Who are the modern Rococo art painters? What is their biographical profile?

Introduction

The Rococo style originated in France in the 18th century. It was originally developed to oppose the red tape art of the court. The word Rococo is derived from the French Rocaille and the Italian Barocco. Rocaille is an interior decoration made of a mixture of shells and pebbles, while Barocco means Baroque. Rococo was later replaced by Neoclassicism.

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Rococo Architecture

Rococo secular architectural art is characterized by light-structured garden-style mansions, which increasingly crowd out the Parisian architectural art. Roque's majestic palace architecture. Here, individuals can develop freely without being disturbed by the boastful court society. For example, names such as Xiaoyao Palace or Guanjinglou indicate the private character of these mansions. Prince Eugene's Garden Palace is a lively and rhythmic whole, consisting of seven symmetrically arranged pavilion-style buildings. Its folded mansard roof spreads gracefully and proportionally from the middle to the domes of the four corner towers (Figure 202). The single-story main hall with the gable above has an almost middle-class comfort, while the two wide double-story wings show the owner's splendor, but without the arrogance of the princes and nobles. Two single-story buildings of moderate width are located between the tower-style pavilions, and the majesty of the pavilions gives the entire building the characteristics of a solid castle - in short, very different architectural ideas, but unified in an elegant inner connection . It is this careless arrangement of architectural groups of simply contradictory forms and styles that clearly embodies the spirit of Rococo art. The staircase hall of the Würzburg Archbishop's Palace leaves a good impression on the elegance of late Baroque architecture. Neumann wasted lavishly on space here, designing two symmetrical stair halls, only one of which was built. However, this alone is enough to give this magnificent interior space a spectacular atmosphere, and this atmosphere is passed on to a series of buildings such as the front hall, garden hall and pilgrimage hall (Fig. 207). The ceiling paintings painted by the Venetian Tiepolo in the Staircase Hall and Hajj Hall brought the charm of architectural art to an unparalleled level. The ceiling is transformed into colorful lights by a huge 600-square-meter ceiling painting, which seems to be shining into the room from the open sky. The sky is filled with grotesque figures that cleverly obscure the boundaries between architecture and painting (for example, the dog appears to be standing on a raised horizontal stripe). Plaster rosettes are also squeezed into the painting, while the figures occupy the architectural space with the sculptural objects in their hands. With this illusionary technique, the complete unity of painting, sculpture and architecture is achieved.

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Meaning and background

Rococo art is a French art style in the eighteenth century, which originated from Louis XIV In the late period of the Louis XV (1643-1715) era, it was popular in the Louis XV (1715-1774) era. The style was delicate, exquisite, flashy and complicated, also known as "Louis XV style". Rococo art style is an art style that originated in France and soon spread throughout Europe, following the Baroque art style. At first, it referred to rock-like masonry built with shells, stones, etc., originating from China's rockery, which was exquisitely carved and gorgeously carved. Later, it referred to the theme of shell-like curves, and became the name of a style with interior decoration as the main body. Rococo is characterized by the raised shell-like curves and the serrated leaves of acanthus leaves on interior decoration and furniture shapes. The C-shaped, S-shaped and swirling curves are meandering and repeated. Create an asymmetrical, dynamic, free and unrestrained yet slender, light, gorgeous and complex decorative style. The overflowing vitality, solemn sense of volume and masculine dignity of the Baroque have been replaced by sophisticated manners and romantic game-like sentiments, as well as a gorgeous, delicate and soft feminine style. If the baroque costumes of the 17th century were strange costumes centered on men and unfolded on the court of Louis XIV, in contrast, the rococo costumes of the 18th century were centered on women and unfolded on the stage of the salon. elegant style. The eighteenth century is regarded as the "Age of Reason" or the era of the "Enlightenment". Philosophers shifted from assuming the existence of God and inferring all things in the past to using rational methods to deduce everything in the world based on experiments and observations. Eliminate theology from philosophy and choose a secular route, and the interest shifts from focusing on noble education to seeking frivolous pleasure. The style of art runs through the musicians Mozart and Haydn, the writers Pope, Edison, and Voltaire, and the painters Watteau and Consborough, which combine rationality and graceful taste. Coordinate with relaxed, clear, and orderly materials. Louis XIV often held various dances in the Palace of Versailles, tormenting the nobles with cumbersome etiquette and meaningless duties, and then created a leisurely environment with magnificent palace decorations, which was conducive to romantic affairs and consumed the energy of the nobles. leaving them no time to plan a rebellion. The artist was therefore commissioned to concoct a Nirvana scenario of an ideal life, the sole purpose of which was to create a leisurely, indeed lazy, social happiness.

Rococo is relative to the grand and solemn classical art of the Louis XIV era. This change is related to the decline of the French aristocracy, the free exploration spirit of the Enlightenment (almost replacing religious belief), and the increasing prosperity of the middle class. related. Rococo was also influenced by Chinese art during its formation, especially in garden design, interior design, silk fabrics, porcelain, lacquerware, etc. (such as "Small Ceramics with Chinese Figures", Maier, Germany, 1768). As French art gained a central position in Europe at that time, the influence of Rococo art also spread throughout Europe. The cumbersome style of Rococo art is similar to the art of the Qing Dynasty in China, which is a sign that the feudal history of China and the West is coming to an end.

Etymology and meaning

From the etymology point of view, the word rococo is related to the French rocaille (rock-like ornament). As early as the 17th century, the French word rocaille was often used to refer to rock caves (there is also a theory that the Chinese rockery design was introduced to Italy during the Renaissance), and the shell work in the garden, travail de rocaille (rock-shaped craftsmanship) is travail. Agree. Rococo is derived from "rock craft" and "shell craft" and refers to a popular art style in interior decoration, architecture, painting, sculpture, furniture, ceramics, dyeing, clothing, etc. Another explanation of Rococo was first seen in the "Dictionary of the French Academy", which refers to "the bizarre decoration, style and design of the early Louis XIV to Louis XV". Some people associate "Rococo" with Italian "Baroque" and regard this "bizarre" Rococo style as the late stage of Baroque style, that is, the disintegration and decadent stage of Baroque.

Characteristics of Rococo art

① Interesting curves, commonly used C-shaped, S-shaped, swirl-shaped and other curves as decorative effects. ②The composition is not symmetrical, but has a light and elegant sense of movement. ③The color is soft, bright and light, giving people a sense of relaxation and comfort. ④ Advocate for "nature" that has been artificially modified. ⑤The humor and elegance of the characters express various kinds of love, such as romantic love, sexual love, maternal love, etc.

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Rococo literature appears in large quantities in a relaxed style, and focuses on expressing human emotions, especially the charm of love. Often the real world is expanded or reduced to describe it, or reality is reflected in the form of a mirror image. For example, Voltaire's "Little Monsieur" and Le Sage's "Gil Blas". Writers of this period also loved writing travelogue-style works, allowing the protagonists to learn about life and the world while traveling. Rococo literature has the effect of strongly stimulating people's senses and minds. It deliberately describes things that are contrary to reality, uses irony to introduce innovative concepts, breaks the existing order and norms, and pursues a new world of nature, rationality, and balance.

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It can be clearly seen from the example of Würzburg that it was not easy to clearly distinguish between architecture and sculpture in the late Baroque period, because sculpture began The decorative function is unified within the overall scope of architectural art. Sometimes, it also plays the role of giving aesthetic meaning to the building, as in the case of Weldonburg Abbey Church (Fig. 208). Here, the architectural plan was to place the Altar of St. George in "the right light." For this reason, the architect Cosmis Damian Assam allowed only dim light in the church hall and used a huge superstructure to cover the altar, thus leaving the church in mysterious darkness. However, he opened a large window in the hall behind the altar, allowing dazzling light to flow in from the window and reach directly into the nave. His brother Ejid Quirin Assam placed the equestrian statue of Saint George in the center of this shining light source, giving the statue indirect light with significant effects from behind. The saint stood like a transcendent vision on the altar, surrounded by divine light, bringing salvation and light to the earthly world in darkness. A religious event was transformed here into a lively theatrical performance, not unlike the theaters of the time, which also performed plays that told extraordinary stories. The dramatic character of late Baroque sculpture can also be demonstrated by the materials used at the time. Because everything is aimed at a sensual effect and a dazzling first impression, instead of sandstone or marble, less textured materials are used, such as marble plaster (finely ground colored sandstone mixed with plaster and then cast and polished), or wood, and then give the wood a coat of color that simulates stone. This kind of statue cannot be viewed carefully, which means that it has a certain blinding effect, just like the scenery on a stage.

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Overview

The pleasure of playing without restraint, the pleasure of getting rid of all thoughts and gaining sensual pleasure, can be found in the paintings of this period. It is perhaps the most perfect expression, because it satisfies and delights the eye directly without the aid of reason. Thanks to the graceful painting of the Rococo, long before the concept of "art for art's sake" was formulated, we have an art that needs to be evaluated by itself rather than by its content. This lightness and joy were most perfectly expressed in Watteau's new paintings, which earned him the title of "Master of Romantic Celebrations" specially created for him by the Academy.

His main works include "Sail to the Island of Cetus", which is a Greek island where Aphrodite, the goddess of love, is worshiped. It was like an otherworldly performance at a garden party, as was popular at the time in aristocratic mansions. In front of the vistas of Love Island that shine with the light of hope, the queue of lovers moves in a saturated warm color, bringing people and nature together beyond the hazy outlines, stepping onto a lofty platform with little cupids hovering around it. In a golden boat with rose-red sails. The attentiveness and elegance of the men, the elegant manners of the ladies in silk dresses, and the charm of expressions of wooing, reserve, and submission, all give the surrounding scenery a tranquil and poetic atmosphere far away from the hustle and bustle of the world, and thus experience The tenderest human emotions. This is a world of outward elegance that has nothing to do with the reality of the court, and the artist does not want to hide this from the viewer. Because just as the actors in his paintings are ideal figures of the society of that era, the scenery is also a paradise that can only be dreamed of, just as the natural forms lose their authenticity in the warm and bright tones and become pure. The structure of the painting. Half a century later, as Watteau understood, in Fragonard, this never-ending love poem evolved into a superficial love game. The lady on the swing - said to be the lover of a wealthy baron - represents a common role played by women in the 18th century: the dainty, coquettish rococo in a duet with her amorous lover. Art

The Shepherdess. A wonderful park scenery, unreal as a backdrop in light tones, is the place where this pastoral poem takes place. It exudes an innocent atmosphere, but it is not without excitement. The lady is the type that is both innocent and mature, which is exactly what the Rococo style advocates. She is good at achieving her goals with clever innocence. Here, the swing protected her from direct entanglement, and this feeling encouraged her to indulge in all her coquettishness. She carelessly let her voluminous skirt flutter, presenting her lover with a charming sight. What is still not clear is: Who is that shoe that is swinging cheerfully in the air towards? Is it the man or the little Cupid statue who was involved? There's a third actor in the background pushing the swing - so is he part of a love triangle? However, the carefree and often frivolous behavior of the Rococo style was not only admired and recognized in painting, it also sometimes aroused criticism of the society. Such was the case with the Englishman William Hogarth. He attacked the immorality of his time in a series of cartoons that were both satire and condemnation. They were loved by the public not because of their social criticism and moral education goals, but because of their realistic and humorous presentation. Therefore, this kind of protest has no effect on the people and things involved. Only the revolution will judge this kind of condemnation. When we look at the Rococo art of the 18th century from a modern perspective, it should be said that Madame Pompadour was the representative and organizer of those who liked luxurious style, and had the characteristics of being "popular". Therefore, the emergence of rococo style works caused a "popular" fashion among the nobility. It can also be said that the nobles' advocating for gorgeousness inspired Rococo art. At that time, men and women in the upper class were all enthusiastic and personally participated in craft activities, so that some of these actions reached the level of ridicule and absurdity. In the 16th century, when King Charles IX of the declining Valois King promised to give the King of Spain a gun made by himself, the Spanish ambassador was surprised. In the 18th century, Louis XVI's wife Marie complained all day long that her husband was indulged in his workshop and even had no time to take care of his wife. Louis XVI concentrated on studying the mysteries of clocks and locks in his workshop. In both cases we seem to get a glimpse of tragic people who were incompatible with the roles that had their fate thrust upon them. These people found a paradise in manual labor where they could masturbate. But this was an ominous sign for the emperor who ignored the government. The popular and whimsical Rococo style ended with the death of Madame Pompadour and was replaced by the neoclassicism advocated by Madame Du Barry, another mistress of Louis XV. However, the brilliance of the Rococo style lies in its artistic vitality that transcends the times. Modern people recognize it as the prelude to the Art Nouveau movement in the second half of the 19th century. And those surviving artistic masterpieces still shine and tell people about the fashion of that time and stories that people don't know.

French Rococo Painting

Rococo style paintings are based on the hedonistic life of men and women in the upper class, depicting naked or semi-naked women and exquisite and gorgeous decorations, accompanied by heavenly images. Natural scenery or exotic scenery (such as Venice, Rome) and strange objects (sunflowers, corn, etc.). On the one hand, it is inevitably flashy and artificial and lacks the feeling of divine power; on the other hand, it uses French lightness and elegance to completely get rid of religious themes. Scenes of joy, intimacy, comfort and luxury took the place of the painful martyrdom of the saints.

Famous painters such as

Watteau (A.Watteau, 1684～1721), a court painter in the Louis XV era. His paintings look like dream-like life scenes, which makes People yearn for it and feel happy. Gentlemen and ladies are playing and picnicking in the forest, and the expressions of the characters appear elegant. His genre painting style is the so-called "picnic" and he is known as the "Mozart of painting".

His representative works are "Pilgrimage to Sicily" (1717, Louvre Museum, Paris) and "Joker" (circa 1718, Louvre Museum, Paris). Boucher (1703～1770), specializes in paintings with "pastoral" and "mythology" themes. He is full of aristocratic taste. He is the chief painter accompanying the king and the paintings of Madame Pompadour (the mistress of Louis XV). teacher. Representative works include "Diana Bathing" (1742, Louvre Museum, Paris), "Brown-Haired Slave Girl" (circa 1743, Louvre Museum, Paris), and "Madame de Pompadour" (1756, Alte Painting Gallery, Munich). Fragonard (J.H. Fragonard, 1732~1806) took pleasure in the gorgeous salon life, and painted mainly based on contemporary customs. He used brisk brushwork to express lyrical, elegant and attractive pictures. His representative works include "Girl Reading" ( 1776, National Gallery of Art, Washington), "Swing" (1766, Wallace Collection, London). Chardin (J.B.S. Chardin, 1699-1779) started his career in the painting world with still lifes, and then expanded to portraits. They were not scenes of court aristocrats, but only conveyed the simple and controlled happiness of ordinary people. He was good at depicting them with calm and simple colors. Genre paintings based on citizen life. Representative works

Others

Francois Boucher (Francois Boucher) Jean-Antoine Watteau (Jean-Antoine Watteau) Jean Renoir Ferragona ( Jean-Honore Fragonard Sir J. Reynolds founded the Royal Academy of Fine Arts "Reynolds School" Thomas Gainsborough "Gainsborough School" G. Romney British Painting Britain It was not until the 18th century that the unique national style of painting appeared. Although the Rococo style was also used, it did not take the needs of the nobility into consideration. Whether in genre paintings, portraits or landscape paintings, they could reflect British real life and national thoughts and feelings.

Famous painters include

W. Hogarth (1697～1764), a civilian painter, absorbed the cool use of color in Rococo art, and was good at using almost caricatures. Skills, deeply and painfully outline the ills of the era, the representative work "Fashionable Marriage: After Marriage" (1743-45, National Gallery, London), satirizes the corrupt aristocrats who force their heirs to marry wealthy businesswomen, but they have no emotional foundation. The tragedy; "The Shrimp Girl" (1745, National Gallery, London) depicts a thin poor girl with a cheerful and energetic temperament, breaking the traditional style of portraiture that mainly expresses solemn and noble temperament. His theoretical work "Analysis of Beauty" explains that curves are the most beautiful lines, and provides many examples of the application of the laws of change and unity in art. Sir J. Reynolds (1723-92) imitated the essence of Italian classical masters and cared about noble themes, such as "historical paintings". The characters were noble and moving, but he did not pay attention to texture. In addition to making portraits of people, he is also interested in mythological scenes and ancient historical episodes. He founded the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1768, requiring artists, like the Greeks and Romans, to create ideal human bodies that express lofty principles and pure beauty. His representative works are "The Noble Augustus" (1753-54), "Nellie Erbryan" (portrait of a model, 1760-62, collected by Wallace, London), "Monsignor Hale" (1788-89, Paris). Louvre). T.Gainsborough (1727～88), was modeled. Influenced by Dyck, his painting expression is unconventional and his skin color and texture skills are mature, which is better than Reynolds's. In addition to portrait painting, he is particularly interested in landscape painting. His representative works are "Mr. and Mrs. Andrews" (1750, National Gallery, London) and "Mary, Duchess of Howe" (1760, Iveagh Bequest Kenwood).

Italy

G.Tiepolo (1696～1770), the most prominent representative painter of the Venetian School in the 18th century, his style inherited from Titian and Joel Joni is characterized by bright colors and soft effects. The greatest charm of his works is the vivid characters and bright and contagious colors. He was also the most outstanding muralist, printmaker and cartoonist. He was invited to various European countries at that time to paint murals for the royal family. His most famous work is the ceiling mural (ceiling) in Fessberg, Germany. This painting fully reflects the beauty of Rococo art. , elegant and relaxed, "The Madonna and Child Holding the Goldfinch" (1760, National Gallery of Art, Washington) also has the same style

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Fashion

Baroque fashion is contrary to the geometric rigor of Mannerism and Spanish fashion, and is deeply influenced by a vibrant sense of life, which is the same situation as architecture and plastic arts. Wheel-shaped pintuck collars that once contrasted with flat or padded rococo furniture

collars now hang unstiffly and later simply lie flat on the shoulders. Lace collar replaced.

The hats all have wide brim and can be made into wide, high or slanted styles according to the temperament of each person, and the hair can be worn freely. If you lack natural hair, you can use a wig. Since Louis VIII, especially in France, wigs have become the most impressive feature. The long wig is fluffy and curled at the top of the head, and then divided into two wings that hang down to the shoulders and chest. Men's clothing continues to feature tops with loose hems that can also be sewn close to the waist. The sleeves are lace cuffs, or short sleeves that are only three-quarters of the length of the arm, revealing the lace shirt underneath. The trousers fell loosely in a baggy shape to the stockings, where they were tied with rosette ribbons. Around 1675, men's three-piece suits appeared that are still popular today. The top evolved into a waistcoat that reached to the knees, and was covered with a heavily decorated coat sewn close to the waist. The trousers were slender shorts that reached the knees, and underneath were silk stockings and shoes with buckles. Baroque women's clothing gave up the geometric rigor of the Spanish bell skirt, but retained the wide hips and tight corset. Over a petticoat of different colors, there is a bell-shaped long skirt, mostly pleated in front and trailing behind. Rococo art

Pulse. Rococo women's clothing became coquettish, with pleats, ruffles, random lace and raised petticoats. A dome-shaped whalebone circle replaced the ancient bell-style skirt, resulting in the typical female silhouette effect of the late Baroque period. From the overly wide skirt to the thin shoulders to the towering head with a hairstyle, the whole person Appears as a cone.

Furniture

During the Baroque period, furniture included sofa beds, writing desks, wall tables, chests of drawers (an improved version of old-fashioned chests of drawers) and upholstered armchairs. . Like all furniture of the time, the upholstered armchair was stable and heavy, with a receding backrest and, between carved, angular legs (no longer rounded), the type commonly found on tables. X-shaped or H-shaped stays. Citizens tended to use natural wood (solid or veneered) for their Baroque furniture, while furniture for nobles was often plated with gold, making it look very luxurious. Rococo furniture started from the new idea of ????its decorative form, which was characterized by the development of curved shapes into flat arches. Rounded corners, bevelled edges and imaginative fine line decoration make the furniture look less bulky. The individual parts break away from the structural divisions traditionally followed and are combined into a decoratively vivid whole. The dull baluster-style table legs evolved into "deer legs." The panels are inlaid with gilded copper pieces and carvings made of fine woods of different colors, such as maple, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, etc. With the end of the Louis XV era, this most gorgeous and popular furniture style in history came to an end. With the continuous breakthrough and interpretation of trends, retro has become the hottest topic in recent years. Subsequently, the Rococo style has been used in furniture, represented by the Rococo series launched by Schneiman. The wardrobe integrates Rococo art into the furniture. Whether it is the full and round curve shape or the meticulous carving of European palace decoration, it strives to create an elegant and low-key neoclassical style, opening a new season with warmth and luxury. According to reports, this new type of wardrobe uses high-quality medium-density fiberboard, with a tight structure, uniform and delicate wood, and is hand-crafted by craftsmen to outline an elegant and smooth Rococo classical floral pattern. Processing and production create this unique floral texture. The two main colors it recommends are: Butterfly Love, which is a soft and elegant pearl white, and Wine Charm, which is a pure and charming rose red. They show the delicate and delicate color of women in their elegance. Rococo Carved Series - Elegant White Find a holy place and a classic love. They came from a hundred years ago, carrying beautiful legends with them. They crossed the tunnel of time and space, turned into butterflies, bloomed into flowers, melted into snow, and scattered in the world. They decorated the living spaces of modern urbanites and represented pure and sacred love stories. Ode to the Generations... With pearl white as the base tone and decorated with classical gold-plated handles, Die Xue Love can easily create a room full of romance and tenderness when paired with a European classical, simple, pastoral and feminist style room. Rococo Carved Series - Charming Red Rococo Furniture

A few scattered petals, with a drunken blush and a shy smile, walked lightly from the European palace a hundred years ago, The tenderness of youth has faded away, revealing a low-key and cool mature charm, with a hint of amorous temptation... The charming color tone is like the best red wine, fragrant and intoxicating, coupled with simple and smooth lines And the exquisite carvings make it suitable for most styles of space.

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Style

The Rococo style reflects the life interests of the French court aristocrats in the Louis XV era, pursuing delicacy, exquisiteness, and glitz and complexity. , also known as the "Louis XV style", was once popular in Europe. Rococo style decoration mostly uses natural themes to make curves, such as swirls, waves and round bodies; the colors are delicate and shiny, with ivory white and golden being the popular colors; glass mirrors and crystal lamps are often used to enhance the effect. Representative works of Rococo style decoration are the Prince's Salon at the Chateau de Chantilly (1722, designed by Jean Aubert), the Salon at the Soubise Hotel in Paris (1732, designed by Germain Beaufraud) and the Sans Souci Palace in Potsdam, Germany. The representative works of this architectural style are the Princess Salon of the Soubis House in Paris and the Queen's Apartment in the Palace of Versailles.

The advocate of the Rococo art style was Madame Pompadour. She not only participated in military and diplomatic affairs, but also influenced the art style of the time as a cultural "protector". Madame Pompadour, whose real name was Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, was born in a family of financial speculators in Paris. She was later made a Marchioness by Louis XV. Under the initiative of Madame Pompadour, the Rococo art style was born, which gave the 17th-century sculpture style a prosperous atmosphere under the Sun King. It was particularly soft and charming when rubbed by the slender hands of this noble lady in the 18th century.

Features

The characteristics of the Rococo architectural style are: bright colors and delicate decorations are used indoors, and the furniture is also very delicate and cumbersome. It is not as colorful as the Baroque style. Richly decorated. The interior spaces of Rococo buildings in southern Germany and Austria appear very complex. The characteristics of Rococo decoration are: delicate and soft, often using asymmetrical techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially shells, vortexes, rocks as decorative themes, curled grass and flowers, lingering and winding, connecting into one. Sometimes the ceiling and the wall are connected by a curved surface, and murals are arranged at the corners. In order to imitate natural forms, indoor architectural components are often made into asymmetrical shapes, which are varied and sometimes too artificial. When painting indoor walls, bright light colors such as light green, pink, and rose red are often used, and the moldings are mostly made of gold. Indoor wainscoting is sometimes made of wooden boards, sometimes made into an exquisite frame, with a circle of lace around the frame, and the middle is often lined with light-colored oriental brocade.

Representative Works

G.Boffrand (1667～1754), "House of Soubize" in Paris (1736-9, such as the interior of the Princess Hall). The "Kaisersaal" (1749-1754) in the residence in Wurzburg, Germany, was built under the leadership of architect B. Neumann (1687-1745), and was built by G. Tiepolo. 1696-1770) was responsible for the paintings that decorated the ceiling (1753). The Royal Palace of Denmark and the Old Summer Palace in China are also standard Rococo buildings.

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Rococo is the transliteration of the French rococo, which originates from the French ro-caille (shell craft). It refers to a taste and style in European, mainly French music works from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century. It did not form a genre, let alone a Rococo period in music history. In the late 17th century, French architectural art and decorative art produced a style with complex lines, rich decoration, exquisiteness and elegance, which people called "Rococo". The Rococo style also had an influence on French musical works in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it was far less obvious than in the plastic arts. Many chamber music and harpsichord pieces composed by the French composer F. Couperin and deeply appreciated by King Louis XIV are exquisite, delicate and gorgeously decorated, and are consistent with the architectural style, interior decoration and furniture composition of the time. Quite similar in style, these works are often considered to be early reflections of the Rococo style in music. Many hapsicords composed by the French composer L.-C. Dacan also have a rococo color, especially the one named "Cuckoo" is more typical. Many ballets composed by French composer J.-P. Rameau are famous for their novel harmonic techniques and also belong to the Rococo category in style. Rococo style quickly spread from France to European countries. In Germany, certain works of a generation such as G.F. Handel and Bach were also influenced to a certain extent. For example, there are some richly decorated polyphonic writings in Handel's "Messiah", some varied passages in J.S. Bach's "Brandenburg Concerto", and even some cute levity in J. Haydn and W.A. Mozart's In the sketches, there are sometimes lingering sounds of Rococo. The more than 600 harpsichords left by the Italian composer D. Scarlatti are all very exquisite and richly decorated, and they are works with obvious Rococo style. This style lasted until its climax in the Louis XV era in the 18th century, and gradually died out in the late 18th century.