Why can you see many stars from the earth's atmosphere at night, but not from the moon or space?

In mid-July this year, Eternal Weekly published an article entitled "The Biggest Forgery of the Century" published by Russian researcher Aleksandr Goldov, which questioned the photos taken on the moon by the United States 3 1 year ago. This article was not only reprinted by many newspapers, but also immediately attracted the close attention of readers. For a time, the discussion about the authenticity of Apollo landing on the moon, which had been silent for a while, heated up again. According to the statistics of an authoritative social investigation agency in the United States, 10% (about 25 million) of Americans believe that the so-called Apollo landing on the moon was a big scam made by NASA. Strangely, so far, we haven't seen any official response from the United States. The 69-year-old American astronaut neil armstrong is still alive. Why not let him come out and clarify the facts? Is the United States dismissive of this, or is it hiding something? News media all over the world have the momentum to investigate and interview this.

origin

According to the generally accepted concept, from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, Americans who were at a disadvantage in the space race were determined to restore their previous technological and military leadership at all costs. 196 1 year, American president Kennedy officially announced that the United States would achieve the goal of sending a man to the moon in the late 1960s. This is the world-famous "Apollo moon landing program".

1July, 9691On the morning of June, the giant Saturn V rocket was launched from the launch site at Cape Kennedy, USA, carrying Apollo 1 1, and the first space flight on the moon began. American astronauts neil armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael john collins took part in the flight. At 4: 0017: 42 pm EST, Armstrong carefully stepped on the surface of the moon with his left foot, which was the first time that man set foot on the moon. Then he photographed Aldrin's landing on the moon with a special 70mm camera. They planted an American flag near the lunar module. In order to make the star-spangled banner look like it is flying in the wind on the windless moon, they elongated it through the action of spring-shaped metal wires. Then, the astronauts installed a "seismograph" and a "laser reflector" ... They stayed on the surface of the moon for 2 1 hour and 18 minutes and collected 22 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples. In the early morning of July 25th, Apollo 1 1, the command module carrying three space heroes, splashed down safely in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the first moon landing was successfully completed.

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However, more than 30 years later, Goldov published an article in public, expressing doubts about the photos taken by the United States on the moon. He believes that all the photos and video recordings taken by the so-called American astronauts on the moon were made in Hollywood studios. He stressed that he came to this conclusion after careful scientific analysis and certification. The main reasons are as follows:

1. No image can see the stars in the space background;

2. The direction of the shadow left by the object on the image is multi-directional, while the shadow formed by sunlight on the object should be in one direction;

3. In the photographic record, the stars and stripes inserted on the moon are flying in the wind, so it is impossible for the wind to blow up the flag on the moon;

Seeing astronauts walking on the surface of the moon from the documentary is just like walking on the ground. In fact, the gravity on the moon is much smaller than that on the earth, so every step on the moon is equivalent to jumping 5 to 6 meters on the ground;

When the lunar landing instrument moves on the surface of the moon, the speed of pebbles ejected under the wheel is the same as that on the earth, and the speed on the moon should be six times that on the earth.

Goldov said that he questioned the photos and video records taken by American astronauts more than 30 years ago, not to deny the feat of American astronauts landing on the moon. He believes that American astronauts were close to the surface of the moon at that time, but failed to set foot on the moon for technical reasons. At that time, because the United States was eager to show its achievements to the whole world, it forged a number of moon landing photos and a documentary film, deceiving and deceiving the world for decades. He said that Ralph René, a famous American engineer, David Perry and Mary Bert, British scientists, all agreed with him.

Coincidentally, Professor Bill Kane, who claimed to be involved in the Apollo program, wrote a book called "We have never landed on the moon". In the book, he also listed some doubts about Apollo's moon landing plan, and even thought that the rocket carrying astronauts was indeed launched, but the target was not the moon, but the inaccessible South Pole, where the rocket was ejected from the command module and recovered by military aircraft. Then the astronauts went to the moon in the laboratory on earth, and finally entered the command module and were put into the Pacific Ocean to complete the so-called moon landing process.

The question whether "Apollo moon landing program" is a hoax has aroused strong repercussions in the United States. People represented by the famous physics professor Hamlet affirmed the "deception theory". They believe that the Apollo moon landing scam is based on:

1. Apollo moon landing photos are pure forgeries.

According to the data released by NASA, the incident angle between the sun and the moon is only about 6-7 degrees, but the photos of the stars and stripes inserted on the moon show that the incident angle of the sun is about 30 degrees. The included angle of the shadow in the photo should be obtained 46 hours after taking the first step.

2. The Apollo moon landing video was shot on the earth.

Through video analysis, the jumping action and height of astronauts on the surface of the moon are similar to those on the ground, but they do not conform to the characteristics of walking on the surface of the moon.

There is no laser reflector on the surface of the moon at all.

According to the data of an observatory in the United States, it can be calculated that the intensity of the reflected beam received by the laser receiver on the earth is only 1/200 of the reflected intensity of the reflector. In fact, this light beam is reflected by the moon itself. In other words, there is no laser reflector on the moon at all.

The progress of Apollo program is doubtful.

The United States did not develop the first Saturn V until 1967 65438+ 10, and conducted its first launch test on 65438+ 10/27. Unfortunately, three astronauts were smoked to death in the fire. Subsequently, the lunar module was redesigned, and the hardware development was delayed by 18 months. 1how is it possible to land on the moon once in July, 969?

5. Questioning Saturn V rocket and lunar module

The modern space shuttle can only send 20 tons of load into low orbit, but Saturn V can easily send more than 65,438+000 tons of load into earth orbit and push dozens of tons of objects out of the earth's gravitational circle. Why was it abandoned later? It is said that even the drawings have not been preserved?

6. The influence of temperature on photographic equipment

The surface of the moon can reach 12 1℃ in the daytime. According to the picture, the camera is exposed outside the spacesuit and there is no heat preservation measure. The film will curl when heated at 66℃. How to take pictures?

These people believe that the U.S. government has never explained all this, and the insiders may even be directly intimidated because they are worried that their lives will be affected, and have remained silent so far. But I believe that in the near future, the "moon landing scam" born in the space race era between the United States and the Soviet Union will definitely come out.

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However, there are also many people who think that the Apollo moon landing program can't be faked:

First of all, because the plan was broadcast live all over the world at that time, nearly 1 100 million people saw it with their own eyes. In addition, astronauts brought back some objects from the moon, such as rocks.

Second, the US government will not joke about its credibility. If it's a scam, they don't need to take such a big risk to broadcast it live, just post some photos afterwards. Otherwise, once something goes wrong, the US government will bear huge consequences and even lose its reputation.

Third, NASA has thousands of scientists and engineers, most of whom will take a scientific attitude and will not treat serious scientific problems as trivial matters. If the moon landing plan is a scam, not only will the personality of all participants be damaged, but it will be difficult for tens of thousands of people to keep a lie for decades.

In addition, the American media is almost pervasive. If the government cheats, the major media will make a fuss. So far, the American press has not made a fuss about it, and there must be some truth in it.

Then there is not enough evidence to expose it. It was pointed out that Hamlet's reasons were not rigorous enough. Judging that landing on the moon is a scam based on only a few photos and videos is as ridiculous as proving Goldbach's conjecture by mathematical induction.

In the heated debate, on July 20th last year, the United States held a ceremony at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the first human landing on the moon. US Vice President Al Gore awarded the Langley Gold Medal to the three astronauts who landed on Apollo 1 1 in recognition of their contributions to the space industry. This somewhat shows the attitude of the US government. However, Armstrong still refused to attend any press conference, sign autographs or take photos. For 30 years, he chose silence. This leaves people with a huge question.

So did American astronauts land on the moon for the first time? Is the American landing on the moon really a scam? People are eagerly looking forward to the real answer.

Apollo

1 I still don't understand. Why does the American flag float on the moon? There is no gas on the surface of the moon, so it is impossible to make artificial wind in that case. 2. There are no stars in the space on the broadcast video. Eminem took a camera and used it outside the spacesuit! The daytime temperature around the moon can exceed 100 degrees Celsius, and movies can only eat food at 60 degrees.

1. The surface of the moon is vacuum, and the flag floats in the vacuum. The flag is supported by a thin wire frame. Looking back at the video images of China Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft, we can know that even under the action of certain gravity on the surface of the moon, objects are floating in a vacuum state and near an extended state. At the same time, considering that there is no wind on the surface of the moon, NASA designed the national flag with a frame, so the national flag is unfolded.

2. Why can't all the pictures of Apollo landing on the moon see bright stars? This question is actually very ignorant. As we know, the intensity of light reflected, emitted (or refracted) by an object determines the light-dark contrast structure of the photographic film. However, the film's tolerance to light intensity is limited. For example, if we take the strongest light level reflected by the object as the exposure reference value, the light level 6 to 7 levels lower than the reference value may not be recorded on the film. If it is lower, there is no record on the negative. This characteristic of photosensitive material determines that its sensitivity to visual field is far less than that of human eyes. This is why we can usually perceive some scenes with the naked eye, but photos can't express them.

People who question that the moon landing photos can't see the starry sky obviously have no basic photography knowledge. How can the brightness of rocks in the sun be compared with the brightness of stars in the night sky? Anyone who has had night photography experience will have this experience-shooting the clear moon, and the approximate exposure combination is F5.6/ 1/2 ~ 1 sec /ISO 100 (depending on the atmospheric visibility), and the stars in the night sky will not leave traces on the negative. Even the brightest magnitude in the night sky, such as Sirius in Orion, needs to be exposed for more than 2 ~ 3 seconds, and the rest is the trajectory of the star. It is almost impossible to take a so-called starry picture without a super-large aperture or special device to offset the displacement caused by the earth's rotation. Because the sky is too dark. The photographic environment on the surface of the moon is actually to put the day and night of the earth together in front of your camera. Up and down are two completely different choices, and you can only choose one of them. It can be seen that it is simply untenable to question that there is no starry sky in the moon landing photos. Why isn't there a big hole caused by the airflow generated by the braking rocket under the lunar module?

Because during the descent of the lunar module to the moon, the air jet from the braking rocket was wide, and there was no obvious "big pit".

2. Why are there no stars in the background in the moon landing photos? Are the photos of Apollo landing on the moon forged by the studio?

(1) This is related to the exposure time. In order to make the close shot very clear, the exposure time of the camera must be very short, so that the distant view can not be seen clearly; If you want to capture the stars, the exposure time of the camera will be very long, but this will lead to a white scene in the photo, and the photo will be meaningless.

(2) If the moon landing photos are to be forged in the studio, the studio area must reach 5,000 square meters, and more than one scene must be built. Moreover, it is very difficult to "fake" the sun, because sunlight is a high-intensity point light source, which cannot be faked under the existing technology.

3. In the process of landing on the moon, since the braking rocket ejected airflow and blew away the moon dust, why did it leave footprints?

Because there is no air and wind on the moon, the surface of the moon has been tired of dust for billions of years. It is impossible for the airflow of the braking rocket to blow away all the dust, so the airflow of the braking rocket can blow away some of the moon dust and leave footprints.

4. Why do the shadows in some photos face in two directions?

Because the surface of the moon is undulating, the shadow will bend when it shines on the surface of the moon. From a distance, the shadow will go in two directions.

5. The "atmospheric" pressure of the moon is 10 minus 12 mmHg, so why is the American flag flying on the moon?

There is a crossbar above the American flag, so it can be erected; At first, scientists were very nervous to raise this plastic flag. Later, they thought of a way: put the plastic flag in a ladder, so that the plastic flag will become wrinkled when it is taken to the moon, and the elastic shaking of the aluminum flagpole seems to be fluttering because of the wind from a distance.

When the astronauts came down from the ladder, they were in the shadow of the lunar module. Why can you clearly see the astronauts' feet stepping on the ladder? It makes sense to say that astronauts are in the shade.

Because the astronaut in the photo is Aldrin and the photographer is Armstrong, Ah has already landed on the moon.

1. Only two astronauts landed on the moon. Why can you see these two astronauts in the photo at the same time? Who took this photo?

This photo was taken by a camera outside the lunar module.

2. How was the image of landing on the moon recorded? How can the camera work normally when the temperature difference between the moon is so great? You know, cameras can only work at temperatures above MINUS 30 degrees Celsius.

The landing site of Apollo 1 1 is located at the junction of yin and yang, which can be seen from the long shadow. The temperature in this position is neither too high nor too low, and the temperature is within the normal working range of the camera. Moreover, the South Pole and the North Pole on the earth are even lower, and the camera can work normally in that environment, not to mention the special position of the moon.

3. Why was the Saturn V carrier rocket abandoned after Apollo landed on the moon, and even the drawings were not left?

The first stage thrust of Saturn V carrier rocket reached 3469 tons, and NASA explained that the cost of Saturn V carrier rocket was too high. However, NASA's explanation still does not work. Since the cost is too high, why did the United States build 1969- 1972 Saturn V carrier rocket at one go? Now, an accepted explanation is that the cost of Saturn V carrier rocket is too high. It is really overqualified and wasteful to launch hundreds or even dozens of tons of loads with rockets with thousands of tons of thrust. Moreover, many technologies of Saturn V launch vehicle have been applied to the current space rocket, and the design of Saturn V launch vehicle is unreasonable. Some technologies are far behind, so there is no need to continue.

The gravity of the moon is only 1/6 of that of the earth, so it is reasonable to say that astronauts should jump further. But in the documentary, the astronauts only jumped 3-4 inches, less than 1 meter. Moreover, after the documentary was shown at a speed of 2.5 times, it looked very similar to that taken on earth. What is the explanation?

On the earth, the weight of the moon landing suit exceeds 100 kg. It is designed according to the movement of human body in weightlessness, and it is difficult to bend hands and feet. On the moon, although the gravity of the moon is only 1/6 of that of the earth, the moon landing suit weighs more than 20 kilograms, which makes it particularly difficult for astronauts to move. On the earth, the dust raised by cars is scattered all over the floor. On the moon, due to the small gravity, the dust raised by the lunar rover falls in a parabolic trajectory, which can be seen from the documentary. If we want to fake such a scene, we must create a large area of weightlessness on the earth, which is unrealistic.

5. Apollo 1 1 The lunar module of the spacecraft consumed a lot of fuel in the process of landing on the moon. Why is there enough fuel to return to the earth?

The gravity of the moon is only 1/6 of that of the earth, and its escape speed is only 1.63km/s, so it needs less fuel. There is air on the earth, which produces resistance during the rocket's ascent. The acceleration of rocket speed is very slow. Without air on the moon, the rocket speed can be quickly increased to 1.63km/s, and less fuel is needed. Therefore, although the lunar module of Apollo 1 1 spacecraft consumed a lot of fuel on its way to the moon, it can still return to Earth.

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