Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - For years, the Soyuz spacecraft

For years, the Soyuz spacecraft

Union bill (expected to be 20 12)

Alliance -TMA(2003-present)

Union trademark (1986–2003)

alliance-T( 1976– 1986)

alliance 7K-TM( 1975– 1976)

Alliance 7k-t (1973–1981year)

Alliance 7K-OKS (197 1 year)

Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1971year)1967 On April 3, the first manned Soyuz spacecraft of the former Soviet Union was successfully launched, completing 13 laps in orbit, and the astronauts reported to the ground that the work was smooth. When flying to 18 lap, it is obviously difficult to control and stabilize the spacecraft, that is, after taking off from the ground for 26 hours and 45 minutes, the astronauts began to control the direction and start the reverse rocket. The accident happened. When the spacecraft hit the ground at a speed of 644 km/h, the astronaut Colonel Vladimir komarov died immediately.

It is conceivable that due to the orbital maneuver or rotation during reentry, the lanyard of the recovered parachute was entangled, and the parachute could not be unfolded when it was opened, and the parachute became a "ribbon", which led to tragedy.

"Soyuz 1" systematically checked every part of the rocket with a computer before launch. For the sake of prudence, only 1 astronaut was selected for the first flight, and he was Vladimir komarov. He was one of the most skilled astronauts in the Soviet Union and the first man to go into outer space twice, but he died at the end of the second flight. As for the cause of komarov's death, the official Soviet report is extremely simple. It is only said that the spacecraft entered the atmosphere as planned after flying for 24 hours, but at an altitude of 7000 meters, the spacecraft crashed with the astronauts because the main parachute failed to open. However, many people are skeptical about this statement. The crash of Soyuz 1 delayed the Soviet manned space flight by 18 months, and the Soviet Union did not launch 1 New Soyuz spacecraft until June 26th, 968. Soyuz-3 spacecraft flew in orbit for four days and four nights by astronaut Beregovoi, and then returned to Earth safely. During this flight, Beregovoi's greatest achievement was trying to dock with the 1 Unmanned Alliance 2 spacecraft in space orbit. Beregovoy made his spaceship and Soyuz-2 automatically approach the distance of 200 meters, and then switched to the manual control system, so that the two spaceships approached only a few meters away. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was completed in1969 65438+1October. Vladimir Shatalov's Soyuz 4 spacecraft approached and docked with Soyuz 5 spacecraft. Astronauts Alexei yeliseyev and yevgeny Khrunov on Soyuz 5 put on their spacesuits and entered Soyuz 4. The Soviet Union called the docked modular spacecraft "the first space station in the world".

During the days of 1969, 65438+ 10, 1 2 and 13, the Soviet Union launched three spaceships, Soyuz 6, Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8, for three consecutive days, and conducted extensive scientific investigations in orbit. In addition, the three spacecraft also carried out a coordinated formation flight. The launch inclination of the three spacecraft is the same, which indicates that they were launched from the same place for three consecutive days, which was a major breakthrough in space technology at that time. When the Soviet Union frequently launched Soyuz spacecraft, it was the time when the United States realized the Apollo moon landing program. It can be clearly felt that the Soviet Union is committed to the experiment of establishing a space experimental station, and the advent of the space station is not far away. "Salute" track station stage. This stage lasted more than six years from the launch of 19 salute 197 19 in April to the launch of 1977 improved salute No.6 orbital station in September. Although this salute series space station is only a low-level form of orbital experimental station, it has enabled human beings to work and live in space for a long time.

The salute space station is bigger than any spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union in the past. It has three compartments, and the volume of the sealed pressure compartment alone is 100 cubic meter. In this cylindrical cabin with a length of 20 meters and a diameter of more than 4 meters, there are all kinds of food and drinking water, as well as many scientific experimental equipment, instruments and tools.

When "Salute 1" was launched, the Soviet Union did not announce much.

When the Soyuz-10 spacecraft with three astronauts was launched at 2: 54 pm Moscow time on April 23rd, Tass officially announced four flight purposes:

-Joint experiments with Salute, an orbital science station in orbit.

-Comprehensive inspection of the improved spacecraft system.

-further practice manual control and automatic control systems and the orientation and stability of spacecraft under various flight conditions.

-Conducting medical and biological investigations to study the influence of space flight factors on human body.

At 4:47 Moscow time on April 24th, 197 1, "Alliance 10" and "Salute 1" docked. The integrated "salute-alliance" flew together for five and a half hours. After completing the scheduled task, "Alliance 10" returned to the ground on April 25th, 197 1. The success of this docking test is a key step taken by the Soviet Union on the road to building a space station. 197 1 At 7: 55 Moscow time on June 6, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 1 1 spacecraft and successfully docked with the salute 1 in orbit. The next day, three astronauts boarded Soyuz 1 1 at Moscow time 10:45, making it the first inhabited space station in the world. The first space station launched by the United States 1973 in May was much larger than the salute 1, but it was two years late after all.

The total weight of "Salute-Alliance" is more than 25 tons, and solar cells and chemical batteries provide sufficient power for it. Astronauts in the cabin spent 23 days and nights in the space station, and carried out scientific investigations and experiments such as astronomical observation, biomedical experiments and long-distance photography. When the Soyuz 1 1 spacecraft was ordered to leave the salute space station and return to the ground, people were shocked when the hatch was opened: all three astronauts died in the detailed seats, but there was no warning before they died.

1971At 8: 00 on June 30th 13, Radio Moscow interrupted the scheduled domestic news program and read out the announcement of the death of three astronauts, namely Commander Lieutenant Colonel Georgy Dobrovolschi, astronauts Vladislav volkov and Victor PaChayev.

Since mankind entered the space age, by June of 197 1, seven American and Soviet astronauts had given their lives. The three astronauts on Soyuz 1 1 spacecraft are the fifth, sixth and seventh astronauts who have dedicated themselves to the space industry, and they will always be missed by mankind.

Three astronauts aboard Soyuz 1 1 died suddenly. The day before the death of three astronauts-1971June 29th, all the work of "Salute-Alliance" was still carried out in strict accordance with the procedures. In their radio communication with the ground flight control center, they reported their investigation and said that "all astronauts feel good about themselves." After receiving the landing instruction to return to the ground, "Soyuz 1 1" successfully separated from the space station and flew alone. At this point, all systems on board are still normal. 1 971In the early morning of June 30th135, the braking engine of Soyuz 1 1 spacecraft started to work, but when it finished its work, the contact between the ground control center and the astronauts was suddenly interrupted.

According to the Soviet "Labor" report: "Over Kazakhstan, planes and helicopters greeted the spacecraft."

"The spacecraft achieved a soft landing. A helicopter landed next to it, and then another helicopter landed next to it. Before the rotor stopped, the doctor jumped on the land and ran to the spaceship. " When the hatch was opened, there were three astronauts in the cabin. They are sitting in their work positions. There are many collected experimental materials, films, tapes, journals and containers with biological specimens neatly placed here. It's hard to imagine that borowski, volkov and PaChayev are all dead. "

As usual, the Soviet Union sent an investigation team to the scene of the accident. 197 1 On July 2, 2008, Tass news agency issued the official announcement of the government investigation committee: "After studying the flight parameters of Soyuz 1 1, it was confirmed that the spacecraft had been flying normally until the descending stage."

Within 30 minutes of the spacecraft descending until landing, the air pressure in the descending device dropped rapidly, leading to the sudden death of the astronauts. Medical and pathological examinations have proved this. "The reason for the drop in air pressure is that the seal of the spacecraft is damaged. The inspection of the descending device that completed the soft landing showed that the structure of the spacecraft was not damaged. "

"Technical analysis infers a series of speculative reasons for air leakage. The analysis and research on these reasons continues. "

According to this statement, the causes of death of the three astronauts are clear. There was something wrong with the cockpit seal, and the air pressure suddenly dropped. Astronauts died of lack of oxygen, blood pressure in the human body rose fatally, and blood suddenly rushed into the brain, causing blood clots. However, western countries have made various speculations and inferences about the reason why the cockpit is not sealed.

The Soviet authorities attached great importance to the sacrifice of the three astronauts, with large-scale publicity and high funeral specifications. 1971July1June 5438+02 to 20: 00, a city-wide farewell ceremony was held in the Central House of the Soviet Union in Moscow. The Soviet Party, government, army, workers and regiments all sent wreaths. A total of 16 people from General Secretary Brezhnev to members of the Political Bureau, alternate members and the Secretariat of the Central Committee attended the wake to bid farewell to the body of the deceased and reunite with the family of the deceased. On the evening of June 197 1, the remains of three astronauts were cremated. A memorial service will be held in Red Square from 2 pm to 3 pm on the 2nd. Members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee kirilenko of CPSU presided over the meeting and delivered a eulogy. Brezhnev and other 15 members of the Politburo and the Secretariat attended the memorial service. After the meeting, Brezhnev, Podgorica and kosygin personally lifted the coffin and put it in the Kremlin wall. These three astronauts became the three astronauts buried in Red Square after Gagarin. According to supreme soviet of the ussr's orders, three astronauts were posthumously awarded the title of "Soviet hero".

After the accident, the Soviet Union launched four more space stations in the salute series. These space stations have been improved to varying degrees; And docked with Soyuz spacecraft many times; The longest stay of astronauts in the orbital station has reached 63 days; Many scientific research projects have been completed, such as testing the improved spacecraft control system and life support system, conducting metal smelting and crystal growth experiments.