Urgent! ! ! Briefly describe the evolution process of indoor environment design and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each stage

Historical Research on the Evolution from Interior Decoration to Interior Design With the further deepening of my country's reform and opening up, the national economy has achieved unprecedented development, and urban construction has also achieved world-renowned achievements. National strength is enhanced, society is stable, and people's material and cultural living standards continue to improve. While the country is vigorously constructing large public facilities such as buildings, halls, museums, and offices, it is also working hard to improve the living environment and conditions of its citizens. The development of modern society and the acceleration of urbanization have caused people to not only pay attention to the improvement of the quality of "clothing and food" after solving the problem of food and clothing, but also began to put the quality of "housing" on the agenda. With the implementation of a series of housing policies such as the national monetary housing allocation, many people have their own houses. People with an economic foundation are no longer satisfied with the old concept of "everyone has a home." They not only want a place to live, but also live comfortably and with quality. Therefore, the improvement and beautification of the living environment has become a consumption hotspot for urban and rural residents. Interior decoration is also provided by large-scale high-end projects such as buildings, halls, and museums. The ivory tower has entered the homes of ordinary people.

As the main body of society, people form social relationships with each other. As social carriers, places such as human gatherings and residences are the most basic spaces for people to live, that is, the basic cells of the social environment. Its quality directly affects people's lives and behaviors, so it is of great significance to human social life.

The decoration industry in our country has fully entered the homes of ordinary people from national large-scale projects, and people have a certain understanding of interior design. The higher profits in the decoration industry have also become a hot spot pursued by businesses, ranging from formal large-scale national decoration companies to street decoration "guerrillas", and the overall quality varies greatly. People's understanding of the connotation of interior design is uneven, and some are even superficial and conceptual. Most people still one-sidedly understand interior design as interior decoration, and the two are not equivalent in a connotative sense.

(1)? Interior design and interior decoration

Interior design - it is the art of recreating the internal space limited by architectural components such as walls, floors, ceilings, etc. Its re-creation is used to improve the internal environment of the building to adapt to the spatial requirements of the residents. Interior design has three elements: interior space, decoration and interior furnishings.

The element of "interior space" is the most basic element among the three elements of interior design and is the soul of interior design. Interior space design refers to two aspects: first, it is the visual environment design of indoor space. When people walk into a room, the first thing they notice is whether there is order inside the room, whether the shape and size of the space are harmonious and beautiful with the interior layout. It corresponds to people's aesthetic requirements and spiritual factors, including the shape, composition, color, etc. of the space. Second, it also tests whether the physical performance of the indoor space can meet people's functional needs, such as whether the lighting level, ventilation, humidity, etc. are reasonable. It involves architecture, structure, ergonomics, physiology, physics, optics and many other disciplines. From the perspective of re-creating indoor space, interior designers can also be called "interior architects".

The second element of interior design is the "decoration and decoration" element. Interior decoration refers to a fixed package of the components of the building itself, thereby playing a maintenance role; it also refers to the repair of damaged components of old houses and the transformation of unreasonable components of the house. Such as: encapsulation of heating facilities, modification of circuits, water supply, water supply, etc. Interior decoration is the beautifying creation of the interior through artistic expression means, which is literally understood as modification and dressing up. Its function completely corresponds to people's aesthetic and spiritual needs. It is used to improve the atmosphere of indoor space, such as indoor gorgeousness, simplicity, elegance, romance, etc. So interior decoration is only one part of interior design.

The third element of interior design is the "interior furnishing" element, which refers to the treatment of indoor furniture, decorative fabrics, furnishings, lighting, greening, etc.

The relationship between the three elements of interior design is complementary to each other. It must be handled reasonably and harmoniously, that is, it must grasp the overall effect and have characteristics. From the above, we can think that interior design refers to a method adopted by people in the internal space limited by building components, which is based on science and uses art as the form of expression, in order to satisfy people's pursuit of an indoor environment that coexists materially and spiritually. a series of creative activities.

(2)? The evolution from interior decoration to interior design

From the three elements of interior design, we already know that interior decoration design is only one of the three elements of interior design. However, why does society Many people and many books refer to interior design as interior decoration design? As we all know, in the long course of history, while humans have constantly improved themselves, they have also constantly improved the things around them. "Interior design" as a discipline also has its own development and improvement process. At a certain period in history, people's definition of a certain concept was correct at that time. With the development of history, the progress of society, and the advancement of time, the original definition will be updated or replaced. Interior design as a discipline is naturally constantly improving. Just as when people mention the word "art", the first thing they think of is concepts such as "painting, music, dance", as if only painting, music, and dance are art, and the others are not.

Opening the "Art Dictionary" we can see that art not only includes painting, music, and dance, but also includes opera, movies, folk arts, acrobatics, photography, sculpture, weaving and embroidery, architectural decoration and other categories. It is a very big concept with many rich connotations. Why do people have this illusion? The reason may be related to the historical development of this concept. In ancient times, music, dance and painting, as a category of art, were first produced before other categories. They have a longer history and at the same time left a deep impression on people as the basis of other arts.

There are historical reasons why people are accustomed to calling interior design interior decoration. As early as the early days of human development, human survival still needed the gifts of nature. Out of worship of nature, people often paint patterns of animals and plants as well as fishing and hunting scenes on caves and rock walls. People worship all things in nature as gods, and at the same time they also discover the beauty and decorative effect of these murals and rock paintings. With the emergence of social life, early human architecture appeared. So people painted these pictures on the walls of their homes. On the one hand, it expresses people's desire to pray for more food, and on the other hand, it beautifies the residence. The early settlers also used simple square and circle patterns to decorate their homes. In October 1982, my country discovered a residential site painting from the late Yangshao Culture at the Dadiwan site in Qin'an, Gansu Province. It was painted on the living surface near the back wall of a house. This was an example of interior decoration in the Neolithic Age. An example of early budding.

With the progress of society and the development of productivity, the decoration content of homes and temples has become more and more exciting. Many people still marvel at the exquisiteness of the columns, capitals, column bases and beams and arches in ancient Greek and Roman architecture in Europe. The floor stones in ancient Roman temples have adopted square and circle patterns as decorative patterns on the ground. Not to mention the sculptures in temples in the East, China, and India, the exquisite wooden beam structures in Chinese imperial palaces and residential buildings can be called the ancestors of today's frame structures. People use "carved beams and painted buildings" to describe ancient Chinese architecture, which shows the exquisite decoration of ancient Chinese architecture.

The emergence of handicraft industry and the great improvement of labor tools have enabled people to combine decoration with function in buildings. The columns of ancient Greece and Rome and the beams of ancient Chinese architecture are good examples. However, people's pursuit of beauty is endless. The "decoration style" emerged in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Due to the development of industry and commerce, a large amount of wealth has been accumulated in society, and the general public is richer than in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A good economic foundation makes people hesitate to use expensive materials in construction and interior decoration to show off their wealth. The Renaissance movement also promoted the unprecedented development of European culture and art. The advancement of industry and the improvement of handicrafts also provided conditions for the rise of the "decoration style". People deformed the Renaissance style, pursued legendary novelty, used straight lines while emphasizing the flowing changes of the lines, applied painting, sculpture, and crafts to decoration and art furnishings indoors, and decorated the walls with exquisite tapestries. It is made of high-end stone and wood and inlaid with gold, and is decorated with jewels and jewels, rich and complicated. This popular "decorative style" was historically called "Baroque style". Once it emerged in Italy, it quickly spread to other surrounding countries, throughout Europe and the Americas. Until the 19th and 20th centuries, many buildings still had its mark, which shows that it had a strong vitality at that time. During the reign of Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth century, large-scale palace construction was carried out, and the interior decoration of the Louvre and Versailles became typical works of the "Baroque style".

Following the "Baroque style", the "Rococo" style emerged in Europe. Some nobles were dissatisfied with the heavy and serious effects of Baroque and believed that interior decoration should be more delicate, slender and delicate. Coupled with the development of commerce, at that time there were already decorations from China and India's oriental countries in Europe. The input of oriental culture has enabled the extensive use of curly grass patterns in European interior decoration. Curves were used to extremes in interior decoration during this period. For example, the outlines of some furnishings and decorations were all curved, and the edges of pianos were heavily decorated. Delicate colors were used in the colors. In the room layout, Pay attention to comfort, compactness, exquisiteness and kindness, all of which make the interior decoration craftsmanship even more excellent. At that time, the "Rococo" style was popular throughout Europe. During this period, people's blind pursuit of "aesthetics" led people to go astray. Decoration for the sake of decoration regardless of functional needs has resulted in a large consumption of manpower and material resources, which determines that it can only serve a few nobles, and thus determines that it has reached the ultimate point. At that time, people who engaged in this profession were called "decoration craftsmen" and this activity was called "interior decoration".

Interior decoration in the 17th and 18th centuries only focused on "decoration" and ignored other factors. The reason is also related to the lack of professional interior designers at that time. Until the 20th century, professional interior designers were almost non-existent. Interior design plans and even architectural plans are often jointly completed by artists and craftsmen. The famous Renaissance building St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican had the world-famous painter and sculptor Michelangelo as its chief designer. Chanet, the designer of the famous foyer of the Paris Opera House, also graduated from the Paris Academy of Fine Arts.

Designs provided by artists and people's blind pursuit of "aesthetics" naturally lead to the proliferation of aesthetic formalism in interior decoration.

In 1897, a school aimed at breaking away from tradition, the Secession, was formed in Vienna, and for the first time proposed the aesthetic standard of "holistic art", integrating architecture, interior decoration, dyeing and weaving, Clothing and apparel have become integrated styles, breaking the separation of decoration from architecture and interior components. Some thinkers and architects also criticized decoration. The American architect Sullivan pointed out in his article "Decoration of Architecture" (1892) that "decoration is a spiritual luxury, not a necessity." Its student Wright later proposed the theory of "organic architecture". "Organic" for Sullivan and Wright means growth and development, not form without function, nor function without form; not that details are independent of the group, nor that the group is disconnected from the details, but the perfect unity and integration of form and function. The high integrity and balance of form, structure and space recombine form and function. In 1919, the "Weimar Bauhaus" design school was established by merging the Academy of Fine Arts and the Academy of Arts and Crafts. The ideas and theories of the Bauhaus school had a great influence at the time. It emphasized the importance of form following function, and introduced the concept of space into design theory. It proposed the four-dimensional space theory (three-dimensional space plus time) for the first time, emphasizing the relationship between architectural space and The rationality of structure and function emphasizes the simplicity requirements of mechanized mass production for modeling. At this point, the interior decoration style began to decline and was replaced by more comprehensive and perfect interior design.

After the 20th century, due to large-scale industrial production, reinforced concrete and steel structures were widely used in buildings. The functions of buildings also became complex and diverse. New building forms emerged in large numbers. Many old houses did not adapt to the times. needs and awaits transformation. Under this situation, the interior decoration industry began to separate from architecture, professional interior decoration artists appeared, and professional interior designers began to appear. By the 1930s, the interior decoration industry had become a formal independent professional category. In 1931, the American Society of Interior Decorators was established, becoming the predecessor of the American Society of Interior Designers.

In the 1950s, due to the complexity of building uses and functions, interior design became more professional. For example: the design of large shopping mall spaces, the design of office spaces, etc. have contributed to the independence of interior design. As a comprehensive interior design, it is different from interior decoration which is limited to the scope of art. It has a wider scope and more connotations.

So far we have clearly seen that if before the 20th century, especially the 17th and 18th centuries, it was more appropriate to call "interior design" "interior decoration", after the 20th century , with the emphasis on the combination of form and function, the introduction of the concept of space in interior design, it is incomplete to call "interior design" "interior decoration". By this time, interior decoration has become one of the factors of interior design. . "Interior decoration" has evolved into a full range of "interior design", and the title of "interior designer" is recognized around the world. The establishment of the "Society of Interior Designers" in the United States in 1957 marked the final independence of this discipline. In the same year, my country also established the Department of Interior Design at the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts.

"Interior design" replaced "interior decoration" to become a specialized discipline and has experienced a long historical evolution. Its entire development process can be summarized as: pure decoration (original embryonic state) → combination with structure ( Ancient Greece and Rome period) → unnecessary additions of decoration for the sake of decoration (Baroque and Rococo periods, the heyday of decoration) → re-combine decorative form and function and introduce the concept of space (full-time interior designers appeared in the 1930s) In the 1950s, the American Society of Interior Designers was established, and interior design became an independent discipline).

Science is progressing and society is developing. After the 1960s, postmodernism has put forward a series of new design ideas, emphasizing the complexity, contradiction, diversity and context of architecture. Advocating the return of human nature and the awakening of environmental awareness. The impact of new technologies and new materials has placed higher and higher requirements on interior design. In recent years, Japan has divided interior designers into three types: the first is "interior architects" who focus on space design; the second is "interior product designers" who focus on designing furniture and furnishings for indoor use. The third type is the traditional "interior decorator". When carrying out a design, these three designs coordinate and cooperate, and the division of labor is orderly. At the same time, each has its own focus and strengths.

(3)? Looking to the future

In today's era, scientific development is changing with each passing day, information waves are coming, and society has developed in the direction of high efficiency, high rhythm, high emotion, and high material. . People spend more and more time at home, and the Internet is also making great strides into homes. People do not need to go out for shopping or working. Large shopping malls will eventually disappear, and large office spaces will no longer need to exist. People who are far apart can meet online, and they can complete a certain task together even though they are thousands of miles apart. Some people predict that skyscrapers will disappear like dinosaurs in the 21st century, and homes will become the place where people live and work. Then, the interior design of the home will put forward new requirements, and people will also put forward new demands for the indoor and outdoor environment. Nowadays, many developed countries in the world are studying highly intelligent home environments. Tsinghua Tongfang has also taken the lead in launching an overall digital living environment solution in my country.