The National Attitude of the New Arts and Crafts Movement

The nature and performance of the Art Nouveau movement in European countries are different, but there are also some similarities. For example, they explore the language of modern art and craft through the collective strength of artists. They oppose the traditional style and express the characteristics of the times in new forms of arts and crafts. In particular, the influence brought by the Art Nouveau movement is more consistent with its artistic characteristics.

Let me list several countries and explain the manifestations of the "Art Nouveau Movement" in their respective countries. Focus on the content of the introduction. As France is the birthplace of Art Nouveau, the introduction is relatively more detailed than other countries.

France is the birthplace of Art Nouveau. Art Nouveau was originally the name of a shop in Paris, which was published by the publisher samur? Samuel Bing (1895) was founded in February, imitating William. On the basis of Morris design office, it was named "Art Nouveau Gallery". Although the name is "Art Nouveau Gallery", it mainly deals in and displays novel furniture and interior furnishings. Art Nouveau began to take shape at the end of19th century. 1900 The Paris World Expo provides a powerful exhibition stage for the Art Nouveau movement. Since then, the Art Nouveau movement has continued in France for more than 20 years and influenced other countries. Therefore, we call France the birthplace of Art Nouveau.

The development of French Art Nouveau mainly has two centers: Paris and Nancy. Nancy mainly focuses on furniture design, while Paris covers a wide range of fields, including furniture, architecture, interior and graphic design. In Paris, the most important representative is the architect Grimal. He decorated many buildings in Paris with many excellent and exquisite decorations, the most outstanding of which is the entrance and exit station of the Paris subway, with 14 1 different patterns. He also designed an excellent door for Castiel blazy Hotel, with unpredictable graphics and beautiful lines, which reflected the art nouveau style. In Nancy, Calais, a glass craftsman, is a very important figure, with him as the core and the Arts and Crafts Alliance of Nancy School. It is not surprising that his glassware is called "glass mosaic" because it uses special techniques such as grinding wheel, acid etching, metal inlay, metal carving and bubble blowing, and the patterns, flowers and insects are smooth and beautiful.

Influential art nouveau organizations include Art nouveau House, Modern House and six-person group.

The Art Nouveau movement in Britain is a continuation of Morris's art and craft movement. After Morris and Ruskin died one after another, their student Mark Murdoch established the New Century Artists Association to produce novel furniture and decorations, which became a transition to new art. Later, in Glasgow, a designer group headed by MacIntosh appeared. During the period of 1896- 1909, they designed four tea rooms in Glasgow with simple and lively styles. The new main building of Gatisko Art Institute, 1909, was completed, which is regarded as the first Art Nouveau building in Britain.

Belgium is located between Britain and France, with close economic and cultural exchanges. The British industrial revolution had a great influence on Belgium, and the industry developed very rapidly. From 65438 to 0859, some fund organizations appeared in Belgium, such as "Les Vingts". Okta's Club of Twenty? Led by Ottaf Maugham, Redon, Seurat, Lautrec and Gauguin are often exhibited in Belgium. Van Gogh's works of art by Cezanne and others.

Henry Van Wilde is a key figure in the Art Nouveau movement in Belgium.

The "free style" of Italian Art Nouveau movement is mainly manifested in architectural design. The architects and designers who participated in this movement are located in some big cities in Italy, and their creations are mostly practiced with regional characteristics. However, in the development of Italian Art Nouveau movement, the publication of some periodicals and magazines played a driving role. Turin

The Art Nouveau movement also developed in Florence. Florence is a famous cultural city in central Italy. Historically, this city is full of artists and stars. Its architecture is antique, forming a unique architectural pattern. Architect Giovanni? Michelle Zell's works are very representative. He is not bound by tradition, but draws elements beneficial to new art from it. Referring to the elegant form of Renaissance architecture, he made full use of beautiful and flowing curves to decorate the interior and exterior of the building. Blend elements of modern art into tradition.

The representative figures of Austrian Art Nouveau Movement are craftsmen and painters of Vienna Separatists. They have the architect and designer Otto? Wagner, Hoffman, Aubrick, painter Klimt, Moses and others. Otto? The Vienna School headed by Wagner was formed under the influence of Art Nouveau. Otto? Wagner engaged in architectural design in his early years and formed his own theory, but his influence in the field of design began when he became a professor of architecture at Vienna Institute of Art from 65438 to 0894. His early architectural style tended to classicism, and later, under the influence of technology in the industrial age, he gradually formed his own new architectural view. In his book Modern Architecture published by 1895, he pointed out that new structures and new materials will inevitably produce new design forms, and the style of retro thinking in the field of architecture is extremely absurd. Design is for modern people, not for classical revival. In his inaugural speech at the Vienna Institute of Art, he said: "Modern life is the only possible punishment for artistic creation." All forms of modernization must meet the new requirements of our times. "In the book Power Generation Architecture, his prediction of future architecture is very radical, and he thinks that future architecture" is like the ancient popular separatist exhibition halls, printing advertisements, decorative paintings, etc., and the theme is quite influenced by symbolism.

German Art Nouveau movement appeared in the style of youth. It was named after 1896 Youth magazine, which was founded in Munich. Young designer ekman and sculptor O 'Briest are among them. Brocades, covers and various beautiful flower patterns designed by them are widely used. In addition, Vander Wilde and architect Bach Rennes designed abstract youth-style architecture and architectural decoration in Berlin.

The Art Nouveau movement in Spain is limited to Barcelona. Architects Gaudi and Montalais T respectively represent two different styles. Gaudi designed the grotesque Casamirra apartment and Sagrada Familia church with simplified arcs rich in medieval Gothic art, which is still the pride of the Spanish. Montalais's Kalanta Concert Hall represents the historical new artistic style of European style.

Art Nouveau was a flash in the pan in continental Europe, but it lasted for 30 years in Harbin, China. The number of art and sports buildings in Harbin ranks third in the world. As early as the 1920s and 1930s, some people compared Central Street with Berlin Bodhi Street, Tokyo Ginza Street, Shanghai Bund and Tianjin Victoria Street (Jiefang North Road), showing its far-reaching influence. The principle of "repairing the old as the old" has basically maintained the European style of the central street building. After the overall renovation of Central Street was completed, the public found that the large billboard in front of Song Lei Commercial Building disappeared and was replaced by a "fake wall" with a novel and unique shape. This is an "Art Nouveau" wall, which is exactly the same as the front of the protected building at No.58 Central Street. The back building of Harbin Institute of Technology's civil building has the style of Art Nouveau, which is rare in the world today. This is 1920' s work, Greek Doric column, thick stone foundation, tall and straight column body, symmetrical grooves on the column body and soft wall decoration in the middle, which contrasts with the masculinity at the bottom. At present, it is a kind of protected building. Harbin Photography Club (now No.58 Central Street), built in 1927, is the end of the architectural style of Art Nouveau in the world.

Second, the position of Art Nouveau in the history of design

Art Nouveau is of great significance in the history of design. "Art Nouveau Movement" is essentially the continuation and spread of the British "Arts and Crafts Movement" in the European continent, and it has not surpassed the "Arts and Crafts Movement" in thought and theory. It advocates that artists engage in product design, so as to realize the unity of technology and art. In specific design, we avoid using straight lines and pay attention to using natural forms from nature, but we do not design products from the unity of function, structure and form. In the pursuit of natural form, the Art Nouveau movement tries to get rid of any ancient undead, really get inspiration from nature, and completely move towards the style of natural concept, emphasizing that there are no straight lines and planes in nature, and highlighting curves and organic shapes in decoration. The concept of decoration mainly comes from the natural form. In the process of "learning from nature", artists seek an abstraction, endow natural forms with an organic symbolic artistic conception, and take lines with a sense of movement as the basis of formal beauty.

The bold practice of architectural decoration during the new technology movement has had a potential impact on the exploration of new buildings. The new artistic style shows that artists felt it necessary to influence the whole environment of modern people's life at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. This style not only influenced the arts and crafts at that time, but also influenced architecture, sculpture and painting. It consciously resists the "recycling theory", so it opens the way for obtaining free forms in technology, such as ceramic design. The conflict between artistic taste and industrial production interests has been well solved. At the same time, it emphasizes the idea of practicality. From architecture to Adi's other arts and crafts, including ceramics, glass and metal utensils, the idea of "form obeys function" has become increasingly obvious in various fields, and the development stage of arts and crafts has also entered the form of simple modeling and simple decoration, which has a far-reaching impact on later art forms.