Review materials at the beginning and end of Changsha City, Hunan Province in 2008.

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natural environment

Asia is the largest continent in the world.

Observing the picture below, we can find that Asia is in the northeast of the Eastern Hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the European continent in the west.

It should be noted that most of Asia is located in the eastern hemisphere, and a small part is located in the western hemisphere; Most of Asia is located in the northern hemisphere and a small part is located in the southern hemisphere.

So where are the continents and oceans around Asia?

The correct description should be: the Pacific Ocean is located in eastern Asia, the Indian Ocean is located in southern Asia, and the Arctic Ocean is located in northern Asia; Europe is in the west of Asia, Africa is in the southwest, North America is in the northeast and Oceania is in the south.

Asia is the continent with the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to west in the world. Asia covers an area of about 44 million square kilometers, accounting for almost one third of the world's land area and is the largest continent in the world.

Geographically, we usually divide Asia into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia. China is located in East Asia, which also includes North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Japan. The relationship between other parts of Asia and China is as follows: China borders North Asia in the north, Central Asia and West Asia in the west, South Asia in the southwest and Southeast Asia in the south.

2. Topography and rivers

Looking at the picture above, first of all, we get different heights represented by different colors from the land height and ocean depth table. Both the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Pamirs are located in central Asia. Dark brown indicates that their average elevation is above 3,000 meters. West Siberia Plain is located in the north of Asia, North China Plain is located in the east of Asia, and Indus Plain and Deccan Plateau are located in the south of Asia. These terrain areas are light yellow to light green, indicating that their altitudes are below 1000 meters. The Iranian plateau is located in the west of Asia, and its dark yellow to light yellow indicates that its average elevation is 1 000 ~ 3 000 meters. From the above analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: the terrain in Asia is characterized by large undulations, high in the middle and low around, and wide plateaus and mountains.

Observing the rivers in the picture, we find that many big rivers in Asia originate from the central plateau and mountains and radiate around. The middle and lower reaches of rivers are mostly plains. Ob river and Yenisei River are located in the north of Asia and flow from south to north. The Yellow River and the Yangtze River are located in the east of Asia and flow from west to east. Mekong River, Ganges River and Indus River are located in southern Asia and flow from north to south.

Look at the topographic profile below. The ordinate on the map represents the altitude. As can be seen from the picture, the ground in Asia fluctuates greatly, with high terrain in the middle and low terrain around.

3. Complex climate

Asia is a vast region, spanning cold zone, warm zone and hot zone. Due to different topography and land and sea locations, the climate is complex and diverse, the monsoon climate is obvious, and the continental climate is widely distributed.

① In East and South Asia, the monsoon climate is remarkable. Summer precipitation is closely related to the strength of summer monsoon. Generally speaking, in the year with strong summer monsoon, there are more water vapor and precipitation from the ocean, and too much precipitation will bring floods; On the contrary, when the summer monsoon is weak, there will be less precipitation, and too little precipitation will bring drought. Therefore, East Asia and South Asia are often affected by the summer monsoon and suffer from drought and floods.

Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula mainly belong to tropical monsoon climate. High temperature throughout the year, southwest monsoon prevails in summer, with more precipitation, and northeast monsoon prevails in winter, with less rainfall. The southern part of the Malay Peninsula and most parts of the Malay Archipelago are hot and rainy all year round and belong to the tropical rainforest climate.

East China, Korea and Japan belong to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate. Southerly winds prevail in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather, while northerly winds prevail in winter, with cold and dry weather.

(2) The central and western parts of Asia are located inland, which is less affected by the ocean and belongs to the continental climate of arid temperate zone.

③ In northern Asia, the winter is long and the temperature is very low; Summer is short, but mild. Most of the areas there belong to the sub-frigid coniferous forest climate in temperate continental climate, with the largest coniferous forest belt in the world. Siberia and the islands along the northern coast of the Arctic Ocean are extremely cold all year round and have a polar climate.

④ The Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia and the Indus Plain in south Asia are hot all the year round, with little precipitation and large evaporation, forming a tropical desert climate. The Mediterranean coastal area is influenced by westerlies in winter and subtropical high in summer, which belongs to the Mediterranean climate, with rainy winter and dry summer.

⑤ The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and some alpine regions in Central Asia are more than 4,000 meters above sea level, with low temperature all year round and many snow-capped mountains and glaciers, which belong to the alpine climate.

After analyzing the climate characteristics of Asia, let's summarize the methods and steps to analyze the climate characteristics of a continent. We can analyze the distribution law of climate types and which climate type is the most widely distributed. Then apply this method to other continents. For example, by analyzing the following climate map of Africa, we can find that the climate distribution in Africa is dominated by tropical climate, tropical desert climate and tropical grassland climate are widely distributed, and the climate types are symmetrical in north and south.

Climate has a great influence on agricultural production. Especially in monsoon climate, both rain and heat make crops grow vigorously. Frequent droughts and floods caused by seasonal and interannual changes in precipitation seriously threaten agricultural production.

(b) the human environment

1, the most populous continent

In 2000, the world population reached 6.055 billion, of which 665.438+0% was distributed in Asia. East Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas.

By analyzing the above figure, it is found that countries with a population of more than 1 billion are located in Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

According to the above picture, the order of the continents in terms of population is: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania; Ranked by the average natural population growth rate: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

Asia has a large population and great pressure on resources and environment. Students can try to complete the following block diagram.

2. Various regional cultures

There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world. The population of different nationalities is very different, and they have created their own culture. Asian culture mainly includes Chinese culture, Indus Valley culture, Ganges culture and Arabic culture. Ethnic groups in different regions show different cultural and artistic styles and different folk customs in architecture, costumes, music and dance, etiquette and so on.

Analyze the relationship between different regional cultures and local natural conditions;

(1) Saudi Arabia is located in the tropical desert climate zone, hot and dry all year round. Because of the high temperature, they wear wide robes to cool off. This arid grassland is suitable for developing animal husbandry. Herdsmen are nomadic, so they live in tents.

Siberia is one of the coldest regions in the world. In order to keep out the cold, they wear fur coats. A large area of coniferous forest in the sub-cold zone provides sufficient raw materials for building wooden houses. Snow all year round makes sledding the most important means of transportation.

As can be seen from the topographic map of Asia, Yemen is located in a hilly area, so most houses in Yemen are built on mountains, and farmland is basically terraced fields.

The Ganges Delta is one of the regions with the most precipitation in the world, with hot and humid all year round and dense river networks, so the residents here go out by boat and make a living by fishing.

(5) kalimantan island is located in the tropical rain forest climate zone, with high temperature and rainy all the year round. In order to prevent moisture, their home is a high-rise residence. Because they live in a compact community, their house is very long, up to 200 meters.

⑥ Japan is located in the volcanic earthquake zone around the Pacific Ocean, and earthquakes are frequent, so there are many earthquake-proof designs in Japanese buildings.

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that cultural phenomena are closely related to the local natural geographical environment.

The three cradles of human civilization in Asia are located in the south of temperate zone, the north of subtropical zone and tropical zone, that is, areas that are neither too cold nor too hot; From the point of precipitation, there is no extremely arid desert area and no extremely humid rainforest area; Topographically, they are all located on the alluvial plain of big rivers, with fertile soil. Is this all a coincidence? No, this shows that human civilization is closely related to the natural environment.

3. Differences in economic development

A few countries in Asia belong to developed countries and most of them belong to developing countries. Even as developing countries, their economic development is quite different.

Among the countries shown in the figure below, the per capita GNP of Japan, Singapore and Israel exceeds US$ 65,438+00,000, while the per capita GNP of Mongolia, Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Vietnam is less than US$ 500. Therefore, per capita GNP can reflect the huge economic gap between Asian countries. China's per capita GNP ranks 9th among the 14 Asian countries listed in the figure, which is in the lower-middle position.

The different levels of economic development in different countries are caused by different natural, historical and social conditions in different countries. The vast number of developing countries suffered from colonial rule for a long time in the past, and their economic base was weak. Since the independence of most countries, the national economy has developed to a certain extent. For example, Singapore took advantage of its superior geographical position, starting from the development of entrepot trade, to a large number of export processing enterprises, and then to the financial industry and tourism. In recent years, with the development of science and education, Singapore has become the largest high-tech industrial center in Southeast Asia. South Korea has also shifted from the export-oriented industrialization strategy in the 1960s to heavy chemical industrialization in the early 1970s, and then developed into the strategy of "building the country through science and technology" in the 1980s. Countries along the Persian Gulf have become relatively rich countries because they export a large amount of oil resources.

Per capita GNP is not the only criterion to measure a country's economic development, and the country's industrial structure is also an important indicator. The primary industry refers to agriculture (including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, etc.). ); Industry and construction are the secondary industries; The circulation department and service department belong to the tertiary industry. Generally speaking, the higher the per capita GNP, the greater the proportion of the tertiary industry, and the lower the per capita GNP, the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

The law protects my growth.

1, overall logic analysis

This lesson has designed two boxes: "Special protection, special care" and "Make good use of the law to protect yourself". The first box "special protection, special care" mainly talks about the necessity of special protection for minors and the basic requirements of family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection; The second box "Make good use of the law to protect yourself" mainly introduces the ways and methods to protect yourself.

2. The internal logical structure of each box

introduce

The introduction takes a mother scolding her daughter as a case, which leads to the common phenomenon of disrespect for minors and violation of their legitimate rights and interests in real life, thus pointing out that teenagers need special protection from the state, and teenagers should also enhance their awareness of self-protection and learn to use legal means to safeguard their rights and interests.

Box 1 "Special protection, special care"

This box consists of "family protection and school protection", "social protection and judicial protection".

Through the experience of Chen Xiao, it is necessary for the state to enact special laws to protect minors. In the Law on the Protection of Minors, there are clear provisions on family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection, and four lines of defense are set up to protect the healthy growth of minors.

About family protection. First of all, it expounds that family is the cradle of minors' growth, the basic living environment of minors, and the starting point and basic conditions for minors to realize their ideals. Then the basic requirements of family protection are stated in the textbook. Then it briefly explains the role of family protection, which has two meanings: First, it protects the legitimate rights and interests of minors from family infringement. Second, provide a suitable family environment for minors.

About school protection. School protection has three meanings. Firstly, the meaning of school protection is explained, and then the significance of school protection to underage students is explained. Finally, it summarizes the contents of school protection, that is, the education and development of minors, the maintenance of personal rights and the protection of life safety.

About social security. Firstly, it points out that social protection requires the whole society to create a social environment conducive to the healthy growth of minors. Secondly, it points out that social protection includes social, cultural, physical health and labor protection.

About judicial protection. Firstly, it points out which departments the "judicial organs" refer to, and then points out the main protective measures in judicial protection.

Box 2 "Make good use of the law to protect yourself"

This box consists of "there is a way to ask for help", "dare to go to court" and "good at fighting"

Through a case in which a girl aged 13 was rejected by her stepfather when she asked to go to school, "having the means to help" led to her legitimate rights and interests being infringed. We should find the right means to safeguard it and ask the relevant institutions for help, so as to point out that non-litigation means is an effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests.

Litigation is the most formal, authoritative and effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests. First of all, Vivi accidentally fell and was disabled while cleaning fluorescent lamps at school, and solved the problem through litigation. Thus, three types of litigation are introduced: criminal litigation, civil litigation and administrative litigation. Through the relevant links, students can clearly understand the scope of application of the three lawsuits.

Being good at fighting is the most important thing for students. It requires students to be self-disciplined, do things and safeguard their rights according to law, which not only protects their healthy growth, but also maintains legal dignity and social stability. It is the unshirkable responsibility of teenagers to fight against infringement. Let students know how to fight tactfully through cases, and guide them to sum up several methods of tactful struggle suitable for middle school students on the basis of existing methods.

Specific knowledge introduction

1, special protection, special love-family protection and school protection

(1) Category of minors:1All citizens under the age of 8 are minors.

(2) the necessity of protecting the healthy growth of minors:

Minors represent the future of the motherland and the hope of the nation, and shoulder the historical responsibility of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

(2) Minors are not mature physically and mentally, have no economic strength and lack the ability to protect themselves.

(3) It is the responsibility of the state and the whole society to protect the healthy growth of minors.

(3) The Party and the State give special protection to minors.

(1) has enacted the Law on the Protection of Minors and the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency to protect our legitimate rights and interests.

② In the law on the protection of minors, family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection are defined, and four lines of defense are set up to protect us.

(4) Basic requirements and significance of family protection.

(1) Family protection requires parents or other guardians to perform their duties of raising and guarding minors in accordance with the law and respect their right to education.

② Significance: This can protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors from being infringed by their families and provide a suitable family environment for their healthy growth.

(5) Basic requirements, contents and significance of school protection.

School protection requires schools and other educational institutions to educate minors according to law to protect their physical and mental health and legitimate rights and interests.

② Contents: It involves the education and development of minors, the protection of personal rights and the guarantee of life safety.

Significance: Minors have been in school for a long time, so the teaching staff of the school have great responsibility for the cultivation and education of minors.

2. Special protection and special care-social protection and judicial protection.

(1) Basic requirements and aspects of social protection

Social protection requires the whole society to create a social environment conducive to the healthy growth of minors.

② Contents of social protection: including social and cultural protection, physical health protection, labor protection, and protection of minors' freedom and moral rights.

(2) Basic requirements and important measures of judicial protection.

(1) Judicial protection requires public security, procuratorial, legal and judicial administrative departments to perform their duties according to law and implement special protection measures for minors.

(2) Important measures: setting up juvenile courts, not hearing juvenile criminal cases in public, respecting the personal dignity of minors who commit crimes, protecting their legitimate rights and interests, and doing a good job in the resettlement of minors released from prison, and so on.

3. Make good use of the law to protect yourself-there is a way to ask for help.

(1) Law is our most powerful weapon to safeguard rights and interests.

(2) Institutions that can provide legal services and help: legal service offices, law firms and notary offices.

(3) Our means of safeguarding rights and interests include litigation means and non-litigation means.

(4) Non-litigation means is an effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests.

(a) to reflect the problems to the relevant government departments, judicial organs, people's organizations and relevant social organizations, and seek help to solve the problems;

(2) Disputes can also be settled through mediation and arbitration to protect citizens' rights and interests.

4. Make good use of the law to protect yourself-dare to go to court.

(1) Meaning and types of litigation

Meaning: a lawsuit is a lawsuit, which is a procedure for handling disputes presided over by the people's court and attended by interested parties. Litigation is the most formal, authoritative and effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests, and it is the last barrier to protect our rights and interests.

② Type: criminal litigation, civil litigation and administrative litigation.

Criminal proceedings: refers to the activities of the state judicial organs to expose crimes, prove crimes and punish criminals according to law with the participation of the parties and other participants in the proceedings.

Civil litigation: it is an activity that the people's court tries civil cases and resolves civil disputes according to law with the participation of the parties and other participants in litigation.

Administrative litigation: commonly known as "people's accusation", refers to the activities of the people's court to resolve administrative disputes in accordance with judicial procedures with the participation of both parties. Administrative litigation is an important way to solve administrative disputes.

5. Make good use of the law to protect yourself-dare to go to court.

(1) Teenagers should be self-disciplined, do things according to law and safeguard their rights according to law, which can not only protect their healthy growth, but also safeguard the dignity of the law and social stability.

(2) It is the unshirkable responsibility of all citizens to fight against illegal crimes.

(1) When your legitimate rights and interests are infringed, you should be good at using legal weapons to safeguard your rights and be good at fighting against the infringement;

When the rights and interests of the state, the collective and others are illegally violated, we should also safeguard them.

(3) Ways to fight criminals:

(1) When fighting against illegal crimes, we should be brave enough to respond; We should pay attention to information and try to catch criminals skillfully on the premise of protecting ourselves.

(2) In the face of gangsters' attacks, it is an effective and good method to try to stabilize gangsters, remember their looks, know their whereabouts and dial "1 10" in time.

Second, the key knowledge analysis

What are the basic contents of legal protection for minors?

It is necessary for the law to give special protection to minors, which reflects the concern of the party and the state for minors. In the Law on the Protection of Minors, there are clear provisions on family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection, and four lines of defense are set up to protect the healthy growth of minors.

1, family protection

(1) Family protection is the basis of minor protection.

(2) The role of family protection has two meanings: the first is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors from family infringement. The second floor provides a suitable family environment for minors. Family protection needs parents. On the one hand, it opposes only raising minors without teaching and letting them go. On the other hand, we should also oppose parents' overindulgence or strict discipline of their minor children.

2. School protection

(1) The significance of school protection: schools educate minors to protect their physical and mental health and legitimate rights and interests.

(2) The important role of school protection. The quality of future talents in China depends largely on the education and protection of minors by schools. Minors spend a long time in school, and schools play an important role in protecting their physical and mental health and legitimate rights and interests.

(3) The contents of school protection: the education and development of minors, the maintenance of personal rights and the guarantee of life safety.

Third, the analysis of difficult knowledge

Why should special protection be given to the legitimate rights and interests of minors?

In China, people under the age of 18 are minors. The physical and mental development of minors is not yet mature, and the world outlook and outlook on life have not yet formed. They are very plastic, and their ability to distinguish right from wrong and distinguish good from bad is still very poor. Their ability to resist the invasion and temptation of bad social atmosphere is still very weak, and they are vulnerable to all kinds of violations of discipline and law. These characteristics of minors determine that they belong to a group that needs special protection in society-vulnerable groups. Giving special protection to this vulnerable group is a common practice all over the world, and it is also a legal principle that China adheres to.

Minors, as a vulnerable group, have poor self-protection consciousness and ability compared with adults. When their legitimate rights and interests are illegally violated, they often don't realize it, or even mistakenly think that it may be so. For example, when you are punished by the teacher for not finishing your homework, you think it is right; Even if you know that you are being violated by illegal acts, such as domestic violence and social violence, it is determined by your own physical and psychological development, and you have no ability to protect yourself. In order to protect minors from illegal infringement in the process of physical and mental development, families, schools and society must give them special protection.

As a special group, minors not only enjoy most of the legal rights of adults, but also enjoy some special rights, such as the right to be taken care of in the family, the right to receive nine-year compulsory education provided by the state that no one can be deprived of, the right to be treated differently from adults once committing crimes, and the right to be exempted from the death penalty. The exercise of these special rights of minors depends on the special care and efforts of families, schools and even the whole society. Therefore, we must mobilize the whole society to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors. Minors are the hope of mankind and the future of the country and the nation. It is a strategic systematic project that needs the participation of the whole society to give special protection to the legitimate rights and interests of minors and do a good job in the training and education of minors. Governments at all levels, departments, organizations, schools, families and even every citizen have a sacred obligation to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors and cultivate their healthy growth.