Use the method of understanding reading

Examples of using comprehension reading method

The following are three fragments of an article:

There is no reason why people should not call our age the statistical age. The word "statistics" has a profound meaning. Statistics is a method of collecting figures, through which figures obtained in a certain way can be condensed into figures that can explain a certain phenomenon; It is also a special social and economic science; It is also a scientific method widely used in social science and natural science.

Without statistics, journalists can't report many topics. For example, all articles about population depend on statistics. The reason why there are so few articles about population is that many journalists lack statistical knowledge and don't know where to start with this problem. Readers often don't understand the concept of numbers. An example fully illustrates this problem. Who hasn't heard of the word "average life expectancy" and who hasn't used it personally? Most readers think that this word refers to the average age of death in a period of time. However, the real concept of this word should be: the average life expectancy of people born in a certain year. According to this situation, the mortality rate of this generation, that is, the mortality rate of people born in this year. In this way, this figure is exact and hypothetical. There are some keywords in these three paragraphs, and finding them accurately and quickly is the key to determine the judgment and understanding intention. The following are the reference answers listed according to the three steps of reading comprehension training.

How to improve reading comprehension ability

There are three levels of cognitive knowledge. The low level of knowledge refers to the perceptual level of knowledge, that is, being able to recognize and identify objects, name them and know what they are; The middle level of knowledge is to reveal the essence and internal relations of things on the basis of perceptual level, which is mainly manifested in being able to understand the connotation of concepts, principles and laws and know what they are; Advanced understanding belongs to indirect understanding, which refers to further systematization and concretization, re-establishment or adjustment of cognitive structure on the basis of conceptual understanding, so as to master knowledge and make knowledge migrate widely and know why.

Comprehension is an important index to measure the learning benefit, which includes the following aspects:

1, the ability to think as a whole.

Learning needs to use positive thinking activities to discover the meaning of things, grasp the structural level of things, understand the essential characteristics and internal relations of things, and think about learning materials as a whole. Therefore, individuals should cultivate their own overall view, consider problems from the overall situation and focus on solving global problems. This is because the overall thinking ability affects the individual learning effect.

2. The ability to see the problem.

In learning, we need to keep thinking, constantly find problems in the process of solving problems, and have insight into problems. Only in this way can we have a deeper understanding of the learning materials and achieve good learning results.

3. Imagination and analogy.

Just as imagination can give wings to knowledge, imagination can make an individual's ability to learn knowledge soar. Analogy is the ability to compare similar things. Similar things have similarities and differences. Comparative analysis can deepen our understanding of what we have learned and achieve good learning results.

4. intuition.

Intuition is an individual's ability to learn to a certain level. Some things must be grasped by intuition, and learning sometimes depends on intuition. Intuition sometimes plays an important role in learning effect.

5. explanatory power.

That is, the ability to explain empirical phenomena, that is, the ability to use ideas for logical deduction. Learning needs to transform what you have learned into your own things through the abstract thinking process of concept, judgment and reasoning, and can reasonably explain it: whether what you have learned can be reasonably explained is the most important criterion to judge a person's understanding level.

Improving your understanding ability generally comes from the following two aspects;

On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge.

On the other hand, it is to directly inherit the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice and transform social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the knowledge of middle school students, as Engels said: "Everyone no longer needs to experience it in person; His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the results of the experience of his ancestors. " Of all the ways to pass on knowledge, reading is the main way.

In fact, when studying at school, you can't understand all the knowledge just by attending classes. It can be said that the study in the student era is inseparable from reading for one day. Teachers and students need books in their studies. Without books and reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.

Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career. At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for lifelong self-study.

What are the requirements for reading?

1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles.

Reading is to acquire knowledge by processing words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book". If middle school students can master 5000 words, they will have no problem reading ordinary articles. The reason why some students have poor reading ability is that they have not mastered enough expressions of words, words (mainly content words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking. Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, we should master not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the grammar. Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.

Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience.

A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic." Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which is of great help to me in learning other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well is very helpful to train my thinking and make my thinking more organized. These are of great benefit to my future study of mathematics. " People praised Sue as a "mathematical poet".

2) Master basic scientific knowledge.

If you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers. There are many technical terms such as ecological balance, ecosystem, genetic engineering and gene in newspapers. Many people seem to understand it because they lack the basic knowledge of biology in high school. It can be seen that if modern society wants to improve its reading ability, it must master basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.

3) Can use reference books.

When reading, it is inevitable that some words are unknown and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary, you can look them up in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, according to the needs of reading, we also need to prepare some corresponding reference books and consult them at any time. If the reference books are complete and the retrieval is skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by consulting reference books.

We should study purposefully and systematically.

Facing the vast sea of books, if reading has no purpose and plan, it will be at a loss. Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom, and they have to complete a day's study task every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.

Middle school students' reading should be based on the following objectives:

It is conducive to learning basic knowledge, giving full play to one's strengths, making up one's shortcomings and improving one's reading ability.

Pay attention to when arranging the reading plan:

Read some related extracurricular books around the textbook. For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make the thinking more active.

Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.

As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask teachers, senior students or classmates, or parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. If you choose a good book, you can gain more in less time.

Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, your weaknesses in learning can be made up, and your personal strengths can also be developed, which not only promotes learning in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.

Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency.

Handle the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading.

Reading widely means reading books extensively, the purpose of which is to have a general understanding of the contents of books, so as to discover the essence of books and much-needed knowledge. Extensive reading can learn from others, just as Lu Xun said: "Reading only one person's works will lead to bad results and little benefit. You must pick many flowers to make honey like a bee. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. "

Explanatory writing is to read a large number of books in a short time and create conditions for intensive reading. The general method is: look at the catalogue, find useful content from the catalogue, and then browse the relevant parts, so as to choose books in the bookstore; Look at the content tips, read the first few paragraphs and the last few paragraphs of the book, and master the general content of the book; You can also use the fast reading method, that is, reading at a faster speed to get the general idea.

On the basis of discussion, choose the best books of its kind for intensive reading. Read other similar books after intensive reading. In intensive reading, you should "chew slowly", think more, read repeatedly and take notes carefully.

Mathematician Zhang Guanghou said when talking about learning a math booklet: "This paper has more than 20 sides. I have been reading it over and over for more than half a year, because I always touch these pages with my hands, leaving an obvious black line on the edge of the white paper. Such repeated research will greatly promote our research work. My wife said,' This is not learning! Just like eating a book. "

To read books intensively, we should understand them once, that is, to understand the basic contents of books; Second, remember what you understand; Three meetings, that is, these understanding knowledge will be used; Four skills, that is, being able to skillfully express what you have learned from books or use it to analyze and solve problems.

Middle school is a basic education, which is the stage of laying the foundation, so the goal of intensive reading should be aimed at textbooks and main reference books.

Be diligent in thinking

Einstein said: "find out what can lead you to the depths in the books you read, and throw away everything else, that is, throw away everything that will overload your mind and lure you away from the requirements." In other words, when reading, we should grasp the essence of the book and realize the transformation from shallow to deep.

Coleridge, an English poet, once divided readers into four categories: the first category is like an hourglass that leaks sand, which is injected and leaked out, leaving no trace at last; The second kind is like a sponge, which sucks everything and squeezes everything, leaving things intact and even dirty; The third kind is like a bag for filtering soybean milk, where all the soybean milk flows, leaving only bean dregs; The fourth kind is like the drudgery of digging gems, throwing away the slag and asking for pure gems. The meaning of this passage is that when reading, we should take the essence and discard the dross.

Hua said: "Comrades with high school education can recall the elementary school arithmetic and junior high school algebra they studied in the past. Do you still have that much in your mind? " Not that much. Because we understand it, we will use it, which means that the book becomes thinner. "The meaning of this passage is to realize the transformation from many and miscellaneous to few and refined when reading.

What is comprehension reading?

The so-called comprehension reading method refers to the reading method of grasping the main idea of each paragraph and the central idea of the article through three steps: searching for keywords, analyzing semantic groups and determining intentions, and finally forming the overall concept.

The advantage of understanding reading method is to reduce the number of words and improve the quality of understanding the content of the article.

The theoretical basis for understanding reading methods is that there is always a certain proportion of water in general articles, and the brain has the function of selecting and compressing information. Therefore, when reading, we can get rid of the rough and get the essence by finding the key points, making judgments and adopting the methods of recalling and thinking.

There is also a practical basis for understanding reading methods, that is, three methods that people use consciously or unconsciously:

(1) Method for finding key content

The so-called key content refers to some "points". Although these "dots" account for a small proportion in all articles, they have great ideological capacity. The purpose of understanding is to grasp the basic idea of the full text, and keywords and some related sentences can best reflect the basic idea of the article. Therefore, these words and sentences are exactly what we are looking for (that is, "points"). When we understand, we often boil down the content of the article to short and logical outlines, and then connect these outlines that reflect the central content of all levels, and finally form a unified and logically connected idea. The method of finding the key content, in the process of finding the relationship between the key content and the key content, also processed and refined the article, which is the process of understanding. Comprehension reading method is formulated according to this method.

(2) Judgment method (or prediction method and guess method)

A professional reader can sometimes guess the meaning of a whole paragraph or a whole page just by looking at a few sentences in a paragraph, because he adopts an effective way of thinking &; Mdash speed reading tutorial; -judgment method. This method is somewhat similar to the "finding key content method". The only difference is that it does not need to search for keywords step by step, but only needs to quickly grasp a clear clue according to experience, and then "downstream" to grasp the center and main content of the article. However, using this method requires rich reading experience.

(3) Memory method

In order to understand the following or the full text, make some memories of the articles you have read, which is the recall method. This method is often used in more important articles or paragraphs. This method can be used when readers feel it is necessary to deepen their understanding after reading a certain paragraph or paragraphs in order to better understand the following content. But be careful not to use it frequently. Otherwise it will affect the reading speed. The above three methods are the reading methods that many people often adopt. If these three methods are used comprehensively, good reading effect can be achieved. In the case of fast reading, understanding has its rapidity and urgency. Therefore, reading in the above way is also very beneficial to exercise the agility of thinking. Examples of using comprehension reading method

Alpha brainwave, easy to learn.

Scientific research has found that the brain can produce four kinds of brain waves on EEG. When you are in a state of tension, the brain will produce beta waves; When you feel sleepy, brain waves become theta waves; When entering deep sleep, it becomes delta wave; When your body is relaxed, your brain is active, and you are constantly inspired, and you will produce alpha brain waves.

Up to now, most of what we talk about is logic, which is a "left brain" activity. But in order to take advantage of the amazing power of your right brain and subconscious, the real key to efficient learning can be summed up in two words, namely, relaxed alertness. This relaxed attitude is something you must have every time you start studying. Many researchers and teachers believe that people can learn a lot of information well through the subconscious. The brain wave activity most suitable for the subconscious mind is carried out at the speed of 8 ~ 12 cycles/second, that is, A wave. Colin Ross, an innovator of British fast learning, said, "This kind of brainwave is characterized by relaxation and meditation, and it is a mental state in which you fantasize and display your imagination. It is a relaxed alert state, which can promote inspiration, speed up data collection and enhance memory. A wave makes you enter the subconscious. Because your self-image is mainly in your subconscious, this is the only effective way to enter the subconscious. "

How do people generally reach that state? Thousands of people get it through daily meditation or relaxation activities, especially deep breathing. However, more and more teachers believe that several kinds of music can achieve these effects more quickly and easily. Weber pointed out: "Some types of music rhythms help to relax the body, calm breathing, calm beta wave vibration, and trigger a relaxed alert state, which is convenient for learning new information." Of course, as TV and radio advertisements prove every day, when music is accompanied by words, many kinds of music can help you remember information. But researchers now find that some baroque music is the ideal music to improve learning quickly, partly because the rhythm of baroque music is 60 ~ 70 beats per minute, which is consistent with alpha brainwaves.

Skilled teachers now use this music as an important part of all fast learning teaching. But for self-learners, the immediate significance is obvious, that is, when you want to review your learning content at night, playing appropriate concerts will greatly enhance your memory ability. A wave is also suitable for starting every new study. It's simple. Of course, you have to clear your mind before you start. If you bring office problems to the golf course, you will not play well and you will be absent-minded. The same is true of learning. It will be difficult to "shift gears" from French class to math class in high school. But take a little time to do deep breathing exercises and you will start to relax. Play some relaxing music, close your eyes and think about the quietest scene you can imagine-you will soon enter a relaxed alert state, which will make it easier for information to "drift" into long-term memory.

Therefore, it can be said that alpha brain waves can be obtained through meditation, relaxation, deep breathing and other methods, and baroque music is the fastest and best way to export. Therefore, in our training process, it is always supplemented by a light and elegant baroque music background, which not only eliminates external interference, but also makes the brain in the best learning state, achieving twice the result with half the effort.

Selected reading speed exercises

This is a new way to practice fast reading:

Quickly scan the letters below with your eyes and find out how many A's there are. Then find out how many B's and how many C's there are.

A B B D C C

D D A D B

B A D D A A

D A C A B

After proficiency, you can lengthen the length and types of letters and reduce the time required. Try to increase the number of letters your eyes look for at a time. For example, you only find 1 letter at first, such as A, and after practicing for a while, you find two letters at a time, such as BC at a time. After proficiency, increase the difficulty and start practicing according to the table below.

Quickly scan the letters below with your eyes to find out how many A's, how many F's, how many H's, how many L's, how many K's and how many D's, and then look at them again to find out how many S's, how many G's and how many J's there are. Other letters are added in the third line.

G H S J K F L S J K F S D F L G K J H J A D L D H G L A H D J K H H A K J S H Y K S G Q U O F L U L L L B X W T Y H F D L T G K

This kind of training can broaden your horizons, improve your reading accuracy and make you understand more words at a glance.

Learning to "distinguish styles" is beneficial to speed reading.

Practice with your eyes and read quickly.

The reading speed and the reading amount per unit time depend on the size of the visual field on the one hand, and the moving speed of the visual field per unit time on the other hand, that is, the reading rhythm.

The initial practice of vision originated from the practice of pilots by the US Air Force. At that time, air force tactical experts were faced with a serious problem: many pilots could not distinguish distant planes in time when flying, which would lose the initiative in the life-and-death air battle forever. Therefore, their instantaneous perception ability must be improved. Psychologists and educators of the Air Force have invented a rapid observation instrument, which makes the images of enemy planes and friendly planes appear on the screen.

At first, the aircraft images appeared for a long time and were large in size, and then gradually shortened the time and reduced the size. After practice, when the plane image is as small as a point and appears on the screen at the speed of 1/500 seconds, the pilot can distinguish it. It is found that the human eye has great potential for instantaneous perception. Experts immediately applied this achievement to the practice of fast reading. The results show that after practice, the number of fixations can be effectively reduced, the time of each fixation can be shortened, and backward eyesight can be eliminated. Ordinary people can distinguish 6.5438+0.2 million letters in one minute, which is equivalent to 20,000 words! For example, write some phrases or short sentences on a card, flash in front of your eyes in a very short time, and then say the above contents. After proficiency, gradually lengthen the phrases or sentences on the card and shorten the flashing time of the card, so as to gradually expand the visual perception range and gradually improve the instantaneous perception ability. If you practice expanding your horizons, speeding up eye movements and practicing sensitive visual functions at the same time, you can get twice the result with half the effort.

Rybakov said: "People who count time in minutes spend 50 times more time than those who count time in hours." And our fast reading practice is counting time in seconds, and we will create more time than others! Eye movements are closely related to reading, which is actually a combination of a series of eye movements and pauses. Reading experts use pupillometers and cameras to observe those who read fast and find that their eyes move quickly with the words. Therefore, adding REM exercises can not only improve the reading speed, but also exercise the agility of the brain, because reading rhythm exercises require the quick response of the eyes and brain. It is helpful to improve the intelligence of practitioners and improve learning methods.

Overview of application reading methods

How to master the essentials of modern Chinese reading.

1, learn to read quickly along the way. Read the whole article and understand the author's thinking. Thinking has a method, and every sentence and paragraph has a method. The author of a good article will never wander around. Reading an article depends on how it begins. The author spends a lot of time at the beginning, so when reading an article, we should also focus on the beginning of the article. The exam is to test whether students understand the author's thoughts. Students should work hard at ordinary times and want to understand the author's thinking after reading it once.

2, clear the relationship between the whole and the local. Walking along the road is to have a grasp of the whole article. Examination questions are often to test a certain point, and there must be a concept of total score. Although we are asking a point, it is actually related to the whole article. We must learn to read and understand as a whole.

3. Perspective the key points and test sites of the questions. Don't rush to answer the questions after you get them. You have to analyze, understand and see through them first. Every topic is drawn by the proposer after repeated thinking and painstaking management. Some topics are so meaningful that students can't pass them in an instant.

4. Understand profound words. There are always some words and sentences in an article that have profound implications, or contain philosophy, or point out the center, or make people think. Students must understand these words and sentences. There are many examples in textbooks, such as the sentence "Marx had many enemies in his life, but he didn't have a personal enemy" mentioned in the article "Speech in front of Marx's curtains". To test modern Chinese is to test three words "Do you understand", so understanding is the most important.

5. Be good at filtering and integrating information in the text. Last year, the outline proposed "being good at screening and extracting information", and this year "extracting" was changed to "integrating". "Extraction" means copying the words in the questionnaire and filling them in the answer sheet. "Integration" is to extract the information scattered in all aspects of the article and organize it into a point of view, which needs to be summarized by yourself. This test center involves three abilities. First of all, we should have the ability to distinguish ideas, which is actually the ability to screen and integrate information, and then the ability to summarize, which belongs to the more difficult test sites in modern text reading.

6, see through the various methods of interference. There are many multiple-choice questions that can be ruled out, but on the basis of understanding, we should know why we chose this one and why we didn't choose this one. There is often a "trap" in multiple-choice questions, and students are prone to make mistakes. Students should learn to resist interference and pick out this interference item. Teachers are most easily distracted in the following aspects:

(1) out of thin air. What is not in the article is added to the answer.

(2) the primary and secondary are reversed. The secondary becomes the primary (3), stealing the concept. Obviously it is that thing, but the answer is this thing;

(4) The causality is reversed. Because of the fruit, because of the fruit.

Students can combine the above skills to make their own summary and understand the teacher's interference skills, which is very helpful for students to improve their anti-interference ability and reduce the probability of wrong questions.

7. There are two difficulties to overcome in answering subjective propositions. Firstly, students can't read correctly. Secondly, words can't convey their meaning. These two "no's" are obstacles for students to answer subjective questions correctly.

8. Pay attention to the restrictions and requirements in open-ended topics. Open topics are only open within a certain range, not without any restrictions. Students must know within what scope the topic is open and what its test center is.