What are the functions of theodolite, level, total station and compass? I know. Tell me in detail ...

Theodolite, an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It is designed according to the principle of angle measurement. At present, the most commonly used is optical theodolite.

Theodolite is the main angle measuring instrument in measurement. It consists of a telescope, a horizontal dial, a vertical dial, a level and a base. When measuring, put the theodolite on a tripod, aim the center of the instrument at the ground measuring station with a vertical ball or an optical collimator, and use a level meter.

theodolite

Level the instrument, aim the telescope at the measurement target, and measure the horizontal and vertical angles with horizontal and vertical dials. According to the accuracy, it is divided into precision theodolite and ordinary theodolite; According to the reading equipment can be divided into optical theodolite and vernier theodolite; According to the shafting structure, it can be divided into retest theodolite and direction theodolite. In addition, there is a coded dial theodolite, which can automatically record dial readings according to coded perforations; An automatic tracking theodolite that can continuously and automatically aim at air targets; Gyro theodolite and laser theodolite that can determine the orientation of ground points quickly and independently by using gyro orientation principle; Universal theodolite for astronomical observation with three functions: theodolite, meridian instrument and zenith instrument; Phototheodolite, who combined the camera and theodolite for ground photogrammetry.

Level is an instrument for measuring the height difference between ground points according to the principle of leveling.

17 ~ 18 century after the invention of telescope and level, level appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century, the micro-tilt level was produced on the basis of the internal focusing telescope and the level. Automatic leveling level appeared in the early 1950s, and laser level developed in the 1960s. Digital level was developed in 1990s. There are old-fashioned mirror-walking checkpoints in history.

Total station, that is, electronic total station. It is a high-tech measuring instrument integrating optics, mechanics and electricity. It is a surveying and mapping instrument system which integrates the functions of collecting water, measuring vertical angle, distance (oblique distance and horizontal distance) and height difference. Because it can place instruments at one time to complete all the measurement work on the station, it is called total station. It is widely used in the field of precision engineering survey or deformation monitoring, such as large buildings above ground and underground tunnel construction.

Total station is a new type of angle measuring instrument integrating optics, mechanics and electricity. Compared with optical theodolite, electronic theodolite changes optical dial into photoelectricity.

Total station

Scanning dial uses automatic recording and display reading instead of manual optical micrometer reading, which simplifies angle measurement operation and avoids reading error. The automatic recording, storage, calculation and data communication functions of electronic theodolite further improve the automation degree of measurement. The difference between total station and optical theodolite lies in dial reading and display system. The horizontal dial, vertical dial and reading device of electronic theodolite respectively use two identical grating dials (or coded dials) and reading sensors for angle measurement. According to the accuracy of angle measurement, it can be divided into 0.5″, 1″, 2″, 3″, 5″ and 10″.

A simple instrument for determining the direction of magnetic field with a magnetic needle.

It is used to measure the magnetic azimuth or magnetic quadrant angle of the ground line. Magnetic azimuth is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from the northern end of magnetic meridian at a certain point on the ground to the target direction. Angle value is 0 ~ 360. According to the magnetic azimuth of two straight lines on the station, the horizontal included angle between the two straight lines can be calculated. The magnetic quadrant angle is the acute angle between the northern or southern end of magnetic meridian and the target direction, and the angle value ranges from 0 to 90. The magnetic quadrant angle of a straight line must be expressed as northeast, northwest, southeast or southwest to indicate the orientation of the straight line. A compass consists of a compass box, a sight and a magnetic needle. It is simple in structure and convenient to use, but its accuracy is low. It is often used to determine the general starting direction of independent investigation areas, as well as the investigation work in route survey, geological survey and forest survey.

When measuring with a compass, there should be no ironware nearby, and high-voltage lines should be avoided, otherwise the magnetic needle will deflect, which will affect the measurement results. You must wait for the pointer to stop before reading. Fix the needle after reading it to prevent the thimble of the needle from being worn. If the magnetic needle can't stand well after swinging for a long time, it means that the instrument has been used for too long and the magnetic needle is not magnetic enough, so it should be magnetized.