What are the characteristics of Jupiter?

Jupiter, called Jupiter in ancient times, is the fifth and largest planet from the sun, which is twice the mass of all other planets combined (3 18 times that of the earth).

Orbit: 778,330,000 kilometers (5.20 astronomical units) from the sun.

Planet diameter: 142984 km (equator)

Mass: 1.900e27

Jupiter (also called Jupiter; The Greeks called Zeus the king of God, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the protector of Rome. He is the son of Cronus (Saturn).

Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (second only to the sun, the moon and Venus; Sometimes Mars is brighter), Jupiter has been known to mankind as early as prehistoric times. According to Galileo's observation of Jupiter's four moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now often called Galileo's moons) in 16 10, it was the first time that they were found not to orbit the earth, and it was also the main basis for agreeing with Copernicus's Heliocentrism about planetary motion.

Jupiter was first visited by pioneer 1973, and later by pioneer 1 1, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and Ulysses. At present, Galileo spacecraft is orbiting Jupiter and will send back its relevant data in the next two years.

The gaseous planet has no solid surface, and the density of gaseous matter only increases with the increase of depth (we calculate its radius and diameter from the point where its surface is equivalent to 1 atmosphere). What we usually see is the cloud top in the atmosphere, and the air pressure is slightly higher than 1 atmospheric pressure.

Jupiter is composed of 90% hydrogen, 10% helium (atomic number ratio, 75/25% mass ratio) and trace amounts of methane, water, ammonia and? Stone? Composition. This is very similar to the composition of the original solar nebula that forms the whole solar system. Saturn has similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have less hydrogen and helium.

The information we obtained about Jupiter's internal structure (and other gaseous planets) came from indirect sources and remained stagnant for a long time. (Galileo's Jupiter atmospheric data only detected150km below the clouds. )

Jupiter may have a rock core, which is equivalent to the mass of 10- 15 earths.

On the inner core, most planetary materials are concentrated in the form of liquid metal hydrogen. These most common formal foundations on Jupiter may only exist under the pressure of 4 billion bar, which is the internal environment of Jupiter (and Saturn). Liquid metallic hydrogen consists of ionized protons and electrons (similar to the interior of the sun, but at a much lower temperature). Under the temperature and pressure inside Jupiter, hydrogen is liquid, not gaseous, which makes it the electron director and source of Jupiter's magnetic field. This layer may also contain some helium and some ice.

The outermost layer is mainly composed of ordinary hydrogen and helium molecules, with liquid inside and vaporized outside. What we can see is the higher part of this deep layer. Water, carbon dioxide, methane and other simple gas molecules are also rare here.

The mixture of ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide and ice water is thought to exist in three distinct clouds. However, the preliminary results proved by Galileo show that these substances are extremely rare in the cloud (one instrument seems to have detected the outermost layer, and the other may have detected the second outer layer at the same time). However, the location of the surface proved this time is very unusual-Earth-based telescope observation and closer observation by Galileo spacecraft show that the selected area may be the warmest and partly cloudy area on Jupiter's surface at that time.

The atmospheric data from Galileo also proved that there was much less water there than expected. At first, it was estimated that the oxygen content in Jupiter's atmosphere was twice that of the current sun (including enough hydrogen to generate water), but at present its concentration is actually lower than that of the sun. Another surprising news is the high temperature and density of the outer atmosphere.

There are high-speed hurricanes on the surface of Jupiter and other gaseous planets. These hurricanes are confined to a narrow latitude range, and the wind blows in the opposite direction at near latitudes. Slight chemical composition and temperature changes in these zones create colorful ground zones, which dominate the appearance of the planet. Bright surface areas are called bands, and dark areas are called bands. These zones on Jupiter have been known for a long time, but these bounded eddies were first discovered by the Voyager spacecraft. The data sent back by Galileo spacecraft showed that the surface wind speed was much faster than expected (over 400 mph), and extended to the observable roots, extending several Qian Qian meters inward. Jupiter's atmosphere has also been found to be quite disordered, which shows that hurricanes mostly move quickly because of the heat inside them, rather than only getting heat from the sun like the earth.

The colorful clouds on Jupiter's surface may be caused by subtle differences in chemical composition and its role in the atmosphere, and may be mixed with a mixture of sulfur, resulting in colorful visual effects, but the details are still unknown.

The color change is related to the height of the cloud: the lowest point is blue, followed by brown and white, and the highest point is red. We can only see the clouds below through the holes in the clouds above.

As early as 300 years ago, Earth observation discovered the Great Red Spot on Jupiter's surface (this discovery is usually attributed to Cassini, or robert hooke in17th century). The Great Red Spot is an ellipse with a length of 25,000 kilometers and a span of12,000 kilometers, which can accommodate two earths. Other smaller spots have been around for decades. The observation of infrared ray and the inference of its rotation trend show that the Great Red Spot is a high pressure area, where the cloud top is particularly high and colder than its surroundings. A similar situation exists on Saturn and Neptune. It is not clear why this structure can last so long.

Jupiter radiates more energy than it receives from the sun. Jupiter is very hot inside: the core temperature may be as high as 20,000 Kelvin. This heat output is produced by Kelvin-Helmholtz principle (slow gravity compression of planets). Jupiter doesn't produce energy through nuclear reactions like the sun. It is too small and the internal temperature is not enough to cause a nuclear reaction. These internal heat may greatly trigger the convection of Jupiter's liquid layer and cause the complex movement of the cloud top as we see it. Saturn and Neptune are similar to Jupiter in this respect, but strangely, Uranus is not.

Jupiter conforms to the maximum diameter that a gaseous planet can reach. If the composition increases again, it will be compressed by gravity, so that the global radius will only increase a little. A star can only get bigger because of its internal heat source (nuclear energy), but Jupiter must be at least 80 times bigger to become a star.

Jupiter has a huge magnetic field, which is much larger than the earth's magnetic field. The magnetosphere extends outward more than 6.5e7 (beyond Saturn's orbit! )。 Note: Jupiter's magnetosphere is not spherical, it just extends in the direction of the sun. In this way, Jupiter's moons have always been in Jupiter's magnetosphere, and some of the resulting situations have been partially explained on Io. Unfortunately, for future spacewalkers and experts devoted to travelers and Galileo design, the high-energy particles captured by Jupiter's magnetic field in the nearby environment will be a great obstacle. This kind of radiation is similar to the ionosphere of the earth, but much stronger. Will immediately have a fatal impact on unprotected human beings.

The exploration of Jupiter's atmosphere by Galileo spacecraft found that there is a strong radiation belt between Jupiter's aura and the outermost atmosphere, which is about ten times that of the ionosphere. Surprisingly, the newly discovered band contains high-energy helium ions from unknown sources.

Jupiter has a ring similar to Saturn's, but it is small and weak. (Right) Their discovery was purely unexpected, just because the scientists of the two travelers 1 repeatedly insisted that after sailing for 10 billion kilometers, they should see if there was a halo. Others think that the possibility of finding a halo is zero, but it actually exists. What a clever plan these two scientists have come up with. Later they were photographed by telescopes on the ground.

Jupiter's rings are darker than Saturn's (albedo is 0.05). They are made up of many granular rock materials.

Particles in Jupiter's rings may not exist stably (influenced by the atmosphere and magnetic field). In this way, if the ring is to keep its shape, it needs to be constantly supplemented. Two small satellites operating in the halo, Io XVI and Io XVII, are obviously the best candidates for halo resources.

1In July, 994, comet Shoemaker-Levi 9 collided with Jupiter, which was an amazing phenomenon. Even amateur telescopes can clearly observe the surface phenomena. Nearly a year later, Hubble telescope can observe the debris produced by the collision.

Jupiter is the brightest star in the sky (second only to Venus, but Venus is often invisible in the night sky). Four Galileo satellites can be easily observed with binoculars; The band of light and the great red spot on Jupiter's surface can be observed through a small astronomical telescope. Mike Harvey's planet search map shows the positions of Mars and other planets in the sky. More and more details and better charts will be discovered and completed by astronomical programs such as Brilliant Galaxy.

King of the Nine Planets-Jupiter

Jupiter is the largest of the nine planets and can be called "the king of the nine planets". Ranked fifth in the order from near to far from the sun. In astronomy, giant planets such as Jupiter are called "giant planets". Jupiter is also one of the brightest stars in the sky, second only to Venus and brighter than Sirius, the brightest star.

In ancient China, people used Jupiter to date years, so they called it "the year-old star". Western astronomers call Jupiter "Jupiter". Jupiter is the king of the gods in Roman mythology, equivalent to the omnipotent Zeus in Greek mythology.

Jupiter is a oblate sphere, and its equatorial diameter is about 142800 km, which is 1 1.2 times that of the earth. The volume is 13 16 times that of the earth; Its mass is one and a half times that of all planets, satellites, asteroids and meteoroids in the solar system, and 3 18 times that of the earth. If you put the earth and Jupiter together, it will be as different as the proportion of sesame and watermelon. However, the density of Jupiter is very low, and the average density is only 1.33 g/cm3.

The composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is similar to that of the sun, with a central temperature of 30,000 degrees Celsius, while the temperature of the upper atmosphere is around-140 degrees Celsius. Jupiter also has a strong magnetic field, and the magnetic field intensity on its surface is about 10 times that of the earth. The internal structure of Jupiter is also different. It has no solid shell and is a sea of liquid hydrogen in a dense atmosphere. Jupiter's interior is a solid core composed of iron and silicon, called Jupiter's core, with a temperature as high as 30,000 degrees Celsius.

Jupiter rotates very fast, and the rotation period of the equatorial part is 9 hours, 50 minutes and 30 seconds, making it the fastest planet in the solar system. Its axis of rotation is almost perpendicular to the track surface. Due to the rapid rotation, the oblateness of stars is quite large. With the help of a telescope, you can see that Jupiter is oblate. Jupiter revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 13 km per second, and the half-length diameter of the orbit is about 5.2 astronomical units. It takes about 1 1.86 years for it to orbit the sun once, so the year of Jupiter is about 12 years of the earth.

Jupiter is a planet with more satellites in the solar system. So far, we have found that Jupiter has 16 satellites, which form a family with Jupiter: Jupiter system.

Historical Records Tian Guan Shu:

Check the journey of the sun and the moon, shoot the stars forward and backward. Say oriental wood, the main spring, day A and day B, those who lose their righteousness will be punished by the old star. Old Katsu Hoshi shrank and gave his life for his country. The host country cannot be cut, and people can be punished. It is eager to give up all previous efforts and retreat. If it wins, its state-owned soldiers will no longer be there; Shrinking, its country is worried, its death, its country is defeated. Where it is, the five stars are all gathered in one house, and the country under it can be righteous in the world.

Take a photo of Teague's age: the left line is in the shade when she is young, and the right turn is ugly when she is young. In the first month, Doudou and Penny went out to the east in the morning, which was called Jiande. There is light in color. This is a mistake and worth seeing. In the early years, water; Night, fuck.

At the beginning of the year, the star went eastward 12 degrees, stopped for a hundred days, and went retrograde; Retrograde octave, 100 days, and move eastward again. At the age of thirty, there are seven out of sixteen degrees, at the rate of one out of twelve degrees every day. When I was twelve, it was Sunday. In the east, in the morning; In the west, use faint.

Single-year-old: the yin is at the age of Mao, and the stars are at home. In February, I went out with Wu Nv, Xu and Wei in the morning, and I fell in. There is a lot of light. This is a mistake, it is worth seeing. It's getting old.

Hold the age of Xu: Yin is in Chen, and the star is in Hai. In March, I went out with the camp room and the east wall in the morning, named Qingzhang. Very green. Its failure; I should check it out. Early years, drought; Good evening, water.

Wild camel era: Yin era has passed, and the stars are in the house. In April, I went out with Kui and Lou Chen. Red bear with light. If it's lost, you should see it.

Tang Dun: It is cloudy at noon in a year, and the stars are harmonious. Taking a stomach and a coffin in May and going out the day after tomorrow is enlightenment. There is light in the heat. Yan Bing; Just for the benefit of the public and the king, not for the soldiers. This is a mistake, there is a room to see. Early years, drought; Good evening, water.

Ye Qiasou: When the year is gone, the stars are in Shen. In June, it was a long day to go out with Gou and Shen in the morning. There is light. Li xingbing There is something wrong with it.

Wutan years old: Yin years old is in Shen, but the stars are not. In July, I went out with Dong Jing and Yu Gui in the morning. Very clear. This is a mistake and worth seeing.

For the age of Hubei: the yin is old and the stars are in the afternoon. In August, he went out with Liu, Qixing and Zhang Chen, and was called the Long King. Make a fool of yourself. The country is prosperous and mature. Its failure should be dangerous. There is drought and prosperity, and there are women's mourning and people's diseases.

Years old: Yin years old is in the sky, and the stars are in the third place. In September, I will go out with Wing Chiu in the morning and say that God never shuts one door but he opens another. Bai Daming. This is a mistake and worth seeing. Old water, female mourning.

Obuchi offers three years: the year is in the sea, and the stars are in the morning. In October, with Angle and Chen Kang said big chapter. Stars jump and shadows appear, which is called "fairness". When starting a division brigade, its rate is in charge of the general; Its national virtue will make it universal. This is a mistake, it is worth seeing.

Sleepy years old: years old, the yin is in the child, and the star is in the base. In November, it was named Tian Quan, which started in the same morning as Bian, Zhai and Xin. Dark black is very clear. Jiang Chi's spirit is smooth, so it's not appropriate to fight. It failed for a reason.

Full of enthusiasm, you will be ugly when you are old, the stars will live in the shade, and you will come out in the morning with your tail between your legs in December, and you will be called Tianhao. It's dark and bright. This is a mistake and should be seen.

If you don't live in it, you just wander around. If you don't go, you will meet other stars, and the country will be fierce. Live for a long time, and the state will be virtuous. Its angle will move from small to large, and if the number of colors changes, people will worry.

It falls under the second house, then it is born in the northeast in March, four feet long, and finally, it is born in the southeast in March, with a comet, two feet long and a coma-like appearance. Retreat to the northwest, born in March, four feet long, and finally pay. Retreat to the southwest, born in March, the gun is several feet long and the two ends are interchanged. Just look at the country he sees and don't use force. Its emergence is as floating as sinking, and its state-owned soil merits; If it is as heavy as floating, it will die. It is red and angular. It lives in Guo Chang. He who has an attack angle is invincible. The stars are red, yellow and heavy. They live in a desolate place. The color is blue, white, red and gray, and there are worries in the wild. When the stars enter the moon, their fields are phase by phase; Facing Taibai, there is Pojun in the wild.

The 25-year-old stars are Shedi, Zhong Hua, Ying Xing and Ji Xing. The camp is Qing Temple and Suixing Temple.

Mawangdui silk book five-star Zhan;

The same camp room went out in the east in the morning, and Emperor Qin Shihuang was 3579 yuan [2]

With the monasteries in the East, the East will rise in the morning [8] [10] [3]

With Lou Chen out of the east 357 [9] a [4]

Walking out of the East with Chen Bi 468 [30] 2 [5]

And dongjing morning destroyed in the east, in may 79, Han hui [yuan] [6]

Going out of the East with Liu Chen 68 322 [7]

79 1 and Zhang Chenchu East [3] [3] [8]

Out of the East in the same morning, 822 [4] and 4[ yuan]

Go to the East with Chen Kang on 9 13552.

124663, left the east with his heart in the morning.

Fighting the morning light in the east 13577

In 2468, Dai Huang, Chenyu and Wunv went out of the East Gate.

In the first month of the first year of Qin Shihuang (246 BC), the annual star runs for 20 minutes every day, 12, and finally reaches 150 minutes. Enter the west on Wednesday evening, set to the east at 30, and return to the east on 395. 12 years old, one day a week, 24 years old, sharing a room with Dabai.