Some items and precautions that novices need to bring when camping.

1. backpack: the first equipment for backpackers, otherwise there is no such thing as a hiker. The size of the backpack depends on the distance, and ordinary activities are generally around 25 liters. Long-distance travel, MM needs 45-55 liters, GG needs more than 55 liters, and the bearing capacity must be strong; In addition, when buying a backpack, you must try it well and ask the clerk about the correct use of the backpack, otherwise it may not reduce the burden, even the burden on the road. 2. Shoes: In fact, shoes should be more important than backpacks, because they are most directly related to your personal safety. If it must be non-slip shoes or hiking shoes, ordinary sports shoes are not considered. Hiking shoes are best with high waist, which can protect ankles. People walk for a long time, and their ankles are easy to get hurt. A good pair of boots will provide your feet with reliable and comfortable service for many years in the wild. If you often go outdoors, it is well worth the time, energy and expense to choose the ideal boots. 3. coat pants: wear pants no matter what season. Walking on the grass on the mountain will protect your body, and it is best to be waterproof. If conditions permit, it is recommended to wear emergency clothes or quick-drying clothes. Never wear jeans for long-distance hiking, which will seriously affect the activities of your legs, and once you get wet, it will become a great burden for you; 4. Underwear: It is recommended not to wear cotton underwear for close-fitting clothes. In foreign mountaineering circles, cotton underwear is called clothes worn by the dead, because the sweat absorption of cotton underwear will freeze you to death after exercising in cold areas. Of course, if you don't go to the mountains, it's not so terrible; 5. Knee pads and mats: Any long-distance hiking should bring a pair of knee pads and mats. Knee injury is difficult to recover, and its injury may be lifelong; 6. Hat: Wide-brimmed hat is better, which can not only shade the sun, but also block the grass when walking in the mountains. They are also useful when it rains; In cold areas, hats can also reduce the heat dissipation of your head; A considerable part of human body heat is emitted from the head, especially when the temperature is low. 7. Gloves: It has a great protective effect when walking in grass and rocks, but it should be noted that gloves will bring a danger and reduce the sensitivity of hands; 8. Sunglasses: shading requirements. But it will definitely bring visual errors, so it should be used with caution in dangerous sections. 9. Close-fitting moisture-proof bag: I don't-I don't see any benefits, but I personally think it is necessary. You can choose to put your wallet, ID card, mobile phone and other important items in it. This way, even if the upstream falls into the water, you don't have to worry about the loss. 10. Towel: used to wipe sweat. You will find it very convenient. In dusty places, you can wet your nose and mouth to stop the dust. 1. Toilet: You can bring toiletries for a long trip. 12. Slippers or sandals: If the equipment is not particularly heavy, you can take it and use it at rest. It is very fashionable for him to wear slippers at the end of a day's trip. 13. Sunscreen and lipstick: outdoor sunshine is strong and windy, so you can carry a small amount to prevent sunburn and dry lips. 14. Tent: The waterproof index is good, and it is recommended that 1500 or above. If you have to climb a mountain, from a practical point of view, windproof performance is not important. In fact, according to my experience, campsites generally choose to take shelter from the wind, so many raiders introduce what kind of performance is needed and may not be needed. It is suggested not to pay the bill, because the tent for two people is not very heavy, which can help the same group to reduce the burden during group activities. What's more, when two people are together, you can go to Mesa, big and small, for romance from time to time, Moonlight Beach 15. Sleeping bags and moisture-proof mats: Of course, sleeping bags and moisture-proof mats are needed when there is a tent. If there are many activities around Shenzhen in the future, the applicable temperature should not be too low; If you often go to cold places, the applicable temperature should be below zero. If you have a place to live for a long time, bringing a sleeping bag will also have a clean and hygienic effect. 16. Headlights or flashlights: We can. We can't always calculate our itinerary accurately. It must be necessary when we delay our trip; 165438+1October 1 1, when the Three Gorges climbed to goddess peak, dozens of us (and other domestic hiks.

17. raincoat: whether it's long or short, we are more prone to rain on the road, so having a raincoat can keep us from getting wet. Of course, a disposable white plastic poncho will do (a tablecloth can be used locally when FB is used). 18. kindling: it is best to prevent wind. 19. Knife: The sharp multifunctional saber should be your first choice, and its saw and knife may be used most frequently outdoors; And the knife may sometimes be used with * *, such as when bitten by a snake, so it must be sharp. If possible, it would be more reassuring to have a bigger dagger. I was very excited when I saw a diving dagger in a diving shop once. Unfortunately, the price of nearly 2K makes me. 20. compass: outdoor activities are necessary, not necessary. T stands for specific function? But only if you know how to use it. 2 1. whistle: it is an effective tool to contact your companions when traveling with a group. When walking alone, it can save lives in an emergency. But you must know how to use it correctly and know some necessary communication methods, such as asking for help and asking for information. For example, two long tones indicate an emergency. At least the whole team should have uniform sentry rules. Otherwise, it is better not to blow at all. Whistling has another function: it can vent your pride and sense of accomplishment, because your voice is hoarse easily. I seem to use it more, hehe. 22.**: Take a proper amount when traveling alone, and buy it openly when traveling in groups, so as not to increase the backpack load. There are mainly the following standing supplies * *: Huoxiang Zhengqi Water, Collateral Oil/Safflower Oil, Refreshing Oil/essential balm, Yunnan Baiyao (powder and spray), cimetidine, alcohol, erythromycin ointment, bandage gauze, band-aid, snake medicine and cold medicine. 23. Rope: For rope, I feel that team travel is more necessary than walking alone. But you must be familiar with all kinds of knotting methods. A 30-meter climbing rope should be enough for most things. T seem to have used it once. 24 stoves, gas tanks, stoves, etc. Their advantage is that they can give you hot meals, especially in long-term cold weather. This is good for replenishing energy. 25. photographic equipment: tripod is not recommended for long-distance walking. It is better to have enough film. 26. Communication equipment: used for communication. 27. Dry food and drinking water: carry a small amount, which can be used when the trip is delayed. 28. Documents: ID cards and other documents. Precautions for camping in the wild The first thing to consider when choosing a safe haven camp is safety. In the wild, many accidents will happen. At low altitude, the risk is much less, but the basic principles of camp selection must be followed. Before putting up the tent, you must survey the terrain carefully. There should be no rolling stones, logs and those weathered rocks above the camp. Once you find signs of scattered rocks nearby, don't set up tents again, especially near the rock wall. Try to avoid camping in concave places. If you find a rolling stone, you should immediately shout and inform your peers. Don't camp in the debris flow prone area. Many stones have traces of being wrapped in mud, which is the main sign to identify the occurrence of debris flow. Don't choose a camp that is too close to the debris flow passage. Don't camp at the top of the mountain or in the open area in the thunderstorm weather in Tang Dynasty to avoid lightning strike. Don't camp on beaches, riverbeds, streams and valleys to avoid being washed away by sudden floods. Many times, the camp is located on the ridge or on both sides of the river to enjoy the scenery. The ideal camping place is nothing more than a terrace or a wide river bank. The sand is flat and dry, the stream is clear, and there are driftwood beside the valley that can be used as firewood. When the weather is fine, it is a good place for camping. But if it rains cats and dogs, the water in the valley may suddenly surge, flooding the river banks and washing away hiking shoes, food and so on. There are even people washed away by the current. Therefore, before camping in the rainy season, we must pay attention to the local climate and hydrological conditions in the camping site and the upper reaches of the river. When camping, you should pay attention to setting up tents on high ground a few meters above the water. Don't choose a rain channel, choose a well-drained place and choose an escape route to prevent danger. When all the dust settles, we should always pay attention to the flow, turbidity and sound of running water. Once you feel abnormal, you must run.

Late at night or fatigue is the main cause of disaster, so don't be careless. The camp near the water should be close to the water source, so as to ensure the cooking, drinking and washing water. If you stay away from the water source, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even danger to the camp. But in the mountains, you will meet wild animals near the water source, so be extra careful. Leeward will quickly take away the heat of the human body, create cold, and even cause diseases. At the same time, strong winds will take away tents, at least making people unable to rest. It is difficult to make a fire, and it is difficult to ensure cooking and heating, so the camp must be sheltered from the wind. It is best to be in the lee of the mountain, beside the clearing or forest, in the cave, on the ridge, under the rock and so on. When building an animal prevention camp, you should carefully observe whether there are footprints, feces and nests of wild animals around the camp. Don't build it in an area with many snakes and rats to avoid hurting people or damaging equipment and facilities. There are mosquito repellent, insect repellent, scorpion repellent and protective measures. Scattering some plant ash around the camp will be very effective in preventing the invasion of snakes, scorpions and poisonous insects. Try to choose the campsite in a place with long sunshine time, which will make the campsite warm, dry and clean and facilitate drying clothes, articles and equipment. The ground of the camp should be flat, and there should be no roots, sharp stones, bumps, slopes and other places that damage the equipment or stab people, which will also affect people's rest quality. Finally, please pay attention to: protect the natural environment in the wild, do not harm wild animals, do not cut down indiscriminately, do not destroy natural vegetation, and do not pollute water sources. When we leave the camp, we must put out the fire completely, take out as much garbage as possible and throw it in the designated place. Under special circumstances, we can dig a hole when we can and bury the garbage without being taken away. Take a rest in the field, and take a rest in drinking water. We should also pay attention to methods in the field, instead of letting our temper take it away. This is the scientific rest principle. Halfway breaks should generally be a combination of length and length. The combination of long and short, that is, short breaks and long breaks, should be kept at a reasonable level. Short break: it is a temporary short break on the way, usually very short (controlled within 10 minutes). Don't take off your backpack and other equipment and stand and rest. This kind of rest can be more, but the time is short. Long-term rest is usually every 2 hours, and it can be within 20 minutes at a time. During the break, you should unload all the burdens. You should stand for a while before you sit down and have a rest. Don't sit on the ground now. When resting, you can massage the muscles of legs (especially calves), shoulders, neck and other parts by yourself or the other party. You can move your limbs at the same time. Rest is positive, not lying down. Principle of drinking water: the metabolism of human body can not be separated from boiling water. During exercise, due to sweating and evaporation, the human body needs more water than usual, so it is necessary to replenish water in time. However, it is also necessary to master a degree. Be patient when you are thirsty. Don't drink water when you are thirsty. One or two glasses at a time is enough. Don't drink too much water. Too much water will only increase the burden on the heart. Scientific drinking water should be enough to meet the basic needs of the human body. The water source can be your own drinking water, such as boiled water, tea, sports drinks and so on. Generally speaking, don't drink beer or sugary drinks on the way to Tang. In summer, you can prepare some summer drinks, such as sour plum soup, olive soup and sour goat's horn soup. It can not only quench thirst, but also achieve the effect of relieving summer heat, but the concentration of this kind of beverage is low. Natural drinking water sources should pay attention to the following points: First, check the water quality, especially pay attention to stagnant water (lakes, ponds and reservoirs without import and export). If the water area is large, aquatic animals and plants grow, and the water quality is clean and pollution-free, it can be drunk. Not all tap water is drinkable, and the upper reaches of some rivers and streams are polluted by industry or life, and the water quality deteriorates. Do not drink directly without purification measures. In addition, there are some seemingly clear streams in the forest, but they may contain some bacteria and

Judging the direction of the field in outdoor activities, such as geological survey, mountaineering, hiking, exploration, tourism, etc. In order to prevent getting lost and determine the position and direction correctly, we must master the positioning and lateral methods. In nature, some animals have the instinct to tell directions, such as pigeons. Some members of human beings also have this ability, but most people don't, or only have this potential. Therefore, domain positioning mainly depends on experience and tools. There are many ways to determine the direction and position. Here are some common methods. Use compass (north compass) Cairo disk or north compass to center the bubble horizontally. At this time, when the magnetic needle is at rest, its black end is marked with n pointing north. Compass or north compass can measure the specific orientation of the target in addition to the true north direction. The method is to aim the collimator at the target on the Cairo disk, or aim the zero scale on the dial at the target, so that the target, the zero scale and the magnetic midpoint are on the same line. After the compass is horizontally stationary, the scale pointed by the N end is the direction from the measuring point to the target, for example, the N end of the magnetic needle points to 36. The target is located 36 degrees northeast of the measurement position. Although it is simple and quick to identify the direction with a compass or compass, you should pay attention to: 1. Try to keep the level; 2. Don't be too close to magnetic substances; 3. Tang T mistook the S end of the magnetic needle for the north, resulting in a direction error of180; 4. Master the magnetic declination of the active area and correct it. Using the bright sun, we can easily know things and judge the direction according to the sunrise and sunset, but it can only be a rough estimate. There are several more accurate measurement methods: 1. The direction finding hour of a watch is half that of the sun, and 12 refers to the north. Generally, you can quickly identify the direction between 9: 00 a.m. and 4: 00 p.m., half of the time facing the sun, and 12 in the north. For example, in the afternoon 14:40, half the time is 7:20, and the time points to the sun, then 12 refers to the north, or the watch is placed horizontally, and the hour hand points to the sun, and the extension direction of the hour hand is opposite to the bisector of 12o, and the clock scale is north; Or stand up the watch, erect a stick in the center of the watch and turn the watch, so that the shadow of the stick coincides with the hour hand, and the hour and 12o clock scales are north. Attention must be paid to: (1) When determining the direction, the watch should be placed horizontally; (2) It should not be used around noon in the area between 2030 north and south latitudes; That is, based on the standard meridian of time, every 15 degrees in the east is added 1 hour, and 1 hour in the west is subtracted 15 degrees. 2. measure the sun shadow on a sunny day and stand a wooden stick on the ground. The position where the stick shadow moves with the change of the sun. These shadows are the shortest at noon, the connecting line at the end is a straight line, and the vertical line is the north-south direction. Draw a series of concentric circles on a piece of 5050cm drawing paper, with the radius of concentric circles increased by 1cm, and nail them on a flat plate and fix them horizontally. Insert a thin steel needle or needle with the length of 12- 15 cm vertically into the center of the circle. When the position of the sun changes, the endpoint of the shadow always intersects with the concentric circles. Draw these points, and then connect two straight lines on the same circle, connecting the midpoint and center of these straight lines. This line is the north-south line, and the direction of the arc top is north. 1. Polaris Polaris is located in the northern sky, and its exposed altitude angle is equivalent to the local latitude. So Polaris can be found quickly. Usually according to the Big Dipper (Ursa major) or the W star (Cassiopeia). The Big Dipper is seven bright stars, shaped like a spoon. Connecting the first two s is Polaris, which extends about five times. If you can't see the Big Dipper, you can look for the Polaris according to the W star in Cassiopeia. The constellation in the back is composed of five bright stars, which are shaped like the letter W, and the opening direction of the letter is about twice the width of the opening, and the Polaris is located there. 2. The Southern Cross is located at 2330 # 039; The southern part of the area

1. Characteristic house: Generally, the door faces south, especially in the north of China. Temples: usually open to the south, especially the main buildings in temples; Remarkable features: bryophytes are wet at the bottom of the north side and may grow very low. 2. The growth characteristics of plants are generally shady slopes, that is, the hillside on the north side. Low ferns and vines are more developed than those on the sunny side. The branches and leaves on the sunny side of a single plant are lush, while moss may grow on the shady trunk in the north. Many trunks in the north of China have clear annual rings, which are sparse in the south and compact in the north. Begging for adoption, finally typed it out.