I can't read it —— Notes of Ancient Philology Lecture (9): Inscriptions and rubbings

Inscriptions and rubbings (with photocopying, decoration, Tibetan seal and inscription)

1. origin: the inscription on the tablet is made of paper, also called rubbings, and it is also exposed. Its history can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Two. merits and demerits

(1) The old extension is very precious. Although the inscription is strong, it is also fragile over time. In the extended era, there are less losses in the early stage and more losses in the later stage. This old extension is rare.

(2) orphan or rare products. When the original stone is lost, only rubbings are left, which makes it an orphan or a rare treasure.

(3) Differences in the original translations of rubbings. If the tablet was carved by Jia or a busybody, the rubbings are different from the original.

(4) The rubbings with the same name have great advantages and disadvantages and great value. In the past, the evaluation of monuments was excellent, and today we should also pay attention to the study of managing monuments.

Three. Old extension and new extension

(1) The meaning of the old extension: the extension of the Tang Dynasty is the oldest, and the extension of the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty is also rare in the world. There are many clear words, which can be described as old delay. In addition, its age is also difficult to determine, and it is widely called the old pioneer.

1. Tangtuo.

(1) The original is the second half of Wenquanming discovered by Emperor Taizong in Dunhuang. In the fourth year of Changqing, the Diamond Sutra by Liu Gongquan was bound into paper, and the twelve volumes of Taming, a Zen master of Huadu Temple, by Ou Yangxun.

(2) In addition, many people who call themselves Tang Tuo are not trusted.

2. Sonto. There are still many handed down from ancient times, and there are also many Tang monuments, such as the preface of Wang Shu's holy teachings, the inscription of Jiucheng Palace in Europe, the inscription of Zen master in Huadu Temple, Wenyanbo Monument, Ouyang Tong Daochang Monument, Yan Shu Duota Monument and Li Yongshu Lushan Mountain. They are all needed by Song people to learn Chinese characters. Many of them have been handed down from generation to generation, ranging from ten Yu Ben to as few as three or four. There are only a few historical sites in Qin and Han Dynasties, such as Shi Guwen and Huashan Temple Monument in Xiyue, but he has never heard of the records of Fu Xiao and his wife in Wang Xiaoyang in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

3. Ninety years after Yuan Dynasty, its rubbings were often called Song Tuo, which was difficult to distinguish.

4. In addition to the above-mentioned Tang steles, the Ming tombs extended to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Today, the famous monuments in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as the ceremonial monument, the Yi Ying monument, the monuments around Chen Shi and Zhang Qianbei, are all based on Ming Tuo. Cao Quanbei, which was unearthed in Ming Dynasty, is even more precious. The Northern Monument was valued by people only after the middle of Qing Dynasty, so only a few Ming extensions, such as Zhang Menglong Monument in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Longzang Temple Monument in the Sui Dynasty, and Changchou Women's Annals, are rare in the world.

5. The old extension in Qing Dynasty is different from the early Qing Dynasty (early Qing Dynasty) and Ganjia (Hedao County). There are many inscriptions unearthed or found in the early Qing Dynasty and Ganjia period. For example, Zheng tablet, Longmen statue, Four Masters tablet, Gao Zhen tablet, carved epitaph, East Wei Bei tablet, Liu Yizhi tablet, Tang Zhongliang tablet, Xing Fan tablet, etc. It all started in the early Qing Dynasty or Ganjiatuo. If there is an inscription of Mingtuo, Ganjiatuo calls it a slightly old rubbings, which is far from the original rubbings.

6. From Tongguang in Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the extension of books is called near extension and new extension. Except for the lost stones, most of them are not important to the world. However, every time there are original stones, which have been stripped again in recent decades. For example, the Guangxu rubbings of Yan Long Bei have more words than the rubbings of the Republic of China, so this Guangxu rubbings is also very precious.

(2) Methods of identifying the old and new times of rubbings:

1. The most reliable thing is to carefully examine whether a certain part of the inscription is missing, that is, there is a so-called "textual research" in the inscription. Some predecessors have been specializing in this field, and their achievements can be found in the school monument and its supplementary papers. Although they are not always acceptable, they are usually reliable. However, the preservation and abolition since the Republic of China, that is, the supplementary edition, has not been listed in detail and needs to be supplemented.

2. As for the paper used by pioneers, hemp paper was used in the Song Dynasty, cotton paper was used in the early Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then historical paper or wool paper was used. Rough paper is also used in remote areas. But it is not easy to distinguish by this, and it has nothing to do with the old and new paper colors. I have tasted the tablet rubbings of Zhongliang Han Dynasty in the early years of Qianlong, and even the historical paper is as good as new. The people who printed this book with Lian Shi paper in the early Qing Dynasty are still as white as new. )

3. Ink color. How black, the best ink, the worst bituminous coal, the best mill and the worst mill. Vertebral extension can be divided into two categories: emphasizing ink over ink, emphasizing day and Wujin extension, and neglecting cicada wing extension. It is not easy to distinguish the old from the new. Some grow white mold in wet places in Xintuo, and some don't grow mold in Laotuo. But if Wujin extension has light, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China will use extension method. Rarely seen in red or blue, they are all close to extension.

(3) The famous rubbings of stone tablets are forged:

1. See the next section for details.

2. When unfolding, fill the missing strokes with wax, or empty them without unfolding, and carve small stones to make up for them.

3. Fill in the missing words with ink pen. Filling with wax (such as A?vagho?a Temple Monument) or filling with pebbles (such as Shi Guwen and Shimenming) is always unnatural, but when painting, the ink color is different, and it is not difficult to find it when you look closely.

Four. Orphan, I hope to see this book.

(1) Meaning of orphan: If a stone is still there, it can't be called an orphan. If this stone has been lost, it can only be called an orphan if it is passed down from generation to generation.

(2) I hope that the original stone has been lost in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even in modern times, and it has not been passed down from generation to generation, and its preciousness is second to none.

5. Original stone rubbings and coverings

(1) The meaning of rough rubbings: rough rubbings refer to rough rubbings that have been engraved (also called engraving).

(2) There are three types of overburden:

1. The original stone has been lost. Grind a stone with the original stone and sell it at a good price. There are more epitaphs, which saves labor and effort. For example, Zhuan Ta Ming and Dong Zhi reprinted by Sima Shaozhi, Sima and Wang Jushi in the middle of Qing Dynasty are still close to the truth, while Zhang Xuanzhi carved by neighbors is very ugly. There are almost real reprints of Chang Zhi, etc. But according to the essays on the school tablet, it is still difficult to distinguish.

2. The original stone still exists, and the old extension with less engraving damage is used to forge the old extension for profit. Many people did this in Qing Dynasty, such as Song Tuo in Li Bei and Zhang Menglong in Xia Bei, all written by the author.

The original stone is still there, so we should carve another stone to find it. For example, Huangfushengchen tablet, Jiuchenggong Liquan inscription, Duobaota tablet, and Shu's Preface to the Holy Teaching are all engraved for students to write. I have also seen the inscriptions on the tablet of Denci Temple and the tablet of Zhengxi. In addition, "Longmen Twenty Products" is also carved on demand, and it is said that it is carved on the heatable adobe sleeping platform.

(3) Value: Where the original stone is lost, the rubbings of the original stone are extremely precious. Otherwise, it is flat.

Photocopy of intransitive verbs

(1) The spread of photocopying technology: After the invention of photography, the rubbings of inscriptions were used for photocopying. It began in Japan, where Tadashi Kobayashi was a famous hand in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and he often photocopied old rubbings for Luo Zhenyu and others. Later, there were Zhengshu Publishing House and Commercial Press in China, so the old extension of the Song and Ming Dynasties, the original extension of the Gan family, and the hope that it will be passed down from generation to generation contributed greatly.

(2) For the main types of photocopying, please refer to the Supplementary Notes on School Monuments.

(1) photo album. After taking photos, develop the photos according to the original size. In the past, there were many photo studios in Beijing, the most famous of which was Song Tuo's Fangling Xuanbei.

(2) version. After taking pictures, offset printing is completed. Wimbledon in Japan is the most exquisite and beautifully mounted. In China, there are many printers in Zhengshu Bookstore and Art Gallery Appreciation Society, and the Commercial Press and the Palace Museum are the best. The Palace Museum is printed with old Korean paper, which is particularly quaint. After liberation, there was Cosette Printing House. However, each edition of Gong Ke can only print two or three hundred copies, so the price is very high. Before liberation, Cosette edition of Zhonghua Book Company was printed in unlimited quantities, so it was vague, and the edition was still being printed because of bits and pieces.

(3) release the printed version. Before liberation, there were the most correct and China prints, and China had metal prints. The effect is the same as that of lithograph, which is only black and white, and can't tell the depth, but it is cheap and has a popular effect.

(4) offset printing. It is popular in recent years and can be printed infinitely, so the price is cheap and good. This method is out of date. At present, the cheap printed books in China and the famous series of Japanese Second Choice Society are offset printing.

(3) Forgery: As mentioned above, many old rubbings and unique copies are photocopied, but some new rubbings are used to misinform the old rubbings, some are used to ink the original rubbings to fill the Song rubbings, and some are mistakenly used to copy. For example, Song Tuo's Monument to Zhang Menglong and Monument to Li Jing are all watermarked with ink, but they are only Ming Tuo. Some people cut off the paper dyed by the offset printing plate and framed it to fill in the old rubbings, but the words are very bright and flat, which is different from the rubbings. You can tell them by careful inspection.

Seven. decorate

(1) Meaning: Mounting, also known as mounting, is a stunt in China. It is used for calligraphy and painting, and also for stele extension. The mounting of stele extension has its own particularity, that is, it cannot be stretched too smoothly, otherwise calligraphy and painting will become ink pigs.

(2) Form type:

1. self-assembly: the original inscription can be preserved because it is long and inconvenient to browse and study, but it is short. Nowadays, Laotuo is still an orphan and can't bear to cut it. There are three assembly methods:

(1) hanging axis type, which is the same as painting and calligraphy hanging axis.

(2) Put white paper on the back, and then fold it, which is labor-saving and cheap, and convenient for collection.

(3) If you are afraid of damaging the rubbings, stick the four corners of the rubbings on white paper without mounting, and then fold them up for collection.

2. Cutting and mounting, also known as coconut shell, is convenient for watching and copying, but it is not original. There are four kinds of decorations:

(1) a single opening, surrounded by white paper strips or yellow, blue and black paper strips, or hollowed-out inlay, and then bonded on both sides, is also called butterfly decoration, but it is just the opposite of the crux of butterfly decoration in Song Dynasty. Cover the front and back with cardboard or blue cloth for protection. If you also use boards, use nanmu as the roof. Ginkgo biloba is easy to crack, and mahogany and rosewood are too heavy.

(2) seemingly single openings are actually connected. It can be drawn into long strips and folded in Japanese classics or cyclones, just like the cyclone leaves in books. The front and rear cardboard and wooden boards are the same as those used for single mouth.

(3) Only one layer is installed, opened separately, folded outwards into a book shape, and connected. This kind of work is cheaper.

(4) Posting blank pamphlets or old books can be done by yourself without spending money. However, if the book is thick, it will bulge in the middle. In addition, all installation must be done with thin paste. I don't know, so I use thick paste, but I can't get it if I want to take it down and reinstall it in the future, which ruins the scenery. In addition, some people don't decorate in order to save money and trouble, but the folded part is easy to break over time and be hurt by insects and rats.

Eight. Inscriptions and Postscripts in Tibetan Seal

(1) Meaning: The old extension has a Tibetan inscription, which is the same as the old book.

(2) There were Wen Zhiming, Wang Shizhen and Dong Qichang in Shu Ren, Sun Chengze, Wang Shu, He Chao, Huang Yi, Weng Fanggang, Wang Wenzhi, Ruan Yuan, Wu Rongguang, Xu, He, Zhao, Kong Guangtao, Fei Nianci, Wang Yirong, Liu E, Yang Shoujing, Zhao Shijun and Luo Zhenyu in Qing Dynasty.

(3) Forgery: There are also forgers of inscriptions and seals. The forgers of inscriptions and seals can be identified by handwriting, while the forgers of seals and seals are rough and evil, and the inkpad is dark, which can be expected and determined.

(4) Some people have Tibetan seals and inscriptions. If they are good, they can still play with them. If rough, it will damage the rubbings. The seal can be inked and the inscription and inscription can be torn off.

(5) Laotuo has no Tibetan inscriptions: Most of the old postal shops in Xi 'an have dried up everything that Jiashituo sells, but it is already Laotuo, and there is no Tibetan inscription at the beginning. This year, I got a copy of Geelong Yanbei, which was refined by Wujin during the Qianlong period. There was no Tibetan inscription, but it was better than the photocopy of Liu Xihai's Tibetan inscription.

Inscription and its historical value

I. priorities

(1) Inscriptions are valued by people: except for a few forgers, inscriptions are rich in first-hand historical materials, and there is no mistake in copying and printing historical books, so they are cherished by scholars who study history.

(2) History books are the main ones, supplemented by inscriptions. However, this has also caused some historians' prejudice, that is, placing more emphasis on inscriptions than on history books. In other words, as far as historical materials are concerned, a complete history book is also higher than sporadic inscriptions. A historian should give priority to history books, supplemented by inscriptions. It is not advisable to follow the trend and reverse the priority.

Two. County outlook

(1) You must say at the beginning of the inscription that you are afraid of someone, an official or a county person. Except for ethnic minorities, the names are reliable.

(2) The appearance of the county is not true. People in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties paid attention to doors, even the cold people wanted to install high doors. Until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, their style had not disappeared.

Three. descend

(a) after the county looks, it is usually the Chen lineage, which is also caused by the heavy door valve. Among them, Chen Yuanzu, such as Li, Wang, and even the "Yan Long Bei" of ethnic minorities also entrusted Chu and Han, all of which were red tape and had no historical value at all. If his father, ancestors, Zeng and Gao are mentioned, is it credible or not? It's better to have different options when quoting.

4. Official. The official of the deceased mentioned in the epitaph can be proved by historical books, which have many things to make up for.

Verb (short for verb) geography

(1) Geography recorded in epitaphs can be divided into three categories:

1. Write down the name of the state, county and city where the deceased was a local official;

2. Remember the name of the mansion in Chang 'an or Luoyang Square;

3. Remember the name of a tomb in a primitive valley in Chang 'an.

The intransitive verb cries.

The nature and value of epitaphs are similar to historical biographies, so there must be lines behind celebrities. Historical biographies and epitaphs are written in multiple lines. However, there are related figures in the historical biography, and the story of the characters described in the epitaph cannot be won by the historical biography. What is recorded in historical biographies is often omitted, while what is recorded in epitaphs is very detailed. Where there are some important historical facts that can contribute to the loss of historical biography.

Seven. others

More than one person can study the history of historical materials contained in inscriptions, and many people can choose stone carvings other than inscriptions.

For example, infer the reasons why the ruling and opposition parties believed in Buddhism at that time; The recorded lineage can be used to infer the history of Zen; Inscriptions on Buddhist temples are cherished by people who study and manage the temple economy. In painting; The last generation of holy land tour events; Political participation of eunuchs in Tang Dynasty: military; The relationship between local ethnic groups and the central government.

Eight. Alternative version

(1) The old expansion of orphans and the old expansion of new expansion should be fully utilized. Unique books are the most valuable, and multi-character ones are better than new extensions. Although the original is hard to find, there are many copies for calligraphy learners to use, which may be used for historical research.

(2) General rubbings should also be used, and there will be no danger of fallacies caused by copying and engraving.

1. If the newly unearthed inscription has a new extension, it is better to have a look.

2. If it has been photocopied, if there are often newly unearthed photos in cultural relics, it can also be indexed for retrieval. All the rubbings of Zhang Fang's hidden stones were copied into one volume in Qian Tang Zhi Zhai Zang Zhi, while Zhao Wanli's Epitaph Collection of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties collected some old rubbings besides printed rubbings, which saved the effort of searching the original rubbings.

(3) record

Not allowed to use the original time, easy to review. Jin Bian, Ba Qiong Shi Jin Shi Bu and other documents are all based on rubbings. However, the evidence may not belong to the old extension, and the records of the fuzzy and broken parts in the extension are mostly based on speculation, which is also quite wrong. For example, compared with the rubbings in Guangxu period, there are as many as ten misinterpreted words. Luo Zhenyu's records of Zhaoling historical sites are mainly based on the old ones, and the records are far better than excerpts. However, there are some supplements to improve and revise them. I don't know, but according to this, I don't think about what he wants.

Nine. read through

? If you don't choose to quote historical materials from inscriptions, you must read the full text. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many lines of inscriptions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and many ancient inscriptions were used. For this reason, you need a literary foundation to read through. If "Selected Works of Zhaoming" is particularly suitable for reading and accustomed to the style of parallel prose, then reading such an inscription is self-defeating. Otherwise, if the sentence is improperly broken and the meaning is unclear, why not choose historical materials? Today, Mr. Zhou Shaoliang has compiled more than 3,000 epitaphs of the Tang Dynasty, and recorded punctuation, for the convenience of beginners (published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1992). However, in the end, he can't rely on anything, and he no longer uses kung fu to read through sentences.