Black-faced spoonbill

Chinese names: black-faced spoonbill, black-faced spoonbill and black-faced baby.

English name: black-faced spoonbill

Scientific name: Little Pratali Asia

trait

Known records show that their population is not high, and the number in the world may be less than 1000, which is a bird species facing a serious global threat.

Classification, morphology and distribution

classify

The black-faced spoonbill (Plata Lea minor) belongs to the order Sagittaria and the order Hibiscus. There are only 28 species of birds in the world, of which only 6 belong to Platalia, most of which are distributed in Europe, and only the black-faced spoonbill and the white spoonbill (Platalia ieurodia) appear in Asia. Egret family, Stork family, Egret family, Crane family-night heron, green heron, yellow-headed heron, rock heron, little egret, middle egret, great egret, heron, horse heron, black-crowned heron and black-faced spoonbill.

form

Spoon beak is the most striking feature of black-faced spoonbill. A white coat, a pair of slender black feet, elegant appearance and movements always make people shine. When they are about to return to the north to breed, yellow feathers will grow on the back of their heads, which will reflect each other with yellow collars and form another appearance. When foraging, the flat mouth is directly inserted into the water to sweep the fish or other food in the water left and right. This strange way of foraging is very different from other egrets!

Be distributed

Black-faced spoonbill is a migratory bird, which appears in temperate breeding areas in summer, goes south to subtropical and tropical wintering areas in autumn and winter, and returns north to breeding areas in spring. The rocky islands in Liaoning, South Korea and western North Korea are breeding grounds for black-faced spoonbills. In addition, Siberia and northeast China are possible breeding sites, such as Changbai Mountain, Xingkai Lake, Zhalong and Xianghai.

As for the wintering sites, Taiwan Province Zengwenxikou, Hong Kong Deep Bay Mai Po Marsh and Futian Reserve, and Vietnamese Red River Delta are the main wintering sites. In addition, it has been recorded in China's southern provinces, South Korea and Japan, but there is still a lack of information about Chinese mainland from the eastern coast to the Sino-Vietnamese border.

According to the global survey of black-faced spoonbills in 2000, there were 772 black-faced spoonbills in the world, of which 488 were wintering in Gucci, Taiwan Province Province, which shows the important position of Taiwan Province Province in the protection of black-faced spoonbills.

The black-faced spoonbill in Taiwan Province Province can be found in many wetlands along the coast of Taiwan Province Province, such as Yangxikou in Yilan, Guandu in Taipei, Keyaxikou in Hsinchu, Daduxikou in Taichung, Gu Ao in Chiayi, and Longluan Lake in Pingtung, but the number is small and the stay time is not long. Only the Gucci Wetland in Tainan is favored by a large group of black-faced spoonbills, and it is their main winter resort.

As far as its quantity is concerned, we collected the observed quantity of black-faced spoonbill from various data. If the maximum number is observed every year, it is the change of Mai Po swamp in Hong Kong, not the number of seven populations in Taiwan Province Province. Basically, black-faced spoonbills are found in these two areas, and the number of black-faced spoonbills in Taiwan Province Province is much higher than that in Hong Kong. According to the global statistics in 2000, 63% of the nationalities in Gucci spend the winter here.

Migration road

Every year in early spring and March, the black-faced spoonbill leaves the wintering area in batches and returns to the northern breeding ground to prepare for the completion of life events; It was not until June 10 that they were active in the wintering ground again. This cycle, year after year, makes people wonder where they came from. Where will you pass during the long migration? Are the roads from south to north consistent? However, these problems are not fully understood by human beings at present. As far as migration routes are concerned, it is only known that some ethnic groups will pass through South Korea and Japan, migrate along the mainland coast and southeast coast, and pass through parts of Taiwan Province Province.

It is generally speculated that the black-faced spoonbill has three northward migration paths: one is to fly north along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang to Seoul; The second is to return north along Ryukyu and Japan and South Korea; The other is to fly directly from Hongkong to North Korea via the inland of Chinese mainland.

1999, domestic researchers placed trackers (satellite and regional radio) on 10 black-faced spoonbill. One of them, the black-faced spoonbill named "Gui", left Gucci on March 14 and passed through the coastal areas of Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu on March 36543. This is the first time in the world that the migration path of the black-faced spoonbill has been successfully tracked, and it is an important small step to uncover the mystery of the black-faced spoonbill.

Habitat and food selection in wintering area

In the wintering area, the black-faced spoonbill mainly lives in shallow water with a water depth of about 10 to 25 cm, where it feeds, rests, combs its feathers and takes a bath. Winter sites are mostly near the coast, such as estuaries, lagoons, beaches, salt marshes, mangroves or tidal valleys, and occasionally appear in rice fields, mangroves and pumping fish ponds.

Take Zengwenxikou as an example, the black-faced spoonbill mainly inhabits the mudflats and shallow waters in the intertidal zone of Qidi during the day, resting most of the time, occasionally drifting with the tide, or bathing, grooming and playing; Nearby shallow water fish ponds (such as Oriental Fish Pond, Northern Fish Pond, Longshan Fish Pond and Shubei Fish Pond). ) or the estuary is where they have a big meal at night. Therefore, they need a pollution-free foraging area to provide them with enough food sources, and they also need a quiet and safe rest area for a long time.

The food of black-faced spoonbill includes small fish (longer than 2 to 10 cm or 10 cm), crustaceans (mainly prawns and shrimps) and other foods (such as frogs and larvae of large insects). According to the analysis of the stomach contents of two black-faced spoonbills killed in the west mouth of Zengwen in 1992, it was found that more than 95% of the food in the stomach was fish scales and fishbones. In addition, the otoliths found in the stomach were used for analysis to confirm that they were only eat small fish.

type

The breeding of black-faced spoonbill has always been an unknown mystery. Most of the early observation data are scattered all over the country, and most of them are local. In recent years, after these information were collected, the breeding situation of black-faced spoonbill was solved one by one. /kloc-0 In the summer of 1999, a group of eco-photographers from Taiwan Province Province sent a delegation to Changhai County, Liaoning Province, Chinese mainland, to let everyone know more about the life of the black-faced spoonbill in the breeding area.

The breeding area of black-faced spoonbill has been reported for a long time, and it has also been carefully arranged in the Action Plan for the Protection of Black-faced Spobill. Generally speaking, most of these areas are located on small islands far from the mainland (Korean Peninsula and Chinese mainland), all in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay, and most of them are uninhabited islands. Take 1999 Liaoning coastal island as an example. The terrain here is steep, about 100 meters above sea level, 200 meters long and about 130 meters wide. This is a rocky island, and some areas of the island are covered with vegetation.

The black-faced spoonbill nests near the cliff. This nest is made of dead branches and leaves. Every nest is guarded by a mother bird, and the birds that breed on this island are Tang Egret and Little Egret. In addition, observers also saw the appearance of peregrine falcon, and speculated that peregrine falcon may be an important disruptor in the breeding period of black-faced spoonbill. Of course, human beings are also subversive, where people will pick up bird eggs. On August 10, one of the three nests discovered by photographers has hatched successfully, and the young bird has left the nest. In another nest, there are 2 and 3 eggs respectively. The number of eggs can range from 2 to 6. The egg is white, with the excrement of parent birds on it, which is slightly larger than the egg. The nest discovered this time should belong to the second step of reproduction, and mid-June is the first step.

After returning to the breeding ground, the black-faced spoonbill enters the breeding period about five months later, and completes courtship, mating and spawning in early June. The incubation period takes about 30 days. After the baby bird is born, it can leave the nest 35 days later, but it will still stay in the breeding area with its parents. After that, it will take about 30 days to leave its parents and move independently.

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