What aspects does Bauhaus's reform reflect?

As a design system, Bauhaus was popular all over the world. In the field of modern industrial design, its thought and aesthetic taste can be said to have influenced a whole generation. Although the rise of postmodernism is a kind of impact and progress on Bauhaus's design thought, some of Bauhaus's thoughts and ideas are still enlightening to modern industrial design and technical aesthetics, especially to the choice of industrial design direction in developing countries. Its principles and concepts have an impact on all industrial designs. Frank Pique thinks: "... an overwhelming scientific principle and concept must be formulated to guide the design of daily necessities, just like the principles and concepts guiding house design in architecture."

Edit this paragraph | Back to the top Introduction Bauhaus has gone through three stages of development:

The first stage (1919-1925) was the Weimar period. As the headmaster, Gropius put forward the lofty ideal of "new unification of art and technology" and shouldered the sacred mission of training designers and architects in the 20th century. He recruited talents, hired artists and craftsmen to teach, and formed a new education system combining art education with manual production;

The second stage (1925— 1932) is the Dessau period. Bauhaus rebuilt in Dessau, Germany, and carried out curriculum reform, implementing the teaching method of integrating design and production teaching, and achieved excellent results. 1928 Gropius resigned as president of Bauhaus, and was succeeded by sepp maier, director of the Department of Architecture. The architect from the Party of * * * expanded Bauhaus's artistic radicalism into political radicalism, which made Bauhaus face more and more political pressure. In the end, Meyer himself had to resign at 1930 and be succeeded by Ludwig ·MIES· van der Rohe. Faced with the pressure from Nazi forces, Miss tried her best to keep the school running. Finally, 1932+00 After the Nazi Party occupied Dessau in June, she was forced to close Bauhaus.

The third stage (1932-1933) is the Berlin period. Ludwig mies van der rohe moved the school to an abandoned office building in Berlin and tried to reorganize it. Because the spirit of Bauhaus was not tolerated by Nazi Germany, in the face of the Nazi government that just came to power, Miss finally gave up, and announced the permanent closure of Bauhaus in August of that year. 1933+0 1 Bauhaus closed in June, and 14 had to end its development.

Although Bauhaus has become history, its two characteristics can not be forgotten so far: first, it is determined to reform art education and want to create a new social group; The second is to make great sacrifices for this ideal. Gropius, the founder and principal of Bauhaus, personally formulated the Bauhaus Manifesto and Weimar Bauhaus Syllabus, which defined the goals of the school: first, save all those independent and narcissistic art categories, train future craftsmen, painters and sculptors, unite them to create, and combine all their skills in the process of creating new works; Second, improve the status of craft and make it equal to "art". Bauhaus claimed that "there is no essential difference between artists and craftsmen" and "artists are senior craftsmen" ... Therefore, let's create a new type of craftsmen's guild, eliminate the hierarchical difference between craftsmen and artists, and never use it to build an arrogant fence "; Third, we should closely integrate Bauhaus with social production and market economy, and sell our products and designs directly to the public and industries. Bauhaus declared that they would "establish lasting ties with craftsmen and leaders of national industries". According to the declaration and outline, Bauhaus established his own art design education system-Bauhaus system. The main features of the system are as follows: 1. The design emphasizes free creation, opposes imitation and sticks to the rules; Second, the combination of handicraft industry and machine production; Third, emphasize the communication and integration between various arts; Fourth, students have both practical ability and theoretical accomplishment; 5. Linking school education with social production.

From the above introduction, every step of Bauhaus's development has a representative who can keep up with the pace of the times and meet the requirements of the times. This character is Bauhaus, a ship sailing for Jiaojiang Mu. He delivered the famine, waved his surname in the waves, and traded his thumb for China.

Before Bauhaus, the school of design focused on teaching artistic skills. For example, the School of Design, the predecessor of the Royal Academy of Art, has three courses: form, color and decoration. Most of them are artists and very few are art designers. Bauhaus, on the other hand, attaches great importance to the cultivation of students' comprehensive ability and design quality. In order to meet the requirements of modern society for designers, they established a modern design education system of "new unity of art and technology", and opened modern design education courses such as basic courses, technical courses, professional design courses, theoretical courses and engineering courses related to architecture, and trained a large number of modern designers with both artistic literacy and applied technical knowledge. The close combination of practical skills training, flexible composition ability and the connection with industrial production has made Bauhaus produce a new design style of "art+technology", whose main characteristics are: paying attention to meeting practical requirements; Give play to new materials, new technologies, new processes and aesthetic characteristics; Simple modeling and flexible composition. Bauhaus's artistic direction and style made it one of the most radical artistic schools in Europe in the twentieth century.

Gropius has a very important way of thinking: in essence, art and craft are not two completely different activities, but two different classifications of the same object. Artists pay more attention to artistic theory and are easy to accept new ideas. They will certainly be better at educating students than old craftsmen. This kind of artist can emphasize and explain the common elements of all artistic activities to students and let them know the basis of aesthetics. They can use their own experience to help students create new design languages. Based on this, Gropius hired painters john eaton, Lionel Farninger, sculptors Grehard Marquez, Muche, SCHLEMMER, KLEE, SCHREYER, Kandinsky and Moholi-Naji, who ranged from 19 19 to/kloc. They are all interested in the theory of studying basic problems. In addition to these artists, Gropius also employs many workshop owners, who are all skilled workers in their respective craft categories. Artists inspire students to start thinking and develop creativity, and workshop masters teach students manual skills and technical knowledge.

Bauhaus's teaching time is three and a half years. Students have to go through basic course training for half a year after entering school, and then enter the workshop to learn various practical skills. The difference between Bauhaus and the arts and crafts movement is that it is not hostile to machines, but tries to establish extensive relations with industry, which is both the requirement of the times and the need of survival. At the beginning of the establishment of Bauhaus, with the support of Gropius, some of the most radical artists in Europe came to teach in Bauhaus, which made the prevailing ideological trend at that time, especially expressionism, have an important influence on Bauhaus's early theory. In the early days of Bauhaus, a group of basic course teachers included Kandinsky of Russia, Faninger of the United States, Klee of Switzerland and Eton. Among them, Kandinsky worked as a painting teacher in the metal and woodwork workshop of Morris Institute of Education. These artists are closely related to expressionism. Expressionism is an art school that appeared in Germany and Austria in the early 20th century. The task of advocating art is to express the personal feelings and experiences of supervisors, advocate transforming the world with art, and express the spirit of the times in strange and exaggerated forms. This idealism is consistent with Bauhaus's goal of "discovering the form symbolizing the world" and creating a new society.

Bauhaus's greatest contribution to design education is the basic course, which was initiated by Eaton and is a compulsory course for all students. Eaton advocates "learning by doing", that is, on the basis of theoretical research, the form, color, material and texture are discussed through practical work, and the above elements are combined. However, because Eaton is a mystic, he attaches great importance to intuitive methods and personality development, advocates completely spontaneous and free expression, pursues "unknown" and "inner harmony", and even once started his course with deep breathing and vibration exercises to get inspiration. These are far from the cooperative spirit and rational analysis of industrial design, and have been criticized by many people. Eaton 1923 resigned, and the Hungarian artist Naji took over the basic course. Najib is a follower of constructivism. He brought the elements of constructivism into basic training, emphasized the objective analysis of form and color, and paid attention to the relationship between point, line and surface. Through practice, let students know how to objectively analyze the composition of two-dimensional space, and then extend it to the composition of three-dimensional space. All these laid the foundation for industrial design education, and also meant that Bauhaus began to turn from expressionism to rationalism. On the other hand, the abstract geometric form advocated by constructivism leads Bauhaus to another formalism road in design. Bauhaus held the first exhibition in 1923, showing design models, students' homework, paintings and sculptures. , has achieved great success, and has been valued and praised by the design circles and industries in many European countries. In this exhibition, Gropius gave a speech on "New Unity of Art and Technology", which emphasized the role of technology. From 1923- 1925, the course of Bauhaus technology has been strengthened, and it is interesting to develop close ties with some industrial enterprises. April 1925, 1, persecuted by Weimar reactionary government, Bauhaus closed his campus in Weimar and moved to Dessau, a small town with quite developed industry at that time, to continue his career.

After moving to Dessau, Bauhaus developed further. Gropius promoted some excellent Bauhaus teachers as professors, formulated a new teaching plan, improved the education system and curriculum, and established a practice workshop accordingly. It is particularly worth mentioning that Bauhaus's new school building was designed by Gropius. 1925 starts in autumn and will be completed by the end of the following year. It includes classrooms, workshops, offices, auditoriums, canteens and dormitories for senior students. The school building covers an area of nearly 10,000 square meters and is a group of multifunctional buildings.

Bauhaus school itself occupies an important position in the history of architecture and is a masterpiece of modern architecture. There are differences and combinations in functional processing, and the relationship is clear, convenient and practical; The composition adopts flexible and irregular layout, and the architectural modeling is scattered and changeable. Facade modeling fully embodies the characteristics of new materials and new structures. The industrial architectural style of Fagus Factory has been applied to civil buildings, which completely broke the tradition of classical architectural design and achieved concise and fresh results. If the results of Gropius's teaching policy are evaluated by the design prototype actually put into production by Bauhaus, then these results are not as remarkable as its curriculum and theoretical research. Bauhaus's most influential designs come from Najib's Gold Workshop and brower's Furniture Workshop. Bauhaus Gold Workshop is committed to educating students to engage in practice through the combination of metal and glass, which has opened up a new road for lamp design. The design of metal products in Weimar period also has obvious handicraft characteristics. For example, the teapot designed by brand 1924 adopts geometric form, but it is forged manually with silver, which is similar to the arts and crafts movement. The desk lamp she designed in 1926- 1927 is not only simple and beautiful in shape, but also good in function, and it is mass-produced in a factory in Leipzig. This shows that Bauhaus has matured in industrial design.

In Bauhaus's furniture workshop, brower created a series of influential steel tube chairs, which opened a new chapter in modern furniture design. Although it is still controversial who first thought of making furniture with steel pipes, there is no doubt that Bauhaus first realized the idea and industrial production of steel pipe furniture. These steel tube chairs make full use of the characteristics of materials, with light and elegant shapes and simple structures, and become typical representatives of modern design.

1928, Gropius resigned as the principal of Bauhaus under various pressures, especially the unprovoked attack of the right-wing forces on the progressive ideological trend of Bauhaus. Gropius continued to design industrial products after leaving his post. Adler designed by 1930 is a typical example of functional modeling principle in the 1920s. Although the design of automobile emphasizes practical function and geometric principle, it can't be mass-produced, which shows that if the design only considers function and production and ignores other factors, such as consumers' demand for symbolism and interest, the design will be difficult to succeed.

After Gropius left Bauhaus, the architect Hannaz? Meyer is the principal. After Meyer took office, he emphasized the close relationship between products and consumers, design and society, and strengthened the relationship between design and industry. Under his leadership, all the workshops of Bauhaus accepted a large number of design commissions from enterprises. 1930, Meyer was forced to resign for the same reason as Gropius, and Miss became the third principal. Smith is a famous architect. He put forward the famous saying that "less is more" in 1928. 1929, he designed the German tube for the Barcelona World Expo. The building itself and the Barcelona chair he designed for it set a milestone in modern architecture and design. Like brower, Miss is good at designing steel pipe chairs. 1927, he designed the famous Wesengoff chair.

After Miss arrived in Bauhaus, on the one hand, students were forbidden to engage in political life, on the other hand, academic research focusing on architectural design was strengthened, which revived the school. But in June 1932, the Nazis took control of Dessau and closed Bauhaus. Miss, teachers and students had to move the school to Berlin to start over. Later, with Hitler's National Socialist Party coming to power, the Gestapo occupied the school, and Bauhaus finally announced its official dissolution in July of 1933, thus ending the school-running course of 14. During this period, there were 1250 students and 35 full-time teachers studying and working in Bauhaus. After the school was dissolved, members of Bauhaus brought Bauhaus's thoughts to other countries, especially the United States. In a sense, Bauhaus's thought has been fully realized in America. 1937, Gropius went to Harvard University as the head of the Department of Architecture, and established Concord Design Office. Brower also arrived in the United States at the same time, working with Gropius on architectural creation. Miss arrived in the United States on 1938 and became a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology. Najib founded the new Bauhaus in Chicago on 1937. This school was established as a continuation of Bauhaus, which introduced a new method to creative education in the United States, but most of its graduates were employed as artists, craftsmen and teachers, rather than industrial designers. The new Bauhaus later merged with Illinois Institute of Technology.

"Bauhaus School", an advocate of modernism school.

Bauhaus has made great contributions to modern industrial design, especially its design education. Its teaching method has become the foundation of art education in many schools around the world, and its outstanding architects and designers have pushed modern architecture and design to a new height. In contrast, the actual industrial products designed by Bauhaus are not significant in scope or quantity. Bauhaus's products did not play a decisive role in the overall design development of Germany, one of the world's industrial powers. The influence of Bauhaus lies not in its actual achievements, but in its spirit. Bauhaus's thought was once regarded as a classic of modernism. However, the limitations of Bauhaus are gradually recognized by people, so its adverse effects on industrial design have been criticized. For example, in order to pursue a new and industrialized expression, Bauhaus overemphasized abstract geometric figures in his design. "Cube is God", no matter what kind of products and materials, geometric modeling is adopted, which leads to formalism and sometimes even destroys the use function of products. This shows that the meanings of Bauhaus's "standard" and "economy" are more aesthetic, so the "function" emphasized is also highly abstract. In addition, strict geometric modeling and the highest requirements for industrial materials make the products have a sense of indifference and lack of proper human touch. Bauhaus actively advocates the design for the general public, but because Bauhaus's design aesthetics is abstract and abstruse, it can only be appreciated by a few intellectuals and outstanding people. Today, many Bauhaus products are still expensive and can only be regarded as a symbol of aesthetic standards and social status. For example, Smith's Barcelona chair is a typical example, which costs hundreds of dollars.

The most criticism of Bauhaus is aimed at the so-called "international" style. Although Gropius opposes any style, Bauhaus advocates breaking away from tradition and advocating geometric composition, which actually eliminates the regionality of design and ignores the historical context of various countries and nations. In addition, some architects misinterpreted the essence of Bauhaus and replaced creation with plagiarism, forming an "international style" with thousands of people. Square-box architecture with flat roof, white walls and long windows is popular all over the world, which has a great influence on architectural culture in various countries and is widely criticized.

No matter how much people have reservations about Bauhaus, its great influence is beyond reproach. Collectively, the elites in Gropius have their own distinct personalities, but they have developed a strong * * *. When they immigrated from the Third Reich, they all spread Bauhaus's thoughts in their respective work or teaching places with the belief of evaluation, and carried them forward.

Edit this paragraph | Return to Top Historical Contribution 1, emphasizing that the collective work mode defeats the individual barriers of art education and lays the foundation for enterprise work.

2. Emphasis on standards in order to break the careless liberalization and irregularity of art education.

3. Try to establish a new education system based on science, emphasizing the combination of scientific and logical working methods and artistic expression. The above points have shifted the center of teaching from a relatively personal art education system to a science and engineering system.

4. The educational focus of design has been shifted from "creating appearance" to "solving problems", so the design has got rid of the disadvantages of playing form for the first time and moved towards a truly convenient, practical, economical and beautiful design system, which has laid a solid foundation for modern design.

5. Based on the experiment of Belgian designer Henri van de Wilde, various studios were created, such as metal, wood, ceramics, textiles and photography. Unite a group of outstanding artists and designers to devote themselves to design and build design education on a scientific basis.

6. Breaking the old framework of academic art education, Johnny Eaton, an important Bauhaus teacher and color expert, founded the "Basic Course" on 1920. Before that, there was no such thing as a basic course. At the same time, it created a way of combining large-scale industrial production, which laid the foundation for the development of modern design education.

7. A group of professionals who are familiar with traditional technology and modern industrial production methods and design rules have been trained, and a concise aesthetic style suitable for large machine production methods has been formed, which has raised the design of modern industrial products to a new level.

Purpose of establishment:

The word "Bauhaus" is a combination of the German verb "bauen”architecture and the noun" haus ",which is roughly understood as" the school of architecture "and reflects the thoughts of its founder:

1. Establish the leading position of architecture in the design forum.

2. Promote technology to an equal position with visual arts, thus weakening the traditional hierarchy.

3. Responded to the creed of "German Industrial Union" founded by 1907 in Munich, that is, "improving industrial products through the cooperation of artists, industrialists and craftsmen".

Impact:

It has always been called the most influential and controversial art school in the 20th century, and it was the center of utopian thought and spirit at that time. It initiated the educational concept of modern design and made irrefutable outstanding achievements in the theory and practice of art education. The course of Bauhaus is the birth of modern design, and it is also the course of building a bridge between art and mechanical technology, which are far apart. No matter in the fields of architecture, fine arts and industrial design, Bauhaus occupies a dominant position.

Bauhaus s idea of design education;

1. Technology and art should be harmonious and unified.

2. Visual sensitivity reaches a rational level.

3. Have a scientific and technical understanding of materials, structures, textures and colors.

4. Collective work is the core of design.

Artists, entrepreneurs and technicians should work closely together.

6. Students' homework is closely integrated with enterprise projects.

Edit this paragraph | limitations of going back to top schools 1. Although Bauhaus made great contributions to the modern design movement, he could not solve all the problems. Bauhaus style was once called internationalism style. However, because it can't reflect the national cultural characteristics, it is called a design language without national boundaries.

After World War II, with the rapid development of western economy and the improvement of people's living standards, producers and consumers in various countries are no longer satisfied with a single international style.

2. Any design is a part of the whole cultural system of the society, which is interrelated with other parts and influences each other. Therefore, the formation and development of styles and schools are inevitably influenced by the scientific and technological level of the times and academic thoughts.