What does impressionism mean?

Le Impressionisme In the history of western art, the word impressionism has two meanings: one refers to the impressionism school that originated in France; On the other hand, it refers to the impressionist artistic trend of thought, including technological innovation, which has a wide influence and has worldwide significance.

Impressionism came from 19 to the French painting circle in the 1960s and 1970s with an innovative attitude, and its sharp edge was to oppose the outdated classical painting school, indulge in medieval knight literature and fall into artificial romanticism. Impressionism absorbed the nutrition of realism of Koro, barbizon School and Courbet, and under the inspiration of modern science and technology (especially optical theory and practice) in the19th century, it paid attention to the study and expression of external light in painting.

English: Impressionism

French: Impressionism

Spanish: Impresionismo

I. Art field

concept

The common characteristics of impressionist painting are obvious brushwork without modification, broad and boundless composition, especially the change of light and shadow, the impression of time, and the description of ordinary things in life.

background

In the development of western painting, painters always introduce the scientific achievements at that time into artistic creation. With the advent of the research results of optics and chromatics, Charles Henry later directly combined light and color with aesthetics and applied them to artistic rules, which deeply influenced and inspired painters who pursued innovation. They try to describe pure "external light" and analyze new color relations, and combine the laws of natural science with their artistic views to create. They believe that all objects in nature are illuminated by light and their images appear; Everything is a combination of different colors, and sunlight is composed of seven primary colors. Without light and color, there is no world.

They also believe that painters should understand the world mainly from the perspective of light and color. Since light and color have become the center of the world and the center of the painter's understanding of the world, the painter's task is how to express the effect of light and color. "Light" is the mother of "color", and only when there is light can it be colored. Any specific object and event in the world is only a medium to transmit light and color, and its own significance is secondary! This artistic concept has become their dominant ideology, thus dominating their creative activities.

Because they regard "light" and "color" as the main purpose pursued by painters, they inevitably leave the painter's understanding of objective things in the feeling stage and stay in the "instantaneous" impression, which leads them to focus on describing the instantaneous impression of things and expressing the feeling phenomenon in their creation, thus denying the essence and content of things. In their view, everything in the world is equal in the sun. Renoir once said: "In nature, there is no difference between poverty and meanness. In the sun, dilapidated huts can be regarded as the same as palaces, and noble emperors and poor beggars are equal. "

This artistic concept led them to go all out to describe "light" in their creation. Only the form of art is emphasized, while the content of art is ignored or even denied. As Zola, who supported Impressionism, said, "Painting gives people feelings, not thoughts." So what we see in impressionist paintings is the combination of sunlight and color blocks, which is full of air. Generally speaking, impressionist creation only emphasizes feeling, ignores the essence of thought and replaces it with instantaneous phenomenon; Use practice instead of creation; Alternative materials for the theme; Replace necessity with accident; Replace major with minor.

Since it is based on feelings, it must be subjective, so impressionism describes subjective and objective things. This marks a break with traditional artistic concepts, artistic expression methods and artistic effects. Therefore, Impressionism is an epoch-making art school in the history of western painting. Undeniably, impressionist painters have made important discoveries in sunlight exploration and color analysis, and enriched their painting skills in the expression of light and color. They advocate going out of the studio, facing the nature and sketching, and using quick methods to grasp the instant impression, so that the picture has an unusual fresh and vivid feeling and reveals the rich and splendid scene of nature, which is a great contribution to artistic creation. Their art belongs to the category of realism, which embodies the pursuit of democracy, freedom and equality in art. Their artistic creation is of innovative and progressive significance.

Creative characteristics

Impressionism emphasizes people's feelings and impressions of the light and shadow of external objects, opposes the ruthlessness of creative techniques and advocates artistic innovation.

In the aspect of painting skills, impressionism discussed light and color, studied the method of depicting objects with external light, and realized that color change is caused by color light: color changes with the observation position, light state and environmental influence.

Impressionism focuses on depicting the sudden scene of nature, making the moment eternal, and applies this scientific principle to painting. Impressionist painters observed and directly felt the subtle painting style of color change, which had a far-reaching impact on later modern art.

Early impressionism pursued the description of light, moved the easel from indoor to outdoor, and painted outdoors, so it was also called outward light school.

Impressionism got rid of the dependence of previous art forms on history and religion, and artists boldly abandoned traditional creative concepts and formulas. The artist shifts his focus to the purely visual feeling form, and the content and theme of the work become unimportant, which is different from expressionism expressing inner feelings and ignoring the external image of the depicted object.

achievements of art

impressionism

Representative painter

Claude Monet

Edouard Manet

Edgar Degas

Auguste Renoir

Camille Pissarro

Mary Cassatt

Alfred Shaxley

Gustav Ka You Beier

representative works

Impression sunrise, water lily series, red sailboat, coffee shop concert, pancake grinding ball and so on.

affect

Impressionist painting, as an artistic trend of thought, occupies an important position in the history of world art, which has promoted the innovation of artistic techniques and the change of ideas in the future, and has exerted great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China. It promoted the emergence of post-impressionism.

Claude monet (1840165438+1October14-092665438+February 5th), a French painter, is known as "the leader of Impressionism" and is one of the representatives and founders of Impressionism. Monet is one of the most important painters in France, and most of the theories and practices of Impressionism have been popularized by him. Monet is good at the experiment and expression of light and shadow.

Edward Manet (? Toure Manet (1832.01.23-1883.04.30) was one of the founders of19th century impressionism, and was born in Paris, France. He has never participated in an impressionist exhibition, but he is very innovative.

Camille pissarro (1830 July 10- 1903 10 October/3), a French impressionist painter, was born in St. Thomas, Antilles, and 1903 was born in Paris. One year before his death, Gauguin in Tahiti wrote, "He is my teacher." Three years after his death, Cezanne, the "father of modern painting", respectfully signed "Paul Cézanne" on his exhibition catalogue.

Second, the music field.

abstract

In music, Debussy is usually regarded as the main impressionist painter. Debussy's music has different characteristics from the first work to the last work, so only the music completed around 1892 ~ 1903 and some later works with similar musical styles in this period can be said to have impressionism in a general sense. His impressive works include the opera Pelias and Melisand (premiered at 1902), the symphonic poem Clouds (one of which was written at 1899) and the piano piece Sail (see two preludes [Dou]). Other composers considered as impressionists include Maurice Ravel, Frederick Delius, ottorino respighi, cairol Simanovsky and Charles Griffith.

Impressionism in music is often regarded as a delicate, fragile, negative and messy music with ambiguous feelings. Impressionist music is characterized by formality, restraint and calmness, which is a colorful effect formed by the composer's imagination of pure tone as a beautiful and mysterious purpose itself. Impressionism is considered as a movement to get rid of the excessive indulgence of romanticism, but many of its characteristics can be found in some composers who are also known as pioneers of expressionism (such as Liszt, Wagner, scriabin [[300: Alexander Scria! Bin []) to find the root cause.

Impressionist music is a popular music style in France in the19th century, influenced by "symbolism literature" and "impressionist painting". [5] These music do not describe real events, but are based on colors, movements and hints, which are actually the * * * signs of impressionist art, and impressionists are mostly French. They believe that pure artistic imagination has a more profound role than describing real events. The representatives of impressionist music are Debussy and Ravel. Impressionist music has a completely abstract transcendental color, which is the beginning of music entering modernism.

Creative characteristics

Music is not the main object of description, but some music works are really written according to the situation. These music are called title music. Impressionist music works are almost all title music. This means that these works will focus on landscapes, poems or images, such as Debussy's Sea and Spring. Just like impressionist painting, it tends to depict the light and color of an object rather than its clear outline. Such works give people a dream, impression or hint. In order to achieve this effect, one of the most important techniques is the use of diatonic scale, which is well reflected in Debussy's work Sailing. In addition, impressionist composers seldom write long melodies, preferring short and exquisite phrases to create an atmosphere. Debussy can use, for example, scales with Greek and Asian characteristics, such as the use of pentatonic scale in ancient China. Debussy can create novel chords even if he uses the same mode as other composers. The famous music critic Camille Moakley wrote:

"The use of light in impressionist painting is like a symphony extension of the theme in music. The scenery written by claude monet is actually a symphony of light waves. Mr Debussy's music is not based on a series of themes, but is rooted in the relative value of sound itself, which is similar to those paintings. This is impressionism composed of silent patches. "

achievements of art

Representative figure

Debussy and Ravel are recognized as two impressionist composers. In addition, Fa Ya, Simanovsky, Paul Dukas, Italian Otto Rino ottorino respighi and British Vaughan Williams are also outstanding representatives of this music genre.

representative works

Pelias and Melisand, Pastoral Afternoon, Spring, Sea, Image, the Tomb of Coupland.

affect

During the prevalence of Impressionism and after Debussy's death 19 18, a large number of composers used impressionism techniques to create their own music works, some of which were even called "post-impressionism", including darius milhaud, Lily Blanche and Puccini.

Impressionism, though not popular for a long time, was quickly replaced by more radical and diverse modern music, but it left its own footprint in the history of music. It is worth mentioning that the importance of tonality has been diluted in impressionist music. Although these music works are still tonal, their "non-functional chords" paved the way for atonal music represented by Schoenberg and others later. Later, several music schools in the 20th century, such as expressionism, twelve-tone system and sequential music, were all influenced by impressionist music to some extent.

Third, the field of literature.

abstract

Impressionism in literature is generally a highly personalized writing technique, which embodies the writer's personal temperament. Some writers' works can be compared with impressionism in painting because of their strong appeal. They are Thomas Mann, Herman Hesse, F. maddox Ford and evelyn waugh.

Literary historians believe that impressionism entered literature after the 1970s of 19. However, there are different opinions on how impressionism is expressed in literature and which writers and poets belong to impressionism. What is certain is that some writers in western Europe did have a creative method similar to impressionist painting and music at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, that is, they devoted themselves to capturing vague and fleeting feelings and impressions. Due to the particularity of literary creation, impressionism in literature pays more attention to how this instant feeling experience can be transformed into an emotional state. Just like the Impressionists in painting and music, they are also opposed to the logical or rational refinement of the relationship between the things described, so they themselves have become the intermediary between conveying external stimuli and instinctive reactions.

Impressionism literature and symbolism literature are similar, both of which are formalistic literary schools; But there are also differences between them, mainly because Impressionists are opposed to expressing ideas by symbolic means and tend to describe feelings. Some poets, usually regarded as symbolism, are actually more inclined to impressionism. For example, the poem The Art of Poetry by Paul Welland, one of the leaders of symbolism, is not so much about symbolism as an impressionist declaration.

Genre representative

Representative figure

French literary historians regard the Gongur brothers as the representatives of impressionism novels, while pierre loti, another French poet and novelist who is regarded as the representative of impressionism, indeed, some of his poems "capture the instant feelings and impressions" like impressionism painters, but not all of his works are like this. Some French writers in the 20th century were seriously influenced by Impressionism, and in some novels, only the vague pursuit of feeling and impression was left.

In some works by Wilde and others at the end of UK 19, impressionism tends to be obvious. 1912 ~1918 the imagist school composed of some British and American poets in London, like impressionism, emphasizes the description of sensory impressions, but they claim to pursue a "clear and tough" image. They think that the ambiguity and ambiguity of the image are the remnants of romanticism, so they attack with all their strength. However, the theoretical differences are sometimes difficult to detect in creative practice. For example, many works of American poets such as Imagist Ai Lowell, Xi doolittle and John Gauld Fletcher are inseparable from impressionist poetry.

The situation of German literature is similar, and literary historians can't confirm the impressionism schools with clear boundaries. Headed by Detlef von Lilinkeren, including Richard Daimer, Gustav Falk and others, they are considered to be the most obvious impressionism in Germany, but they emphasize on truthfully recording the poet's feelings and experiences of things, so they are close to naturalism. In addition, many poems, such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arnold Holtz, have different degrees of impressionism.

representative works

Mrs. Agatha, poetry or something.

Perceptual criticism

Impressionism also refers to a kind of literary criticism, which is called impressionist criticism, that is, perceptual criticism. This criticism refuses to make a rational and scientific analysis of the works, but emphasizes the aesthetic intuition of the critics. It believes that the best criticism is only to record the process of critics' feeling beauty, and at most to point out how and under what conditions the impression of beauty is produced. Therefore, impressionism criticism is a vague criticism of "interpreting poetry with poetry", and it is often written in the form of prose poetry, so literary criticism has become an artistic category that is not essentially different from literary creation, and the person who writes this criticism is often a poet or writer himself.

Fourth, the film field.

abstract

During the period of1920s, louis delluc, a French film creator, United with a group of talented directors such as Abel Gance and Zhemin Drucker, and some film directors who made achievements in commercial films, trying to reform the films made by film company owners for commercial reasons, so as to improve the French films that declined after World War I ... But his efforts were not supported by the producers, and the movement failed after the death of Diluk in 1924. Some people take commercial films, others take the avant-garde road. Because some of Delluc's theories and creative ideas are closely related to the later French avant-garde film movement, most impressionist films are regarded as the prelude of avant-garde films or directly classified as avant-garde films.

His important works include The Wheel by Gunce (1922), Fever by Drucker (192 1) and Spanish Festival by Drucker (19 19).

achievements of art

Representative figure

Louis Drucker, Abel Gance, Gemin Drucker, Sherman Drucker, Jean Epstein,

representative works

Wheels, fever, Spanish Festival, loyal heart, beautiful NiVirnes River and so on.

affect

Impressionism failed to save struggling French films economically, nor did it satisfy the avant-garde directors' desire for exploration. Abstract/Dadaism/Surrealism stepped onto the stage of film art in the complicated discourse torrent of modernist literature in the 20th century. However, under the flourishing age of this modernist film art, it is facing a greater crisis. The first is the survival crisis of its own art; Secondly, the French film industry experienced a more violent collapse. In this case, a group of avant-garde film directors began to face up to their own living reality/the situation of French society and the spiritual crisis of the whole world. Their creation began to return to reality, from formal aesthetics to practical creation. As a result, documentary became the outlet of many avant-garde directors, and Evans/Cavalcanti combined personal avant-garde artistic aesthetics with social reality. On the other hand, some avant-garde film directors ideologically worship the miracle created by Hollywood in the United States. They insist on finding the fulcrum of artistic survival in the feature films of avant-garde movies. Under such circumstances, realism/naturalism is obviously the artistic discourse with the widest audience base and the only choice for avant-garde artists. Verdell/Vigo/rene claire, especially jean renoir, the son of Impressionist painter Boer Auguste Renoir, once again began to explore the realism of film art, from the avant-garde film form/stunt to the description of life/nature, the film history is called "French poetic realism". As the name implies, they once again linked the narrative paradigm of realism/naturalism with image poetics, made a new exploration of "photonics" and began a realistic exploration of "post-impressionist images".