How to match the shutter speed and aperture value in film photography under various conditions?

Aperture and speed are devices used to control the amount of light entering the camera, and they are interrelated and mutually restricted. In the case of a certain light, the aperture increases by one level, the speed increases by one level, and the aperture decreases.

Level one, the speed will be slower. For example, if the aperture is 1 1 and the speed is 1/60 seconds, when the aperture becomes 8.

The speed should be changed to1125 seconds accordingly. If the speed becomes 1/30 seconds, then

The aperture should also be changed to 16 accordingly. The relationship between aperture and speed can be expressed by exposure combination.

Indication: aperture 8, speed1125 seconds; Aperture 1 1, speed1/60s; Aperture 16, speed 1/30

Second, choose one of the exposure combinations, and the exposure obtained by the camera for a certain light.

It is the same. Choosing exposure combination according to different shooting requirements is one of the important bases for controlling accurate exposure.

One. Do you decide the shutter speed or aperture coefficient first when shooting? This should be done by the subject.

The specific situation depends on the photographer's creative intention. Generally speaking, accurate exposure is only one aspect of taking good photos.

On the other hand, if a photographer wants to give full play to his creative consciousness, he must master the aperture and shutter flexibly.

The exposure combination of speed.

Aperture and speed not only control accurate exposure together, but also have their own "professional division of labor".

Aperture can control the depth of field, and speed can "solidify" moving objects on the negative. According to the shooting requirements, to

In order to accurately expose the film, the photographer must learn to choose the appropriate exposure combination.

If you are shooting a moving object, you must first choose to capture the moving object if you want to make the picture clear.

Lower the shutter speed, and then use the corresponding aperture; If you want to show a certain depth of field in the scene,

This requires first determining the size of the aperture and then matching the corresponding shutter speed.

When selecting an exposure combination, you can refer to the following items:

① When the object moves fast, the shutter speed will be fast and the aperture will be correspondingly large.

② In order to make the depth of field of a photo larger, the aperture needs to be smaller, and the shutter speed can be slowed down accordingly.

(3) The moving object moves in different directions and the shutter speed is different, so it passes through the camera.

For objects, the shutter speed is generally faster. Choose objects that move to or away from the camera.

The shutter speed can be selected to be slower.

(4) When shooting a moving object, the shutter speed will change with the change of distance. The closer you get,

The faster the shutter speed.

⑤ The camera lens used has a long focal length, and the shutter speed should be selected correspondingly fast.

⑥ Use additional cameras, such as color filters and rangefinders, and appropriately increase the exposure. Different accessories

With the use of mirrors, the increased exposure is also different.

The brightness of sunlight varies with the season, climate and latitude of the earth.

In the warm zone, the sunshine intensity in summer is twice that in spring and autumn, and 3 ~ 4 times stronger than that in winter. It is sunny in summer.

One day, at 8 am and 4 pm, the brightness of the lights is roughly the same. 9: 00 am to 3: 00 pm in winter

Point, during which the brightness of light changes little. Before and after sunrise in the morning and after sunset in the evening, the light intensity ratio is moderate.

Weak at noon, 10 times. There are sunny, cloudy and rainy changes during the day, and the light intensity is also changing. A strong day

Light, thin clouds, sunny days, cloudy days, cloudy days, in which the strong change of light can be understood as: more

The light on cloudy sunny days is stronger than that on cloudy days 1 times, and the light on thin cloudy sunny days is stronger than that on cloudy sunny days 1 times.

The shutter speed used is determined. If the aperture is 5.6 on cloudy days, it should be changed to 8 on cloudy days and sunny days.

Days should be changed to 1 1. If the aperture is fixed, the shutter speed for cloudy days is 1/30 seconds, which is much more.

It can be increased to1/60s on sunny days and1125s on thin sunny days. The weather is changeable and sometimes subtle. These changes can be used as your outdoor natural light.

Next, take photos for reference.

The intensity of reflected light varies with different scenes. Bright scenery and dark scenery,

Under some lighting conditions, the exposure cannot be the same. Bright colors are generally more exposed than bright colors.

Light and dark scenes are exposed one level more than ordinary bright scenes.

What is a bright scene? Such as the coast, snow scenes, ivory buildings, people wearing light clothes, etc.

Such things can be regarded as beautiful scenery; A gray scene can be regarded as a general bright scene; Shuyinxia

Scenery, dark buildings, people wearing dark or dark red and dark green clothes can all be regarded as dark landscapes.

This kind of light and shade performance is often not very obvious. Photographers should learn how to control exposure.

Grasp the subtle changes in the light and shade of the actual scenery and treat them differently.

Backlight photography increases exposure by 1 ~ 2 levels compared with sidelight photography, and sidelight photography increases exposure compared with smooth photography.

1 ~ 2 exposure. For example:1125 seconds, 8-aperture photo; In the case of sufficient light, take photos with side light.

In the same case, you should use 1/60s, 8 aperture, or1125s, 5.6 aperture; Backlighting

You should choose a slower shutter speed or a larger aperture for taking pictures.

A photographer needs to consider many factors to master accurate exposure. So when you hold the photo,

Machine, when choosing the exposure combination, we should calmly compare the above factors and optimize a group of exposures.

The lighting combination must not be directed at the subject. For some reason, I was very excited, so I chose the exposure combination to take care of it.

If you lose it, you will regret the mistakes exposed.

Exposure of indoor natural light photography

Indoor natural light photography, it is difficult to grasp the accurate exposure, indoor natural light is directly through the doors and windows.

The light that enters the room, the light that reflects into the room, and all kinds of original light in the room. Under indoor natural light

How to take pictures and expose them accurately? In this section, we will discuss the factors that affect indoor natural light photography.

Elements and basic methods of indoor natural light photography.

We have introduced various factors that affect accurate exposure outdoors, and the same is true for indoor natural light photography.

Applicable. However, there are some unique factors that affect indoor natural light photography, such as sunlight entering the room.

The influence of internal direct and reflection, the influence of the number, size and opening direction of the doors and windows of the house. , all here.

If you want to shoot successfully in an environment, the main photographer should take more pictures, do more experiments and accumulate more classics.

Testing. If you can use the sidelight as a staff member, you can better grasp the accurate exposure time.

When shooting indoors, artificial lighting is often needed because of limited light. In this case,

Conditions, should avoid the mixed use of light sources with different color temperatures, indoor natural light is dark, and the aperture used is one

Generally, the larger the shutter speed, the slower the shutter speed. Therefore, using photographic equipment, you can choose a larger caliber, B.

For the camera of door device, ISO 200/24 or ISO 400/27 should be used as the photographic film.

Equipped with tripod and cable release device.

Indoor natural light is limited by the number, size and opening direction of doors and windows, so the exposure is determined.

We should fully observe and consider these situations when closing the light, and pay attention to the influence of outdoor weather.

Another feature of indoor natural lighting is that the light receiving surface of the subject is bright, while the back is dark.

This contrast between light and shade is very strong. So, if you shoot a moving object indoors,

Try to adjust near the doors and windows to reduce this contrast. In the moving body,

Pay special attention not to let it be half in direct light and half in places where there is no direct light, so as not to

If necessary, curtains and white paper can be used to block the light directly entering the room, so that,

The light is as soft as possible.

If the subject is light, its brightness will be higher than that of dark, so the exposure can be less. Different substances have different reflection characteristics. Strong reflection ability can reduce exposure and reflection ability.

Weak, usually say "eat" light, should increase exposure. In photography practice, photographers can put light quilts

The subject is photographed in front of a dark background, or the dark subject is photographed in front of a light background. this

This can make some subjects with weak light stand out from the picture. Lighting a room with fluorescent lamps will

Shooting in front of a dark background can make people stand out.

When using indoor natural light to take pictures, it is best to pay attention to the direction of the light source, generally using side light or front light.

It is not advisable to choose the window as the background for mid-shot and close-up in backlight shooting, because the contrast of light ratio is too large, which will make the color temperature

Lose balance; If you must shoot against the light, you must fully consider the shooting effect, that is, the silhouette effect.

Movies? Or do you want to reproduce the details of the subject? If it is the latter, the photographer will use auxiliary light.

Or use a reflector, or increase the exposure by 3 ~ 4 levels.

Exposure of artificial light photography

Artificial light photography refers to the use of artificial light sources in indoor photography, such as iodine tungsten lamp and spotlight.

Lamps, ordinary lamps, etc. When taking pictures with artificial light sources, the factors to be considered are:

The brightness of artificial light source is determined by the number of lamps, illuminance and the distance between the subject and the lamps.

It's up to other parties. There are also factors such as the ability of the subject to reflect light and the influence of the surrounding environment. such as

If it is a certain lamp distance and aperture, 100 watt illumination, and the exposure takes 1/30 seconds, switch to 200.

Tile lighting, exposure only takes 1/60 seconds. This shows how many times the brightness of the lighting lights has increased.

How many times can the exposure time be reduced accordingly?

The distance between the subject and the light determines the exposure. To estimate accurately, you can apply for

Inverse square law calculation. If the distance between the subject and the light changes from 5 meters to 1 meter, the subject is right.

The light received by the image is enhanced by 25 times, and the exposure should be reduced to the original 1/25.

Using artificial light photography, mastering accurate exposure is only one aspect, and how to match the light.

Problem In color photography, there is also the color problem of artificial light. Generally speaking, artificial light will give

How to avoid color deviation caused by sunlight color film will be introduced in the chapter of color photography.

How to master the accurate exposure in the use of artificial light photography, the above is just a hint, specifically

In actual operation, it is not difficult to accurately grasp the exposure with some accumulated experience.

flashlight

Flash is an artificial light source commonly used by photographers. It is convenient to carry and use, and is not affected by day and night.

Limited by night and space.

1. General performance and luminous characteristics of flash lamp

From 1887, Gedik and Miso pioneered the burning of magnesium powder for photographic lighting.

100 year. With the development of modern science and technology, flashlights are becoming more and more perfect, and there are more and more types, no matter

What kind of flash is it? From the appearance, it has two parts: power supply and flash. The power supply part includes

Batteries, transformers and capacitors; The flash part comprises a flash tube, a fixed reflector and a lamp handle.

Switches and other components.

At present, the flash tube of flash lamp can flash more, so it is also called ten thousand times flash lamp. Early flashlights,

Big and heavy. After continuous improvement, it has become more and more portable, and a photosensitive sensor has been added.

Spot color film, etc. , the function is gradually increasing. Some can automatically control the amount of light emitted by the flash at will.

Adjust the amount of light output, some flashlights can adjust the angle of the beam it emits to adapt to the wide-angle lens.

Different light requirements of standard lens and medium telephoto lens. Generally, a flash takes pictures with a standard lens, and the light needs to be designed. The angle of the beam it emits is 50 degrees. The duration of the flash varies from lamp to lamp,

Some flash times can be as short as 1/5000 seconds, and some can be as long as1120 seconds, which can basically meet the requirements of fast in the mirror.

The need of door speed at all levels. The photosensitive control circuit composed of integrated circuit and blue silicon transistor flashes.

Lights, but also according to the change of shooting distance and the strength of the subject's reflection ability, control the flash.

Lightweight. Short distance, strong reflective ability and short flashing time; Long distance, weak reflection ability,

The flashing time of the flash is long. In a word, the flash lamp has the advantages of high brightness, strong adaptability and wide use.

The characteristics of high speed, economy and convenience are now widely used by many photographers.

The light characteristics of the flash lamp are:

① High brightness of light;

② The direction is controlled by the photographer;

The color of light is similar to that of sunlight.

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