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1, hunter in the snow, Nederland Peter Brugell

This "hunter in the snow" will leave a strong impression on people anyway. Maybe at first, I couldn't say why, but at least the clear contrast between black and white has caught the audience's eye. In a snow scene wrapped in silver makeup, dark trees stand on the left side of the picture, forming a vertical line with the edge of the picture, and gradually push away along the direction of the hunter, following the perspective "shortening method". With the visual guidance, the audience can see the ice in the valley and the villagers playing on it. A black magpie with wings flew over their heads, just connecting the nearby trees with the distant peaks. Seeing this, careful readers can feel some doorways: the author is arranging layout and composition without trace, and managing complicated appearances with precise and rigorous order. Using this discovery to appreciate pictures will make people linger in this ice and snow. We will find different triangles and diagonals on the screen. Perhaps, it is not appropriate to generalize them only with these two words, because when we mention "line" or "shape", they will only remind people of two-dimensional planes and ignore space. However, when we really face the screen, we feel the obvious height conversion and far-reaching distance. In fact, the two diagonals are located in different spaces of height, height and front and back, and the two triangles also extend to the close shot and the far point respectively. Even from the front, the horizontal line formed by the white path, like a tree that constitutes a perspective relationship, takes the audience's thoughts to the distance.

2. "Forest Trail" in Hobema, the Netherlands (1638.10 ~1709.12).

Any good landscape painting is always a blend of emotion and scenery. Hobbema is an idyllic landscape painter with strong feelings for his hometown. Although he didn't have many works in his life, he made on-the-spot observation on each painting and seriously realized the beauty and poetry of nature. The path in the forest shows a beautiful rural scenery. The painter reproduces this pastoral scenery with a strong sense of perspective in the language of poetry, giving the viewer a comfortable aesthetic feeling. Farsightedness makes people feel relaxed and happy. The sides are so symmetrical that they look stable. The subtle, rhythmic, diverse and unified details, like the notes with slightly changed jumping strength on the piano, are not dull at all. On the contrary, they look relaxed and happy. You see, rows of branches are strewn at random, close-up dark trees and planting forests alternate with each other, in the distance, on the left is the spire of a church, and on the right are two tall huts, both of which are carefully conceived by the painter. The rigorous perspective of Vanishing Point takes the audience's mood far away.

3. Still Life in Xia Erdan (1699- 1779).

He mainly describes the life of the lower class citizens and embodies his democratic thoughts. His works attach importance to composition and the expression of characters' mental state.

4, dance pattern painted pottery basin

Majiayao Cultural Site (5 100 ~ 4700 years ago)

Dance is an art form that expresses people's thoughts and feelings in life with rhythmic movements as the main means of expression, usually accompanied by music. Dance has been produced in primitive society. Ancestors used dance to celebrate harvest, victory, prayer to God or ancestor worship. This painted pottery basin expresses the theme of joy and concentrates people's wisdom and life interest five or six thousand years ago.

The design and production of painted pottery pots also reflected the proficiency of pottery-making technology and the progress of aesthetic thought at that time. The dancer's image is depicted in a monochromatic and flat way, and the shape is simple and lively. Three rows of dancers form a circle around the rim of the basin, and below it are four parallel swimming lanes, representing the ground. When the basin is full of water, dancers can be in harmony with the reflection in the pool. The small basin became a calm pond, and the happy people by the pool were reflected on the water. The charm of dance is fascinating.

There are many different views on the content of dance, but everyone agrees that it not only vividly reproduces the warm scene of the group dance of our ancestors, but also vividly conveys their vitality. As German scholar Gross said, "primitive dance is the most straightforward, perfect and powerful expression of primitive beauty."

5. Printmaking: one of the plastic arts. A painting hand-printed by the author on the layout of various materials; It can be limited to copying some original works that do not affect its artistic value. The earliest form of printmaking at home and abroad is woodcut reproduction printmaking, for example, the title page of the Diamond Sutra, which was carved by Xian Tong in the Tang Dynasty in 868, was carved by technicians according to the painter's drawings. It was not until the18th century that artists created prints by drawing their own manuscripts, making their own plates and printing their own prints. As a plastic art, printmaking refers to the creation of printmaking. Due to the different ink-receiving parts, plate properties and plate-making printing methods, plates can be divided into different varieties.

Single printed matter

A form of printmaking, which does not need plate making, paints or brushes the smooth layout, and then rubbings it into a finished product.

Tuotuo

A form of printmaking in which ink is spread directly on paper covered with letterpress layout. Such as stone rubbings and brick rubbings.

relief printing

Ink is collected in the convex part of the board, which is represented by woodcut. Among them, oil-soluble ink printing is called "mimeograph woodcut" or "woodcut"; Printed with water-soluble ink is called "watermark print" or "watermark woodcut". In addition, all kinds of relief prints are made of woodcut and printed, with hemp, gypsum, stones, bricks and so on as the plates.

Gravure carving

Ink is received in a concave portion of a plate representing a copper plate. Among them, due to different plate-making methods, it can be divided into "line-engraved copper plate", "dry-engraved copper plate", "screen printing" and "etched copper plate". In addition, gravure printing made of various zinc plates or other metal plates still adopts copper plate making and printing methods.

offset

Ink is received on the surface of the plate, and its representative is lithograph. Due to the different plate-making methods, it can be divided into "direct lithography" and "transfer lithography". In addition, lithographic products made of aluminum plates, zinc plates, etc. It is still made of lithographs and printed.

Aperture engraving

Also known as "leaky plate", the ink color leaks to the surface of the finished substrate through the perforated plate, which is manifested as leaky screen printing. In addition, there are stencil printing by screen printing with nylon mesh, Kaplan mesh, metal mesh and other mesh materials as plates.

Glass sculpture

After making a plate on the glass, combined with photography technology, it is the printing form of the finished product.

7, the invention of papermaking

/kloc-in 0/05, Cai Lun summarized the previous experience in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and improved papermaking, using bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets as raw materials. It greatly improves the production efficiency of paper quality, expands the source of raw materials for paper, reduces the cost of paper, opens up new prospects for paper to replace bamboo and silk, and creates favorable conditions for the spread of culture. Regarding the ancient records of Cai Lun's invention of papermaking, The Biography of Cai Lun in the Later Han Dynasty said: "Since ancient times, books and deeds have been compiled with bamboo tubes; People who use it are called paper. Expensive and simple, inconvenient for people. Lun intends to use bark, hemp head, cloth and fishing net as paper. " Later generations revered him as the inventor of China's papermaking.

8. Three primary colors: red, yellow and blue

9, the three elements of color

Color has three attributes, namely hue, lightness and saturation. Based on human perception of color, the HSB model describes three basic characteristics of color:

(1) Tone is the color reflected from or transmitted through the object. On the standard color wheel of 0 ~ 360, hue is measured by position. Usually, tones are identified by color names, such as red, orange or green.

(2) Brightness is the relative brightness of a color, usually measured by the percentage from 0% (black) to 100% (white).

(3) Saturation (sometimes called chroma) refers to the intensity or purity of color. Saturation indicates the proportion of gray components in hue, which is measured by the percentage from 0% (gray) to 100% (completely saturated). On the standard color wheel, the saturation increases from the center to the edge.

10, Tone: It is not the nature of color, but the overall color evaluation of a painting. Although a painting uses a variety of colors, there is always a tendency, that is, blue or red, warm or cool colors and so on. This tendency in color is the keynote of a painting. Usually, the hue of a work can be defined from four aspects: hue, lightness, coldness and warmth, and purity.