History of TV in China

At the end of 19, a few pioneers began to study and design the technology of transmitting images. 1904, an Englishman, belleville, and a German, Kelon, invented a TV fax technology. Each photo needs 10 minute to fax one photo at a time. From 65438 to 0924, British and German scientists successfully transmitted still images by mechanical scanning almost simultaneously. However, the transmission distance and range of cable mechanical TV are very limited, and the image is quite rough.

(1) 1923, Russian-American scientist Zworykin applied for the patent of photoelectric picture tube, TV transmitter and TV receiver. He adopted a comprehensive "electronic TV" transmitting and receiving system for the first time and became a pioneer of modern TV technology. With the application of electronic technology in television, television began to go out of the laboratory and enter public life. 1925, British scientists successfully developed TV sets. 1928, 3 1 radio stations in new york, USA conducted the first television broadcasting experiment in the world. Because CRT technology has not completely passed the test, the whole experiment only lasted for 30 minutes, and only a dozen TV sets were watched. This announced the emergence of TV art as a social undertaking and an epoch-making event in the history of TV development.

From 65438 to 0929, American scientist eves played 50 lines of color TV images between new york and Washington, and invented color TV. 1933, Zworykin successfully developed camera tubes and picture tubes for TV camera shooting. The process of making TV camera and imaging completely electronic has been completed, and so far, the modern TV system has basically taken shape. Today, the imaging principle and equipment of TV cameras and TV receivers are improved according to his invention.

(2) The development of British and American TV art: The textbook emphasizes that TV art made great progress in Britain and America in 1930s and 1940s. It is suggested that teachers should combine teaching materials and supplement information appropriately.

1936165438+1On October 2nd, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcast a large-scale song and dance program in Alexandria Palace, a suburb of London, and launched a two-hour TV broadcast for the first time. There are only over 200 televisions in London, but it marks the beginning of the world television industry. The coverage of the Berlin Olympic Games that year was a great appearance of young TV career. At that time, * * * used four cameras to shoot the game. One of the most striking is the all-electronic camera. This machine is huge. The lens with a focal length of1.6m weighs 45kg and is 2.2m long. It is called TV cannon. Since then, quite expensive televisions have become popular among upper-middle class families in Britain. 1937, when the company broadcast the coronation ceremony of King George V of England, there were 50,000 viewers in Britain watching TV. 1939 When the Second World War broke out, about 20,000 families in Britain had televisions.

On April 30th, 1939, ABC broadcasted the opening speech of President Roosevelt at the World Expo and the TV program of the mass parade led by Mayor new york through the transmitter at the top of the Empire State Building. Thousands of people crowded into department stores to queue up to see the new scene. At the end of World War II, there were about 7,000 televisions in the United States. Germany, France, Italy and other countries started TV before World War II.

(3) Popularization and application of TV art: It is suggested that teachers should grasp the teaching materials from three aspects: conditions, time and performance of TV art popularization.

Connecting with the achievements of the third scientific and technological revolution and combining with the whole teaching materials in this section, this paper points out the conditions for the popularization of TV art: the progress of electronic technology, the great changes of society, the new spiritual needs of human beings and the drive of commercial profits. It is suggested that teachers make some supplements from three aspects: TV development, TV broadcasting and TV program production. For example, TV has experienced rapid development from black and white to color, from electron tube and transistor TV to integrated circuit TV. At present, TV is developing in the direction of intelligence, digitalization and multifunction. Television broadcasting is also transmitted from satellite to satellite live broadcast.

Performance: The textbook takes the United States and China as examples to illustrate. First, after World War II, the development of American TV industry surpassed that of Britain: from 1949 to 195 1 year, the number of TV sets jumped from 1 10,000 to more than 1 10,000, and 1960 in the United States. At the same time, there are only 1.9 million TV sets in Britain, 30,000 in France, 20,000 in Canada and 4,000 in Japan. By the end of 1993, 98% American families had at least one TV set, of which 99% were color TV sets.

1958, the first black-and-white TV set in China was born in Tianjin. In the same year, the pilot began. At that time, there were only over 50 black and white TV sets in China. 197 1 year, there are 32 TV stations in China. At the beginning of the 20th century, the TV coverage rate in Chinese mainland was as high as 94%.

The birth of television is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. In modern society, life without TV is unimaginable. Black-and-white and color TVs of various models and functions have continuously flowed into factories, schools, hospitals and families all over the world from one assembly line, which is miraculously changing people's lives rapidly. All kinds of TV bring people into a colorful and wonderful world.

Ni-Pukov disc

Pukov, a Russian-born German scientist, was very interested in electrical appliances when he was still in middle school. At that time, it was the period of rapid development of wired electricity technology. Electric lights and trams replaced ancient oil lamps, candles and carriages, telephones appeared and became popular, and submarine cables connected Europe and America, which brought great convenience to people's daily life. Later, he came to Berlin University to study physics. He began to imagine whether the image could be sent far away by telex. He began an unprecedented exploration. After hard work, he found that if the image is divided into single pixels, it is very likely to transmit the image of people or scenery to far away places. Soon, an instrument called "TV telescope" came out. This is a photoelectric mechanical scanning disk. It looks clumsy, but it is very creative. 1884165438+1October 6th, Pukov declared his invention to the Royal Patent Office in Berlin. On the first page of his patent application, he wrote: "The instrument described here can make objects in place A visible everywhere in place B." A year later, the patent was approved.

This is the first patent in the history of world television. The patent describes three basic elements of TV works: 1. The image is decomposed into pixels and transmitted one by one. 2. Pixels are transmitted line by line. 3. When the movement process is transmitted by pictures, many pictures appear one after another quickly, and in the eyes, this process is integrated. This is the basic principle of all future TV technology development, and even today's TV still works according to these basic principles.

1900, the word TV was first used at the World Expo held in Paris. But the simplest and most primitive mechanical TV appeared many years later.

Baird and mechanical TV

By chance, the British inventor john baird saw the information about Pukov's disk. Pukov's genius idea aroused his great interest. He immediately realized that what he would do in the future was to invent television. So he started to work at once. It is the persistent pursuit and great enthusiasm for inventing television that supports Baird. 1924, a TV set that embodies Baird's hard work and sweat finally came out. This TV adopts the Nye Pukov principle, and for the first time, two Nye Pukov disks are used to transmit cross silhouettes at a distance of 4 feet.

Bell is an English inventor. 1926 manufacturing mechanical television system.

Baird, the inventor of television

/kloc-one day in 0/929, when the British first saw the TV picture, they were all in high spirits and rushed to tell each other. Among them, TV inventor Baird (1888— 1946) shed tears with excitement.

Born in England, Baird was sickly since childhood, and was almost killed by illness many times. However, his physical weakness tempered his courage and perseverance to overcome difficulties. After graduating from college, he worked in an electrical company. He was meticulous in his work and repaired several machines that were almost eliminated in a short time, which was highly valued by the company.

Ruthless illness pestered him, and he had to resign to recuperate. 1923 one day, a friend told him, "Since Marconi can transmit and receive radio waves from a long distance, he should be able to transmit images." This greatly encouraged him. Baird is determined to complete the task of "transmitting images by electricity". He sold a little of his property, collected a lot of information and devoted all his time to the development of TV sets. Finally, he finished the design of the TV set.

It is not easy to turn the design into a physical prototype. A small room is both a bedroom and a studio Although the disease tormented him, he still worked doggedly, often fighting day and night, eating bread when he was hungry, sleeping with clothes for a while when he was sleepy, and replacing it with old tea boxes, old caps and knitting needles when he had no money to buy experimental equipment.

After a long period of hard struggle and numerous failures, Baird finally put the image of people on the screen with electrical signals. 1929, the BBC allowed Baird to provide public television broadcasting services. After 1930s, Baird turned to the research of color TV and achieved some results.

After continuous improvement of equipment and technology, Baird's TV effect is getting better and better, and its fame is getting bigger and bigger, which has caused a great sensation. Later, Baird TV Development Company was established. With the continuous improvement of technology and equipment, the transmission distance of Baird TV has been greatly improved, and colors have appeared on the TV screen for the first time. Baird himself was later honored as the father of television by the British.

Almost at the same time, German scientist Carolus also made remarkable achievements in TV development. 1942, Carolus's team (including two scientists, a mechanic and a carpenter) built a device. The equipment uses two NiPukov disks with the diameter of 1m as the two ends for transmitting and receiving signals. Each disk has 48 holes with a diameter of 1.5mm and can scan 48 lines. The two disks are connected by a synchronous motor, and rotate synchronously 10 pictures every second, and the images are projected onto another receiver. They call this machine a big TV. The effect of this big TV is much clearer than Baird's TV. However, they have never performed in public, so their inventions are little known. Scientists from different countries have made similar inventions almost at the same time, which fully shows that the invention of mechanical television is independent of human will and is a witness of human creativity in front of nature.

1928, the 5th German Broadcasting Expo was grandly opened in Berlin. In this unprecedented exhibition, the most striking new invention-TV set was exhibited as a public product for the first time. Since then, people's lives have entered a magical world. However, it is undeniable that the transmission distance and range of cable mechanical TV are very limited, and the images are quite rough, so it is impossible to reproduce fine pictures. Because only a small part of the light can pass through the small hole of Nye Pukov disk, in order to get the ideal light, the small hole must be enlarged, and the picture will be very rough. In order to improve the clarity of image details, it is necessary to increase the number of holes, but the holes become smaller and there is little light that can penetrate, and the image will be blurred. This fatal weakness of mechanical TV puzzles people. People try to find a new way to improve the sensitivity and clarity of TV at the same time. So electronic TV came into being.

Electronic TV

1897, German physicist Braun invented cathode ray tube with fluorescent screen. When the electron beam hits, there will be light on the screen. At that time, Braun's assistant proposed to use this tube as a TV receiver, but the stubborn Braun thought it was impossible.

1906 the first electronic television image receiver made in Germany.

1906, Braun's two persistent assistants really made an image receiver with this cathode ray tube to reproduce the image. But their equipment reproduces still pictures, which should be regarded as a fax system rather than a TV system. 1907, the famous Russian inventor Rosin also tried to apply Braun tube to TV. He proposed a long-distance television system, which uses a Nye Pukov disc for long-distance scanning and a cathode ray tube for receiving. In particular, Campbell Winston, a British electrical engineer, put forward an incredible idea in his inaugural speech when 19 1 became the president of the London Institution, and he proposed an improved device of the so-called camera tube. He even described today's TV technology almost perfectly in a speech. However, due to the lack of amplifiers and other technical limitations, this perfect idea was not realized.

Russian-American scientist Zvorijin initiated the era of electronic television. Zvorykin was an electrical engineer at St. Petersburg Institute of Technology in Russia. As early as 19 12, he began to study electronic camera technology. 19 19 Zvorekin moved to the United States and worked for Westinghouse Electric Company. He is still making unremitting efforts in the research of electronic television. 1924 Zvorekin's research achievement-the emergence of electronic TV model.

Zvorykin (1889-1982) is an American inventor. The electronic television camera tube was invented in 1923.

193 1 year, the TV picture tube was successfully developed.

Zvorykin said that the key part of the model is the photoelectric camera tube, that is, the TV camera. Unfortunately, because the image is dim, it is almost like a shadow. Zvorykin determined from 65438 to 0929 introduced an improved model, and the results were still not satisfactory. The American ARC company finally invested 50 million dollars, and in 193 1 year, Zvorykin finally manufactured a satisfactory camera kinescope. In the same year, a complete field test of photoelectric camera tube system was carried out. In this experiment, an image composed of 240 scanning lines is transmitted to a TV set four miles away, and then the image of a 9-inch CRT is reflected in front of the TV set with a mirror, thus completing the process of completely electronizing TV camera shooting and imaging.

With the application of electronic technology in television, television began to go out of the laboratory and enter public life, becoming a real information dissemination medium. From 65438 to 0936, the TV industry has made great progress. This year's 1 1.2, the BBC broadcast a large-scale song and dance program in Alexandria Palace on the outskirts of London. This program, broadcast entirely by electronic TV system, is magnificent and impressive. The coverage of the Olympic Games held in Berlin in the same year was a great appearance for the young television industry. At that time, A used four cameras to shoot the game. One of the most striking is the all-electronic camera invented by Zorkin. This machine is huge. The lens with a focal length of1.6m weighs 45kg and is 2.2m long. It is called TV cannon. The image signals of these four cameras are transmitted to the studio of Imperial Post Center through cables, where they are mixed and transmitted through the TV tower. During the Berlin Olympic Games, the game was broadcast live on TV for 8 hours every day, and more than 6.5438+0.6 million people watched the Olympic Games on TV. At that time, many people crowded in front of the small TV screen and watched the exciting game scenes excitedly, which made people believe that the TV industry is a promising career and TV is becoming a member of people's lives.

By 1939, about 20,000 families in Britain had televisions, and ABC's televisions also made their debut at the new york World Expo, starting the first regular TV program broadcast, attracting thousands of curious viewers. With the outbreak of World War II, the newly developed television industry almost stopped 10 years. After the war, the television industry flourished again, and television became popular rapidly. 1946, the BBC resumed fixed TV programs, and the U.S. government lifted the ban on making new TVs. For a time, the TV industry seemed to have wings and developed rapidly. In the United States, from 1949 to 195 1, not only TV programs were broadcast all over the country, but also the number of TV sets jumped from 1 10,000 to 1 10,000, and hundreds of TV stations were established. There are often humorous plays, easy songs and dances, cartoons, entertainment programs and Hollywood movies on TV. The appearance of ever-changing TV programs has aroused strong repercussions among the public. In a short time, the public abandoned other forms of entertainment, stayed indoors and sat in front of the TV in the living room, sharing joys and sorrows with everything displayed on the small screen. Television is becoming more and more indispensable in people's lives.

1946, black and white TV was first broadcast in the United States. The picture shows the recording scene of TV programs in the 1950s.

A major member of the television family.

Since the appearance of all-electronic TV, the TV family has flourished rapidly. The number of TV sets has increased rapidly, the shapes of TV sets have become diverse, and the functions of TV sets have become more and more comprehensive. It is no exaggeration to say that dazzling new TV sets are flooding into people's lives with overwhelming force. In this torrent of TV sets, electronic video, satellite communication and various new media are favored by people.

Electronic video recording-The appearance of Modoll VRllo video recorder designed and manufactured by Ginsburg and Anderson in 1956 made electronic technology take a big step forward.

In the past, people usually made TV programs in two ways. One is to shoot programs with TV film, print them out and broadcast them through electronic scanning. One of the biggest disadvantages of this method is that it is impossible to broadcast TV programs live. The other is to broadcast the signal directly with the camera. Although it meets the needs of people who want to witness the scene, it can't be recorded and played back, and it loses its historical value as data. It can be seen that the previous manufacturing method has an insurmountable defect. The appearance of video recorder completely changed this situation. With a video recorder, people can take the programs made in new york to all parts of the world without the limitation of time and space, so that people can have fun together.

1972, Sony Corporation of Japan introduced 3/4 inch cassette tape, which fundamentally changed the production method of TV programs. This cassette looks ordinary and small, but it is the first professional color video projection system in the world. Today, video technology has mushroomed. Black-and-white, color, portable, cassette-type, video recorders of various models and functions compete with each other, and the picture, sound and definition are getting better and better.

Satellite communication-1960 August 12, in the raging flames, another rocket was launched, sending a communication satellite into the vast space. Although this satellite is only a huge metal ball, it can only be used to reflect radio signals, but it is the first in satellite communication. With the successful launch of Messenger and Telesat 1 satellites into space and Earth orbit, satellite communication has entered a practical stage.

With the appearance of communication satellites, the transmission speed of TV is faster. Through live broadcast, all kinds of world sports events and important scientific and technological information spread all over the world in the blink of an eye, and the scope of TV transmission is wider. 1982, more than 100 million people from more than 40 countries watched the World Cup football match on TV, with an unprecedented number of viewers and the geographical boundaries of TV transmission shrinking day by day. From 1965 to 1980, Intelsat * * launched five international communication satellites, completely realizing global communication. It is no exaggeration to say that communication satellites have strengthened people's social interaction and mutual understanding. Under the irradiation of communication satellites hanging high in space, the earth seems to be getting smaller, and the era of "global village" has arrived.

The emergence of new media, such as home video, cable TV, satellite live TV and multifunctional TV, has brought a new trend of TV development-from public media to home media.

Since the home video recorder with 1/2 bandwidth was first put on the market in 1975, the development of home video industry is unstoppable. With a video recorder, people can watch their favorite TV programs at any time and anywhere more freely, and are no longer limited by the timetable of TV stations. When people are away on business and can't see the programs they want to watch, they can record them with the timer of the video recorder for people to enjoy. Video recorders can also be used to store information and guide learning. When people are interested, they can also take pictures of their trips, birthday parties and family festivals with their home cameras for future memories.

People always want to watch their favorite programs easily and selectively on TV. In order to cater to this kind of psychology, cable TV came into being. Contrary to the popularization of TV programs in the past, cable TV implements narrow broadcast transmission, providing special entertainment program channels, children's program channels, sports and news program channels to meet the needs of some viewers.

Today, cable TV is very developed. By 1980, there were nearly 1 10,000 cable TV systems in the United States, with nearly 5 million cable TV users, accounting for 52% of the total number of households. Cable TV is entering people's daily life and becoming a strong competitor of wireless TV.

Satellite direct broadcast TV-1983165438+10 On October 5th, USCI Company of the United States started satellite direct broadcast for the first time. In the past, satellite transmission had to be received on the ground and then transmitted by radio or cable. On the other hand, direct satellite TV is different. As long as a small parabolic antenna with a diameter of about 1 m and a tuner (used to decode the signal) are equipped in the same household, the downlink signal of the satellite can be directly received. This is of great practical value to remote areas.

Multifunctional TV-Since 1949 1 shadow mask color TV came out, TV has made amazing development in just a few decades. From CRT TV, transistor TV to integrated circuit TV. At present, with the rapid development of microelectronics and computer technology, television is developing in the direction of intelligence, multi-function and multi-purpose.

Nowadays, TV is not only used to watch TV programs, but also can be home computers, electronic game machines and prefabricated video tapes. People can not only make use of TV news, but also make remote sensing diagnosis by satellite and TV, control household appliances by home TV, and make TV alarm, shopping, recording and learning. In addition, stereoscopic TV, super-large screen TV, high-definition TV, laser disc, home database, etc. are also constantly developing. In other words, modern TV has changed from a public media viewing tool to a home video system center with many information systems.

1954 color TV was successfully piloted. The picture shows the modern TV pilot control center.

The invention of television has profoundly changed people's lives. It not only enriches people's leisure time as never before, but also increases the space and quantity of information dissemination and makes the world smaller. Nowadays, TV has become one of the most popular household appliances, and TV news, TV entertainment, TV advertising and TV education have formed a huge industry. As a great invention, television has brought a visual revolution to mankind.