Winter photography photos of Yuanmingyuan

If we want to talk about the history of gardens in China, Yuanmingyuan, once known as the Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens, is an insurmountable mountain in the history of gardens.

The construction of Yuanmingyuan, the most famous garden in the Qing Dynasty, condensed the whimsy and wisdom of several generations of skilled craftsmen, consumed the wealth of the country, decorated countless treasures, and made the garden of ten thousand gardens magnificent.

However, due to the weakness of the Qing Dynasty, this century-old fatigue was destroyed once, and future generations could only see broken walls left by the once brilliant royal gardens.

The understanding of Yuanmingyuan depends either on the fragments of the movie Burning Yuanmingyuan or the tour of Yuanmingyuan ruins, but the real understanding of Yuanmingyuan is far less than that of the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace and even chengde mountain resort.

This royal garden, which can represent the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, is the apple of the eye of emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng. In fact, it is not really familiar or even ignored by people.

Yuanmingyuan is a garden that the Qing emperors loved and relied on very much. Even Yong Zhengdi, who doesn't like to go out, has lived in Yuanmingyuan for 47 times (23 14 days) since he claimed to be the emperor, with an average of 4 times a year (2 14 days). He spends more time in Yuanmingyuan than in the Forbidden City every year, and only returns to the Palace when he worships, fastes and looks at the DPRK in the suburbs.

It can be said that many instructions to change the history of the Qing Dynasty and even China came from the Yuanmingyuan. Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Xianfeng were also born in Yuanmingyuan, while Yong Zhengdi and Daoguang died in Yuanmingyuan. Five Dynasties and Four Emperors, life and death are related to Yuanmingyuan.

The new book My Yuanmingyuan, written by Liu Yang, a member of the Academic Committee of China Yuanmingyuan Society and a teacher who has been engaged in the study of Beijing's historical geography and royal gardens in Qing Dynasty for many years, systematically introduces the relationship between Yong Zhengdi and Xianfeng Emperor, the five emperors and Yuanmingyuan, as well as the major events in Yuanmingyuan, and tells the rise and fall of Qing Dynasty from a special angle.

Known as the Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens, Yuanmingyuan is compatible with Chinese and Western royal styles. It consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden, Qichun Garden, Xichun Garden and Xichun Garden. It is called Yuanming Five Gardens. Later, Xichun Garden and Xichun Garden were cut down before they were finally identified as Yuanming Three Gardens.

Built by five emperors, Yuanmingyuan is the royal garden with the longest operation time and the most manpower and material resources in ancient times. It was the best garden in Qing Dynasty, but its initial scale was only the private garden of Prince Yin Zhen.

Forty-six years ago (1707), Emperor Kangxi gave Yin Zhijun's third son and Yin Zhen's fourth son a piece of land near Changchun Garden so that they could build their own gardens. The garden presented by Yin Zhijun is Xichun Garden, which later joined Yuanmingyuan. The garden presented by Yin Zhen is the famous Yuanmingyuan.

After Yin Zhen's painstaking efforts, in November of the 46th year of Kangxi, Yuanmingyuan has begun to take shape, and Emperor Kangxi can be invited to visit it. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), the main project of the garden was basically completed, and the three-character plaque "Yuanmingyuan" given by Emperor Kangxi was hung above the lintel of the Yuanmingyuan Temple.

What does "Yuanming" mean? Yong Zhengdi later explained that the word "Yuanming" was taken from the Confucian classic "The Doctrine of the Mean". "The circle is fascinating, and the gentleman is also in it; Bright and shining, the wisdom of talents is also. " In other words, "circle" means personal moral perfection, surpassing ordinary people; "Ming" means bright, perfect and wise political achievements.

Yong Zhengdi's implication is that his father has been interested in him for a long time, and he pinned his hopes on a wise king, so that he can be wise in SHEN WOO when he becomes an emperor in the future. This petty habit will pat him on the face (this is purely a personal guess).

Because of the designation of Yuanmingyuan, Prince Yong, who is proud of his love of Buddhism and Taoism, also gave himself a Taoist title of "Yuanming layman" (the reason for choosing this title is also a personal guess), and there is also a reference to Yuanming layman.

Ganlong first met his grandfather Kangxi, and it was also at the Peony Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan. In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), on March 25th, Emperor Kang Yong Qianlong enjoyed peony in Yuanmingyuan, and was later blown by Emperor Qianlong for a lifetime.

After Yong Zhengdi succeeded to the throne, due to the need of landscape management, he began to expand the Yuanmingyuan. During his reign, at least 33 scenes were formed in Yuanmingyuan. At that time, he was the Emperor Qianlong of the Prince, and in the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), he lived in Taohuawu, northwest of Houhu Lake in Yuanmingyuan. After he acceded to the throne, he changed his name to Wuling Chunse.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Emperor Qianlong got a residence in Lianhua Pavilion and lived here for six years. Because in the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), his father gave him the title of Changchun layman, so after he acceded to the throne, he renamed the Lotus Pavilion as Changchun Xiange.

Emperor Qianlong likes luxury. During his 60 years in office, the scale of Yuanmingyuan was considerable. Around the year of Qianlong 10 (1745), a new Changchun Garden was built in the east of Yuanmingyuan, the old pearl garden of the former university, and it was officially completed in Qianlong 16 (175 1).

Since the first southern tour in the 16th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong, who had seen the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, began to rebuild, add and imitate the famous gardens and landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Yuanmingyuan and Changchun Garden, and also built European-style garden buildings in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden.

Because I went to chengde mountain resort with my grandfather when I was a child, I got a place in Jingjiafang (that is, the Jane's Zhai of Wanhe Songfeng). After thirty years of Qianlong (1765), the emperor named Wanhe Songfeng "Ji 'en Hall". The following year (1766), the peony pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, where he first met his grandfather, was renamed Ji 'en Hall, and the Ji 'en Hall was written to commemorate the care and upbringing of Emperor Kangxi. From these two little things, we can see how much Emperor Qianlong worshipped and loved his grandfather.

In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), the garden Xichun Garden (completed in the same year as Yuanmingyuan) was also officially classified as a royal garden.

First, the Prince presented the Garden to the Fair Garden, and then the college student Fu Heng presented the Garden. In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), it was officially assigned to Yuanmingyuan and named Ye Qi Spring Garden. He is just south of Yuanmingyuan and Changchun Garden, and the planes of the three gardens are upside down.

When Shuchun Garden, which existed as early as the 28th year of Qianlong (1763), became the affiliated imperial garden of Yuanmingyuan was uncertain. However, it was not until the 45th year of Qianlong (1780) that an assistant envoy of Bapin Garden was established, and it was renamed Xichun Garden in the 47th year (1782). At this point, the Yuanming Five Gardens in its heyday were finalized.

If the Yuanmingyuan was built in Yong Zhengdi and the Changchun Garden was built by Emperor Qianlong, then the Spring Garden in one go was mainly built by Emperor Jiaqing. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799) and the sixteenth year of Jiaqing (18 13), I came to two gardens in the west of FAW Spring Garden, namely Xishuang Village and Zhuang Village, where Wang Yong was married. Emperor Jiaqing also followed his father's example and summarized Yuanmingyuan as 40 scenes and Qichun Garden as 30 scenes.

But it was also from the hands of Emperor Jiaqing that the Yuanming Five Gardens were transformed into Yuanming Four Gardens. In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), Emperor Jiaqing gave Xichun Garden to his fourth daughter, Princess Zhuang Jing Gu Lun (later changed from Anhui to Zhuang Jing), making Xichun Garden the shortest royal garden among the five gardens in Yuanming.

After Daoguang's rule, Qichun Garden, Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan were all rebuilt, and the area around Fuchun Hall, where Emperor Jiaqing rested, was transformed into the living room of the empress dowager and harem wives.

In the second year of Daoguang (1822), Daoguang Emperor divided Xichun Garden into two parts, and the eastern part was the original middle school and the eastern school, which was given to Miankai, the prince of Huang San. The name of the garden remained unchanged, and it was later renamed Tsinghua Campus by Xianfeng Emperor. The western half of the letter was addressed to the Prince of the Fourth Emperor's Brother Rui, and was named Chun-Won Kim.

At this point, the once flourishing Yuanming Five Gardens (Four Gardens) have finally been shaped into the pattern of Yuanmingyuan Garden, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden.

After Emperor Xianfeng succeeded to the throne, even if the country was eroded, ministers could not stop Emperor Xianfeng from staying in Yuanmingyuan. When the smoke filled the south of the Yangtze River, Emperor Xianfeng was still playing with Empress Si Chun. Until the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) in August, on the eve of the British and French allied forces advancing on Beijing, the weak son of heaven fled Beijing, leaving the Yuanmingyuan, which was once attached to him, behind him.

From Yong Zhengdi to Emperor Xianfeng, the Five Emperors often took their royal family members to the Yuanmingyuan where the emperor was located, and many important events naturally occurred.

In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Yong Zhengdi met with Mattel, the Portuguese envoy, four times, and arranged three times in Yuanmingyuan. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Yong Zhengdi ordered the planting of sweet potatoes in Yuanmingyuan as royal supplies. In the same year 1 1 month, he started to light an alchemist in Xiu Qing Village of Yuanmingyuan. Until August of 13th year (1735), in a period of 59 months, he used 157 items needed for an alchemist.

In the 18th year of Qianlong (1753), Portugal sent envoys to the Qing Dynasty for the third time. Emperor Qianlong also received the envoy Ba Zhege twice in Yuanmingyuan and invited him to watch the Dragon Boat Festival. In July of forty-five years (1780), the Sixth Panchen Lama came to Chengde to visit Emperor Qianlong, and entered the Xihuang Temple in Beijing on the first day of September. Accompanied by six emperors Yan Yong and Zhang Jia, he stayed in Yuanmingyuan for three days.

On the third day of September in the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), Emperor Qianlong announced in the Qin Zhengdian of Yuanmingyuan that Yan Yong, the fifteenth son of the emperor, was appointed as the Crown Prince, and he was renamed as the Armadillo, and ordered to move to Yuqing Palace in ouchi that day. In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing (18 16), on the seventh day of July, Amish, the British envoy, came to Yuanmingyuan, but he was not allowed to enter because of the salute.

Yuanmingyuan is more like the home of these five emperors than the Forbidden City. Emperor Jiaqing was born in Yuanmingyuan. Emperor Xianfeng was born in Qingyan Chengjingzhai, Kyushu, Yuanmingyuan. His favorite imperial concubine Nian and the unloved queen mother of Chongqing, who had endless happiness, both died in Yuanmingyuan. Gao Guifei, who was favored by Emperor Qianlong in the early stage, and Rong Fei, who was favored in the later stage, also died in Yuanmingyuan. If it hadn't happened that he had to return to the palace at the end of the year, I'm afraid old Gan Long would have died in his favorite Yuanmingyuan.

Such a beautiful Summer Palace of the Qing Emperor suffered a disaster in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) 10+08. The British and French allied forces set fire to Yuanmingyuan, and the fire burned for three days. The magnificent Wanyuan Garden built, added, repaired and renovated by the Five Emperors was destroyed.

As the residence of the five emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Yuanmingyuan naturally has a large collection of precious cultural relics. Yuanmingyuan once collected a large number of paintings and calligraphy collected by Kang Yonggan's royal family.

In particular, Chunhua Xuan, behind Hanjingtang in Changchun Garden, has the richest collection of paintings and calligraphy. Unfortunately, most of Chunhua Xuan's collections were lost in the disaster of Xianfeng Decade (1860).

According to the emperor Qianlong's will, in the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), the court painters Shen Yuan and Tang Dai painted on the spot, and then refined them with meticulous brushwork. Each painting is accompanied by Forty Scenery Poems and Forty Scenery Poems of Yuanmingyuan inscribed by Emperor Qianlong by Shangshuzhuang Youdun of the Ministry of Industry, and installed in Fengsan Selfless Hall of Yuanmingyuan. Like the collection of Chunhua Xuan, it is in Xianfeng.

After Du Pan returned to France, it was auctioned on March 1862 at the price of 1, then sold to booksellers in Paris at the price of 4,000 francs, and bought by the Imperial Library (now the National Library of France) at the price of 4,200 francs, becoming a collection.

In the late 1920s, Cheng Yan, an Anhui native, came across this set of "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan" while roaming in Europe. After many efforts, he got permission from the museum, all of which were handed down by photography. It was printed in glass by Zhonghua Book Company and distributed to the whole country on 1928.

The Yuanmingyuan built by China people was burned by crooked nuts, so that future generations could not see its beauty. Even if we want to see his grand occasion, we need to know this royal garden with the help of this atlas stolen by crooked nuts. It's sad to think about it.

History tells us that you will be beaten if you fall behind. As a witness of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, Yuanmingyuan experienced the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, witnessed its decline and even became his funerary object. It is also a great sorrow to be destroyed under the greed of the people. How can those people get such a beautiful garden?

The book My Yuanmingyuan tells the story of Yuanmingyuan in detail. The book is also equipped with a large number of beautiful pictures of the collection, which makes people sigh. This is really a person enjoying the power of the whole country. Being an emperor really enjoys it. What's difficult for you in the beautiful imperial garden? You feel melodramatic in any way.

The author Liu Yang is really engaged in garden research. He knew all the scenic spots of Yuanmingyuan like the back of his hand, and introduced the allusions of Yuanmingyuan in detail. The fly in the ointment is that there are some historical errors, such as clerical errors, and there are three historical errors alone.

First, on page 149, Qianlong "decreed that posthumous title, the queen of Daku, was personally named" filial piety and chastity ". This mistake is the same as "I am Xiaozhuang". Filial piety is posthumous title of Fu Cha, and "purity" is posthumous title of Emperor Qianlong. Only when Emperor Qianlong was caught up by his son after his death can the filial piety queen be called "the filial piety queen", but when Emperor Qianlong was alive, she could only be the filial piety queen.

Second, on page 177, Qianlong successively established three Crown Princes, the first named Yong Lian and the second named Yong Cong. "Yong Cong was not blessed enough, and he fell ill and died two years later." As we all know, Qianlong only had two princes, Yong Lian and Armadillo, and Yongcong, the little milk baby, was just a prince, and never had a prince.

Thirdly, on page 179, the following remarks about armadillo's childhood portrait speculate that most of the women in the painting with the little armadillo are Princess Lu Qing, presumably because armadillo's biological mother "Wei Jiashi passed away very early". In fact, Liu Jia died six months earlier than Wei Jiashi, Liu Jia died in July of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, and Wei Jiashi died in the first month of forty years.

Although such a beautiful book My Yuanmingyuan made some historical mistakes and seemed a little careless, it did not affect the integrity of the book. My Yuanmingyuan is still a collection of pictures and texts worth reading. If you are interested in the story of Yuanmingyuan, you can't miss this elementary book. @ Tsinghua University Press

That's it.