the north wall, the Qi will leak out from the middle door, which is an unlucky shape. In order to prevent the disadvantage of "air leakage", the designer changed the north wall into two doors to achieve the purpose of "blocking air".

The fact that there are only two doors on the north wall of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty has another meaning in Feng Shui. Ancient Chinese believed that among the numbers from one to ten, the odd numbers 1,35,795 are yang numbers, and the even numbers 2,4685 are yin numbers, while the south is yang and the north is yin, so most of the numbers are in the south. There are three gates in Yang, and the north gate is in Yin, with only two gates. This is the reason why there are only two gates in the north wall of Dadu City.