What is the information about Cao Xi, the author of "Day and Night. Day and Night"?

Among various energy sources, some have been widely developed and widely used, such as coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, etc., which are called conventional energy sources. On the earth, there are still some energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, Geothermal energy, ocean energy, hydrogen energy, biomass energy, etc. are being studied for energy development and use, and are commonly known as new energy. In fact, solar energy, wind energy, etc., have begun to take advantage of early humans, where it is called new energy, and the basis of new technologies is large-scale development and utilization. The distinction between new energy and traditional energy is relative. Today’s new energy will become conventional energy in the future. For example, nuclear fission was a new energy source in the past, but now due to mature technology, many countries have adopted it as a conventional energy source. These new energy sources are renewable energy and clean energy. Energy is the foundation and sustainable economic and social development in the future has always been highly valued.

The utilization of solar energy is the most important primary energy source and the most abundant energy source used by humans. Solar radiation on the ground is expected to reach 1.05×1018 kilowatt hours per year, which is equivalent to 1.3×106 billion tons of coal. According to the current rate of consumption taking into account the mass of the sun, it can last 6×1010 years, so you can say “There is no end to the problem and there is no end to it.” However, how to rationally utilize solar energy and reduce the cost of its development and transformation is an important issue in the development of new energy. Solar energy can be used to convert light - heat, light - electricity and light using chemicals.

Solar-thermal conversion is a collector of solar radiation that is converted into thermal energy for direct use. With flat collectors, vacuum tubes, focusing types, etc., it can directly absorb solar radiation, the radiation can be concentrated in the solar radiation, and the heat transfer medium (air, water or antifreeze) is used for heating convergence of home heating, hot water, refrigeration , cooking, industrial heat, agricultural greenhouse use.

In 1955, Israeli scientists have developed a selective absorption coating, which accounts for more than 90% of the sun's energy and the short-wave part with high absorption rate. The use of this coating can significantly improve the efficiency of the collector. thermal efficiency. Converging solar radiation concentrators use flat or concave reflectors (heliostats) that can be focused to very high temperatures and are used in power generation and metal smelting. Development of solar thermal systems trough line focusing systems (with parabolic trough reflectors focusing sunlight onto a receiving tube), dish systems (focusing parabolic mirrors) and tower systems.

Solar energy - Electrical energy conversion is based on the development of the photoelectric effect using solar cells, which convert solar radiation into electricity. Developed into practical silicon solar cells with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of up to 6% in 1958, Bell Labs in 1954, as a power source for the "Pioneer 1" satellite, the development of solar energy laid the technical foundation for this major breakthrough in the current era. . Since then, various solar cells have been rapidly developed, including polycrystalline silicon cells, amorphous silicon cells, cadmium cells, such as gallium arsenide cells, with photoelectric conversion efficiency reaching 20%. In addition to satellites and space stations, it has been widely used as a lighthouse, navigation beacon, microwave relay station, and railway signals. Solar-powered cars and aircraft are also actively developed. They also have built-in solar cells and solar power stations and other energy sources - effective housing. Some developed countries are also exploring the construction of solar power stations in space, a huge solar array, running it in geostationary orbit, using a microwave generator to flow current into the microwave, transmit it to the ground station, and then convert it into electrical energy for transmission to the grid. . This ambitious project is expected to be realized in the near future.

Solar energy - chemical conversion is mainly the study of photochemical cells using photochemical reactions. The electrolyte of this battery is composed of a semiconductor material, and when sunlight interfaces with the semiconductor and the electrolyte, a chemical reaction is caused to form an electric current in the electrolyte, and hydrogen is produced from water and electricity is supplied and used. This is one method of hydrogen utilization.

Wind energy is the use of wind turbines to convert wind energy into electrical energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy and other forms of energy for power generation, water lifting, navigation aids, and fever caused by colds and colds.

Wind power is the main development and utilization. China's total wind power reserves are estimated to be 1.6×109 kilowatts, ranking third in the world and having broad development prospects. Rotating axis wind turbines are divided into two categories: horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines (vertical axis) wind turbines. Horizontal axis wind turbine blades consist of a double-leaf form, a multi-leaf clover, a downwind and an upwind style according to the air flow, as well as a diffuser, concentrator and other directions. Vertical axis wind turbine blades are available in S-type, S-type multi-blade, Ф-type wind turbines, solar cell wind turbines, deflector types, etc. In 1891, Professor Laku of Denmark successfully developed the world's first wind turbine, with a single unit capacity of 90,000 kilowatts. Now, 500 to 600 kW wind turbines have become the main unit and 1,000 kW units have been commercialized. Many wind turbines will be installed concentratedly on a piece of land, say a wind farm, known as a wind farm or wind farm. China's Dabancheng Wind Farm, with a total installed capacity of 71,900 kilowatts, is the largest wind farm in China.

Wind energy is a natural energy source. Since the direction and magnitude of the wind are unstable, its economy and practicality are determined by a combination of factors such as the installation location, direction and wind speed of the windmill. Geothermal energyGeothermal energy

Uses means from the ground.

The earth we live in is a huge geothermal reservoir. The surface layer below is only 10 kilometers thick, and the heat storage reaches 1.05×1026 joules, which is equivalent to the heat release of 9.95×1015 standard coal. Geothermal storage resources have been changed by the country into steam type, hot water type, geopressure, dry hot rock type and magma5. Currently, only three types: steam type, hot water type and dry hot rock type are actually used.

The utilization of geothermal water is used in addition to directly heating buildings, mainly for generating electricity. Both direct use and indirect use of geothermal power generation: steam or hot water directly uses geothermal steam after expansion and evaporation of geothermal water, as a working fluid thermodynamic cycle to drive the steam turbine to generate electricity; indirect use of such hot low boiling point working fluid (such as butane) Gasification to facilitate steam turbine power generation. In 1913, the world's first geothermal power station was built and put into operation in Ruiluo, Italy, with a unit capacity of 250 kilowatts. Currently, the world's largest geothermal power plant is the Gaiseersi Geothermal Power Station in the United States, with a total installed capacity of 2.09 million kilowatts.

Ocean Energy

Ocean energy reserves usually refer to renewable energy in the ocean, including tidal energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, ocean temperature difference energy, and seawater salinity difference can wait.

Ocean energy is rich in reserves, widely distributed, clean and pollution-free, but its energy density is low and regional, so it is difficult to develop and has certain limitations. The main methods of developing power generation and utilization, including tidal power generation and small wave power generation technology, have been put into practical use. The use of wave energy is the up and down movement of the kinetic energy of ocean waves.

In 1910, B. Praceigue of France invented the vertical movement of ocean waves using compressed air to drive a wind turbine power generation device with a power bank of one kilowatt, creating the energy conversion of the ocean by humans. A precedent for electric energy. Various types of wave power devices ranging from 60 to 450 watts have been developed.

Ocean current power generation is a part of the flow that uses the kinetic energy of seawater in a certain direction; ocean temperature difference power generation uses the temperature difference between surface and deep seawater to achieve thermal cycle and grid-connected power generation. Seawater salinity gradient power supply is Exploiting the difference in chemical potential difference between the junctions of seawater and river water in saline formations to generate electricity. These are still in the experimental stage. Simultaneous development and utilization should take into account aquaculture, transportation, ecological protection and similar utilization rates.

In addition, there are studies on the adsorption of hydrogen energy, mainly using electrolytic solutions, thermochemical methods, photoelectrochemistry for the production of hydrogen, plasma chemical methods for development, compression, liquefaction or storage of low-temperature hydrogen storage alloys Method or used directly as fuel, or made into hydrogen fuel cells for power generation and used for various vehicles, aircraft fuel and household fuel; and biomass refers to the chemical energy of plant chlorophyll that converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in internal raw materials, The development and utilization of technology are mainly through thermochemical conversion technology to convert into biogas, alcohol, etc., to convert into solid biomass into combustible gas, tar, etc., and through biochemical conversion technology to microbial fermentation of raw materials, precise compaction molding The technology will be compressed into high-density biomass solid fuel.