I want to know something about photography, and ask for answers.

A tall building rises from the ground, and learning any subject must start with basics. To take a good photo, you must first master the basic knowledge of photography.

First, the correct method of holding the camera

In the basic knowledge of shooting, the most important thing is to hold the camera steady. No matter how well other photographic elements and techniques are mastered, as long as there is vibration at the moment of shooting, the quality of photos will be greatly reduced because of blurred images.

Although tripods can be used to reduce the possibility of vibration, hand-held cameras are often used to shoot, and photographers are often not allowed to spend time placing tripods and fixing cameras in the "decisive moment".

compared with traditional cameras, digital cameras require higher shooting stability. This is because it takes an extra time for electronic components to store information, which is usually called "time lag".

1. Correct posture of holding the camera

Whether standing, sitting or kneeling, the correct posture of holding the camera should be:

(1) Hold the handshake position on one side of the camera with your right hand and touch the shutter button with your index finger for shooting at any time.

(2) Hold the bottom of the fuselage with the palm of your left hand, and hold the camera with your thumb and forefinger to stabilize the lens.

(3) Keep your hands and upper arms close to your body, and try to keep a natural drooping state and close to your body. Never shrug your shoulders. Because shooting with the shoulders raised for a long time, the shoulders will feel tired and it is more difficult to stabilize the camera.

(4) When holding the camera vertically, generally, the left hand is down, the right hand is up, and the left arm should be close to the body.

2. Precautions when standing or sitting down for photography

(1) When standing for photography, your feet should be slightly stretched, or you should stand in a forward and backward manner, so as to put the whole body weight on your feet. If you can rely on some fixed objects, such as leaning against the trunk or wall, the effect is better.

(2) The stability of sitting photography is already high, but you can still use foreign objects to further stabilize your body. It is a good choice to rely on the back of a chair or a table.

3. Precautions when kneeling down for photography

When kneeling down for photography, the left foot should be arched, and the right foot should kneel on the ground. The left hand that lifts the bottom of the fuselage is supported on the arched left foot. Under normal circumstances, it is difficult to stabilize the body by kneeling, and it is best to rely on fixed objects, such as trees and walls.

4, the important role of the camera belt

Put the camera belt around your wrist, hold it in the tiger's mouth for two times and then tighten it, and then hold the camera tightly with your thumb through the belt ring, so that the camera and your right hand can be integrated, which can not only reduce the hand tremor, but also pull the camera when you accidentally let go, so as not to fall to the ground and be damaged.

Second, the use of light

Photographs are artistic products of light and shadow, and it is no exaggeration to call light the soul of photography. To take a good photo, you have to master the key element of light.

1. Nature of light

(1) Direct light

In sunny weather, the sunlight directly hits the subject without any shelter, and the light receiving side will produce bright shades, while the light not directly received will form obvious shadows. This kind of light is called "direct light". Under the "direct light", there will be a very obvious contrast between the light-receiving surface and the non-light-receiving surface, so it is easy to produce a three-dimensional sense.

When the sun is blocked by thin clouds, the sunlight will still diffuse through the white clouds, and the resulting illumination contrast will be reduced, which is very suitable for portrait photography.

(2) Scattered light

On cloudy days, sunlight is blocked by clouds, so it can't directly hit the subject, but only shines on the subject through the intermediate medium or through reflection, and the light will have scattering effect, which is called "scattered light". Because the light receiving surface and shadow surface formed by scattered light are not obvious, the contrast between light and shade is weak, and the change of light and shadow is also soft, so the effect is relatively flat and soft.

"direct light" will produce light with strong contrast, resulting in thick shadows, less tone changes, and hard lines and tone of the captured image. And "scattered light" will produce light with weak contrast, so the shadow is lighter, the tone changes are richer, and softer and softer image lines and tones will be obtained. So photographers should choose suitable light according to different situations.

2. Different directions of light projection

Shooting the same scene, using the light projected from different directions will produce different effects.

(1) Shun Guang

The light that comes from the back of the camera and is directed at the subject from the front is called Shun Guang. The characteristics of "shun guang" lighting are: most of the objects are directly illuminated, the shadow area is not large, and the tone of the objects is relatively clear. The contrast between light and shade formed by this kind of light is weak, and the three-dimensional sense of the object can not be reflected mainly by the lighting light, but by its own ups and downs. Therefore, the stereoscopic impression is weak.

(2) Front-side light

The light that is projected to the subject from the left or right rear of the camera is called "front-side light". Most of the objects that receive light will receive light, resulting in a bright surface, so the tone is brighter, and the area where the object is not exposed to light will not be too large, but it can already show the light and dark distribution and three-dimensional shape of the object. This kind of light can not only keep a bright tone, but also show the three-dimensional shape of the subject.

(3) Side light

The light from the left or right side of the camera is called "side light". It will make half of the subject receive light, while the other half is in the shadow, which is beneficial to show the ups and downs of the subject.

Because the "sidelight" lighting increases the shadow area of the object, the tone of the picture is not bright or dark, and the light and shade are mixed, which is not as bright as that produced by "frontlight" and "frontlight", but it is not too gloomy. Three-dimensional form will be better.

(4) side backlight

The light from the left or right front of the camera is called "side backlight". It makes the object produce a small part of the light receiving surface and most of the shadow surface, so the tone will be gloomy. This lighting method will produce a better stereoscopic impression on the object than the "smooth light", but it is still weak.

(5) Backlight

"Backlight" is the light from the back of the subject and the front of the camera. Most of the subjects are in the shadow. Because the light pair is weak, the stereoscopic impression is weak and the tone is gloomy. However, "backlight" can be used to sketch the silhouette and outline of an object, and it can also highlight the texture and shape of the object and clearly show the lines of the object. Using "backlight" in clear weather will create a strong contrast.

(6) Top light

The light coming from above the subject is called "Top light". The sunlight in the middle of the day is a good example. "Top light" often causes a strong shadow on the subject. If it is used in portrait photography, a dark shadow will be formed under the nose, eyes and jaw of the human face.

(7) bottom light

The light source of "bottom light" is located below the subject. This kind of light is rare in daily life experience, so it has weird and dramatic effects and is rarely used in general photography.

3. Contrast of light

"Contrast" refers to the tonal relationship between "brightest" and "darkest" on the subject. The so-called "strong contrast" means that there is a big difference between the brightest part and the darkest part of the light on the subject, and the change from the brightest to the darkest is very intense, and the contrast is very strong. Relatively, "weak contrast" means that the difference between the brightest part and the darkest part is not too big, and the change from the brightest part to the darkest part is very smooth, which makes the tone very rich.

3. Composition of photography

Composition is a process of dealing with the relationship between people, scenery and objects in a limited space of photos, and arranging them in the best position in the picture to form a specific structure of the picture.

the main purpose of composition is how to emphasize and highlight the theme scenery, and at the same time, arrange the trivial and minor things as a foil properly. Good composition makes photos look even, stable, comfortable and regular, and can guide the line of sight to the theme point. Improper composition will lead to problems such as disorder, imbalance between left and right, top-heavy, and lack of visual focus due to too many themes.

1. Precautions for composition

To get a good photographic composition, we must pay attention to the following points:

(1) The photos should not be too monotonous, otherwise they will look dull. But it should not be too complicated, otherwise it will make people feel confused.

(2) Choose a suitable background. A good background not only helps to set off the theme and highlight the protagonist, but also enriches the content of the photo and adds color to the picture.

(3) It is necessary to understand the relationship among people, scenery and things in the photos and arrange them appropriately, so as to effectively express the theme and avoid the situation of usurping the host's role.

(4) The color contrast of each scene should be considered. Sharp contrast helps to highlight the theme, but if the colors are confused, it will have the opposite effect.

(5) It is necessary to master the illumination angle of light and the shadows generated, which will affect the color and effect of photos.

(6) More use should be made of the level changes of illumination, perspective, overlap and shading, which will help to increase the three-dimensional sense in the plane photos.

2. Create different compositions from different shooting angles

Most subjects are three-dimensional, and they present many faces. There are front, side, back, top and bottom. Different shooting angles of the same object will also make the picture show a variety of composition effects. Therefore, we should choose different directions and angles to observe and compare the objects before shooting, and find out the best, most expressive and vivid viewpoint to find the most suitable composition.

(1) shooting from the front.

frontal shooting is one of the most commonly used shooting angles. Frontal shooting can produce a solemn and smooth composition effect. However, smooth lines and symmetrical structures will also appear dull due to lack of perspective. Moreover, in many cases, the three-dimensional sense of the object can not be highlighted because of the similar light receiving conditions of the object.

(2) side shooting.

With the oblique photography angle, the original parallel lines on the screen become diagonal lines, which has a sense of depth, and can lead people's eyes to the depths and enhance the three-dimensional sense. And the line of sight extending along the diagonal line will also make the picture vivid. With the change of oblique azimuth angle, the perspective effect will also change interestingly.

(3) look up and shoot.

Looking-up shooting refers to shooting from an oblique angle, which is mostly used to shoot tall scenes. This shooting angle can not only capture the panoramic view of the tall scene, but also form a perspective feeling that the lines perpendicular to the ground converge upwards. It can also highlight the towering characteristics of the object and increase the sense of pressure.

(4) shoot from above.

looking down is shooting from top to bottom. Aerial photography can capture a wide range of scenery, so it is often used in wide-angle landscape photography. Using the overhead shooting method in portrait photography can bring a slim effect to the protagonist.

3. "Trigonometry" of composition

"Trigonometry" was put forward by Greek mathematicians. Photographers can often take many harmonious and pleasing photos by applying it to the composition of photos. The specific method is: divide the picture into 9 squares of the same size with two straight lines and two horizontal lines. When shooting, put the theme at the intersection of straight lines and horizontal lines.

"Trigonometry" can be applied to the photography of any person or scene.

4. Selection of background and foreground

The differences between background or foreground and theme in color, shape, line, texture and light and shade will create contrast, which can highlight the theme.

(1) Simple and soft background.

A simple background won't steal the status of the theme, which is conducive to highlighting the theme. But too simple and monotonous background will make the photo too dull.

(2) Avoid cluttered background.

a messy background will make the photos look very confusing, and even worse, it will make people unable to tell what the theme is.

(3) Avoid too many people and things in the foreground.

If there are too many people and things in the foreground, it will be difficult to highlight the subject, which will seriously damage the overall effect of the photo.

5. Basic mode of photographic composition

(1) Balanced and stable composition

Balance is balance. It is different from symmetry. The picture composed in this way is not a one-to-one correspondence of the shape, quantity, size and arrangement of the scenery on the left and right sides, but a different arrangement of the same or similar shape, quantity and size, which gives people visual stability, is an echo balance of abnormity and dissimilarity, and is an artistic balance using the perspective laws and visual habits such as near weight and far light, near big and far small, deep and shallow light. Of course, equilibrium also includes symmetric equilibrium.

Balanced composition gives people a sense of tranquility and stability, but it is not as rigid and lifeless as absolute symmetry, so it is a common form used by photographers in composition, and balance has become one of the basic requirements of photographic composition.

to form a balanced composition, the key is to select the balance point (balance). What is the equilibrium point? This should be found from the artistic effect. As long as the position is appropriate, small objects can be balanced with large objects, distant objects can also be balanced with near objects, moving objects can also be balanced with static objects, and low scenery can also be balanced with high scenery. We should practice and study more and make good use of this artistic skill.

(2) Breaking the balance

With the development and progress of society, some trendy photographers think that the balance is not stimulating enough to reflect the rhythm and characteristics of life in the new era. They advocate breaking the balance, but also practice their views and shoot some unbalanced works. We call the composition form of these works unbalanced composition. Life is varied, and there are both balance and imbalance in real life. As long as it is the need of content and creative intention, the form can be chosen at will.

unbalanced composition is characterized by instability, disharmony, nervousness and turbulence. It is ideal to express the dynamic situation from the scene image; From the psychological reflection, it has advantages to express restless emotions, uncoordinated actions or inconsistent attention and different expressions. If you show the cruelty of war, revolutionary storm, messy scene and other scenes, you can also achieve good visual effects.

(3) framing composition

framing composition is to frame the theme with some foreground. Commonly used are branches, arches, beautifully decorated railings and hall doors. This kind of composition naturally focuses on the theme and helps to highlight the theme. On the other hand, although the borders with clear focus are attractive, they may be antagonistic to the main body. Therefore, framing composition will cooperate with the adjustment of aperture and depth of field to make the scenery around the subject clear or blurred, and make people naturally focus on the theme.

(4) Right-angled triangle composition

Right-angled triangle composition generally takes one vertical side of the picture as one right-angled side of the triangle and the bottom side as the other right-angled side of the triangle. Most of this composition pays attention to the directionality of the subject. The moving direction or face of the scene should be opposite to the hypotenuse of the triangle, so that there is room in front of the moving object or the face of the scene to give a way out.

The right-angled triangle composition can be used in banners or vertical pictures. Its characteristics are that the vertical straight line can show the towering scenery, the bottom horizontal line has a sense of stability and stability, and it is full of movement. It has the dual advantages of regular triangle composition and inverted triangle composition. At the same time, the left and right right right angles are flexible and changeable, which is very popular among photographers, so it is used more.

The flexibility of right-angled triangle composition is also manifested in the fact that the bottom side is long and the vertical side is short, or the bottom side is short and the vertical side is long. As long as one of the three angles can form a right angle, this form of composition can be used.

(5) circular composition

circular composition is to arrange the scene in the center of the picture, and the center of the circle is exactly.