Detailed data collection of medical equipment

Medical equipment refers to instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other articles used for human body alone or in combination, including r

Detailed data collection of medical equipment

Medical equipment refers to instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other articles used for human body alone or in combination, including required software. Medical equipment is the most basic element of medical treatment, scientific research, teaching, institutions and clinical disciplines, including professional medical equipment and home medical equipment.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Medical equipment includes: the meaning of professional medical equipment; the classification of the most basic elements of institutions and clinical disciplines; the definition, classification, characteristics, uses, technical requirements and development prospects of diagnostic equipment and therapeutic equipment, which defines the basic conditions for medical equipment to continuously improve the level of medical science and technology and is also an important symbol of modernization. Medical equipment has become an important field of modern medical care. The development of medical care depends largely on the development of instruments, even in the development of medical industry, which plays a decisive role in breaking through the bottleneck. Medical equipment refers to instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other articles used for human body alone or in combination, including required software. The therapeutic effect on human body surface and in vivo is not obtained by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but medical device products play a certain auxiliary role. In the process of use, it aims to achieve the following expected purposes: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and alleviation of diseases; Diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, mitigation and compensation of injury or disability; Research, substitution and adjustment of anatomical or physiological processes; Pregnancy control. The classification of medical equipment advocates three categories, namely, diagnostic equipment, therapeutic equipment and auxiliary equipment. Medical equipment. Diagnostic equipment can be divided into eight categories: X-ray diagnostic equipment, ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, functional inspection equipment, endoscopic equipment, nuclear medicine equipment, experimental diagnostic equipment and pathological diagnostic equipment. Second, the treatment equipment can be divided into 10 categories: ward nursing equipment (sickbed, cart, oxygen bottle, gastric lavage machine, needle-free syringe, etc.). ); Surgical equipment (operating table, lighting equipment, surgical instruments and various tables, racks, stools, cabinets, and microsurgical equipment); Radiotherapy equipment (contact therapy machine, shallow therapy machine, deep therapy machine, accelerator, 60 cobalt therapy machine, radium or 137 cesium intracavity therapy and afterloading device therapy, etc.). ); Nuclear medical treatment equipment-treatment methods include internal irradiation therapy, application therapy and colloid therapy; Physical and chemical equipment (generally divided into phototherapy business, electrotherapy equipment, ultrasonic treatment, sulfur treatment equipment); Laser equipment-medical laser generator (commonly used are ruby laser, He-Ne laser, carbon dioxide laser, argon ion laser, YAG laser, etc. ); Dialysis treatment equipment (commonly used artificial kidneys include flat artificial kidneys and tubular artificial kidneys); Body temperature freezing equipment (semiconductor cold knife, gas cold knife, solid cold knife, etc.). ); First aid equipment (defibrillation pacing equipment, artificial respiration machine, ultrasonic atomizer, etc.). ); Other therapeutic equipment (hyperbaric oxygen chamber, high-frequency electro-chromic instrument for ophthalmology, electromagnetic iron absorber, vitreous cutter, blood separator for adults, etc.). ). These all belong to special treatment equipment of various disciplines, and can be classified into one category separately when necessary. Third, auxiliary equipment can be divided into the following categories: disinfection and sterilization equipment, refrigeration equipment, central suction oxygen supply system, air conditioning equipment, pharmaceutical machinery equipment, blood bank equipment, medical data processing equipment, medical video photography equipment, etc. Medical devices in hospitals can be divided into three categories, namely, diagnosis and treatment, and the classification of necessary medical devices according to different requirements. Medical equipment. Diagnostic equipment can be divided into the following categories: physical diagnostic instruments (thermometer, sphygmomanometer, microscope, audiometer, various physiological recorders, etc. ), imaging instruments (X-ray machine, CT scan, magnetic vibration, B-ultrasound, etc. ), analytical instruments (all kinds of counters, biochemical and immunoassay instruments, etc. ), and electrophysiology (such as electrocardiograph, etc. (2) Treatment equipment can be divided into the following categories: general surgical instruments, photoconductive surgical instruments (fiberscope, laser therapy machine, etc. ); Auxiliary surgical instruments (such as anesthesia machines, ventilators, cardiopulmonary bypass, etc.). ); Radiotherapy machinery (such as deep X-ray therapy machine, cobalt 60 therapy machine, accelerator, gamma knife, various isotope therapy devices, etc.). ); Other categories (microwave, hyperbaric oxygen, etc. ). 3. The grade requirements of essential medical devices in hospitals can be divided into three categories: Class I, Class II and Class III. That is, the first category refers to medical devices that can ensure their safety and effectiveness through routine management; The second category refers to medical devices whose safety and effectiveness should be controlled; The third category refers to being implanted into the human body to support and maintain life; Medical devices that are potentially dangerous to the human body and whose safety and effectiveness must be strictly controlled. It is worth noting that if a medical device contains Class I and Class II, then the medical device is Class II. If a medical device contains two types and three types, then the medical device belongs to three types. By analogy, everyone can come to the same conclusion. With the development of electronic technology, all kinds of simple household medical equipment, such as thermometers, stethoscopes, sphygmomanometers, etc., have entered the market one after another. Medical equipment in a broad sense includes medical instruments and household medical equipment, while professional medical equipment does not include household medical equipment. It can be seen that they are closely related, but also an inclusive relationship, and subtle differences are not difficult to see. The repair, maintenance, installation and scrapping of large medical equipment is one of the main tasks of hospital equipment department, which is directly related to the safety of instrument use, the effectiveness of clinical medical equipment inspection and testing, and the coordination and continuity of medical work in the whole hospital. The basic point of system development and design is how to make use of limited manpower, material resources and limited resources, ensure the normal utilization rate of equipment while considering the cost performance, and realize a higher degree of independent maintenance, which is a very important topic. According to the particularity of medical equipment maintenance, this paper uses digital bar code coding and equipment self-numbering to archive the repaired and repaired equipment, and comprehensively counts the data of equipment maintenance, maintenance, installation and equipment scrap through computer. System design objectives The following describes the system from several characteristics of the system, focusing on providing a development idea, rather than a simple system. Intelligent A large-scale hospital equipment maintenance management system should not be a simple repetitive manual operation procedure, but a program with intelligent characteristics. The system includes several EOQ modules, and specially sets the alarm prompt for equipment maintenance. When a piece of equipment to be repaired is sent to the equipment department for repair, the computer will automatically remind it (according to the validity period of the equipment to be repaired) because the maintenance engineer fails to repair it in time, and the alarm is divided into three levels (and it is an audible and visual alarm). At ordinary times, when the system logs in to the interface, it adopts the server module mode and checks it every once in a while. If the maintenance equipment needs to be repaired, the system will remind the engineer to repair it in time through the sound and light alarm on the operation interface. The system provides modules such as equipment classification, equipment management, spare parts management, information management, report output, statistical analysis, etc., which can make statistical analysis of various maintenance indicators and display the statistical analysis results in the form of tables. Such as maintenance statistics of maintenance equipment, number of inspection sets of equipment, repair rate of equipment maintenance, repair rate of equipment maintenance, statistics of spare parts inventory, analysis of equipment scrap coefficient, etc. For the integrity and security of data, we use code to realize the automatic backup and recovery function of database, and the system administrator can also manually backup and restore data. Another technology is strict authorization mechanism, in which administrators assign different management rights according to the different responsibilities of engineers and operators. The stability computer system adopts Windows XP Advanced Server, which provides a high-performance client and server platform for engineers through background data collection. The data processing method using this system is quite simple, which can handle various display formats, print data reports and freely handle complex data and reports. Objective Medical equipment is an important symbol of modernization, the most basic element of medical treatment, scientific research, teaching research and teaching, and the basic condition for continuously improving the level of medical science and technology. The development of clinical disciplines depends largely on the development of instruments, and even plays a decisive role. Therefore, medical equipment has become an important field of modern medical care. Medical equipment refers to instruments, equipment, appliances, materials or other articles used for human body alone or in combination, including required software; Its effects on human body surface and in vivo are not obtained by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but these means may participate and play a certain auxiliary role; Its use aims to achieve the following expected purposes: (1) prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and rescue of diseases by medical equipment; Professional medical equipment (2) diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, mitigation and compensation of injury or disability; (3) research, substitution and adjustment of anatomical or physiological processes; (4) Pregnancy control. The technical requirement is that the power cannot be cut off in the hospital. Once the power is cut off, it may threaten the life safety of patients. Similarly, medical equipment cannot be powered off, so the specifications of medical equipment for power supply are very strict. Therefore, there are special specifications for the design of medical equipment batteries. China's demand for medical electronic products is higher than the global average-huge population base, rapidly increasing aging population and people's growing health awareness, as well as the promotion of national policies, medical informatization and technological revolution. The market demand for medical electronic products in China has maintained rapid growth. In addition, China began to implement the 12 five-year plan, in which the future development of medical devices has the following three goals: 1) accelerate the development of domestic medical device industry; 2) Implement a unified procurement system; 3) Domestic medical institutions should give priority to purchasing domestic medical equipment. With the gradual implementation of this medical reform plan, domestic medical device manufacturers have made all preparations to make full use of this rare development opportunity to develop a new generation of medical devices. In addition to meeting internationally recognized standards, other aspects such as basic performance and whether the power supply used meets the specifications are all important, because it will directly or indirectly affect the health of patients. However, if the power supply of electronic medical equipment related to patient care, clinical treatment, health monitoring or image scanning breaks down or other problems, the consequences will directly affect the health of patients, and even cause temporary or permanent harm to patients. Taking laboratory instruments or diagnostic equipment as an example, once the power supply fails, medical staff will not be able to make a correct diagnosis in time, and sometimes even have to do more tests, which will not only waste time, but also increase the mental burden of medical staff and patients. In addition, once the power supply of medical equipment fails, it will not be able to perform its basic functions, even if it does not immediately cause safety problems. Therefore, medical equipment developers should not only plug design loopholes in the product conception stage, but also continuously manage related risks throughout the product life cycle to avoid equipment failures. Development Prospects Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has entered a stage of rapid development. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, since 2000, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has maintained a rapid growth, from 992,654.38+0.5 billion yuan in 2000 to 3,979.83 billion yuan in 2065.438+00, with a compound annual growth rate of 65.438+0.90. From 2005 to 20 10, the total output value of medical device industry increased steadily year by year, with a compound growth rate of over 20%. With the development of medical science and bioengineering technology, the demand for high-end medical equipment such as MRI, CT, PET, gamma knife and other high-tech imaging equipment and radiotherapy equipment has surged. The reform of the medical and health system and the state's investment in the medical and health industry have also increased the demand for high-end equipment in primary hospitals. At present, the financing methods of hospital equipment introduction in China can be roughly divided into the following types: self-owned funds, bank loans, foreign government loans, financial allocations, enterprise investment and financial leasing. Among them, financial leasing is gradually recognized by hospitals because of its advantages of flexibility, quickness, large amount of financing and quick receipt of funds, and it is increasingly adopted in practice. In 20 10, the scale of financial leasing transactions in China was about 700 billion yuan, an increase of 89% over 2009. According to HCR (HC Research), the financial leasing of medical equipment is about 30 billion yuan. By the end of 20 10, there were 18 1 companies registered and operated nationwide, which was 17 more than in 2008. According to the Measures for the Administration of Financial Leasing Companies, the financial leasing business refers to a transaction in which the lessor purchases the leased property from the seller according to the lessee's choice of the seller and the leased property, provides it to the lessee for use, and collects the rent from the lessee. It is based on the condition that the lessor retains the ownership of the leased property and collects the rent, so that the lessee can obtain the right to possess, use and benefit the leased property during the lease contract. Financial leasing of medical equipment means that after the hospital determines the corresponding medical equipment and suppliers (manufacturers) and completes the examination and approval procedures for the introduction of relevant medical equipment, the leasing company purchases the selected medical equipment according to the requirements of the hospital and delivers it to the hospital for use. The hospital pays a certain rent in installments during the use period to obtain the right to use the equipment and the income. At the end of the lease period, the hospital can obtain the ownership of the equipment after paying a lower residual value of the equipment. According to the definition, during the financial leasing period, the hospital has the right to use and the right to benefit, while the leasing company owns the ownership of the equipment. At the end of the lease, the ownership belongs to the hospital. Financial leasing is widely used because it has incomparable advantages over other financing methods: its audit conditions are relatively relaxed, mainly to examine the scale and good operating conditions of hospitals; Long financing cycle, flexible business process and short operation time; The repayment period is relatively long and the repayment method is flexible; The contract is tight, the rights and obligations of both parties are clearly defined, and the legal risk is low. This method is suitable for large Chinese medicine hospitals that are in urgent need of equipment but lack of funds at the moment, which can make the hospital realize the rolling development of business scale in a short time. With the steady development of its business, both parties can gradually establish high credit and strategic cooperative relations; Leasing companies generally only require hospitals to provide regular information feedback, which does not affect the normal operation of hospitals. Because financial leasing mainly solves the capital needs of hospitals, there are also some shortcomings, which are mainly reflected in: the interest rate will change with the change of bank interest rate, and the lessor will charge more management service fees; The lessor neglected the responsibility and obligation of equipment quality, service and maintenance when concluding the contract, which brought risks to the hospital. These deficiencies are important factors for hospitals to choose financial leasing or other ways to introduce equipment, and it is precisely because of unclear responsibilities and obligations that many legal disputes have emerged in the process of financial leasing. At present, domestic hospitals mainly use direct leaseback, manufacturer leaseback and after-sale leaseback to raise funds and introduce equipment. Direct lease refers to the lease in which the lessor purchases equipment with its own funds or funds raised in the capital market and rents it directly to the lessee. Supplier leasing refers to the cooperation agreements signed by leasing companies with suppliers and agents to finance their customers. Suppliers and agents recommend customers, and leasing companies provide financial leasing services for their customers. Sale and leaseback is a process in which a hospital revitalizes its assets, transfers the ownership of existing equipment to a third party to obtain working capital, pays the rent during the lease period and redeems it at maturity. Financial leasing is the innovation of market allocation of resources, which opens up a better channel for capital allocation and realizes the innovation of investment mode and portfolio. The state and many local governments have issued corresponding policies to encourage and support multi-channel financing of financial leasing companies, and provide financial and tax policy support, incentives and subsidies for the development of financial leasing industry. With the encouragement and support of the policy, the form of financial leasing will surely solve the hospital's demand for equipment more effectively, thus promoting the development process of the medical and health industry. 80% of China's medical resources developed in China are concentrated in 20% of big cities, and the population is concentrated in big hospitals, which leads to a long waiting time for medical treatment and a shortage of hospital beds. Perfecting the community medical network, allowing minor illnesses to enter the community and serious illnesses to enter the hospital is one of the main means to solve the problem of difficult and expensive medical treatment in China. It is a reasonable way to allocate medical resources when a serious illness enters the hospital and a minor illness enters the community. Community medical institutions will become the main body of community health services such as preventive health care, basic medical care, health education and disease control. The community medical service in China is still in the primary stage. In 2009, the national community health service centers and service stations only accounted for 2.98% of the total number of health institutions, and their health technicians only accounted for 4.52% of the total number of health technicians. There is still much room for improvement in the human resources of community medical institutions. There is still a big gap between community medical institutions and large hospitals in terms of objective conditions such as facilities and diagnosis and treatment level. Some community medical institutions lack hardware, outdated equipment and even poor external environment, which affects residents' confidence in seeing a doctor. Many community medical institutions have single business and low technical level, and generally lack general practitioners and senior talents. Imported equipment 1. If it is a public institution hospital under the Health Bureau, it needs the approval of the higher health authorities. 2. Special equipment needs approval: Three ministries (Ministry of Health, National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of Finance) stipulate that the purchase of large medical equipment needs a configuration license, that is, it can only be purchased after approval. Class A large medical equipment must be approved by the Ministry of Health. Class B large medical equipment must be approved by the Provincial Health Department. 3. The ambulance must be approved by the provincial and municipal health authorities, otherwise the traffic control department will not give a license. 4. After the purchase is approved, it must be purchased according to the requirements of the local government, and the equipment with a price of more than 6,543,800 yuan must enter the bidding process. The import of Class A and Class B large-scale medical equipment must be invited by public bidding, and pass the electromechanical evaluation procedure. The operation and use of professional medical equipment requires professionals. Article 21 of document Wei Gui Cai Fa [2004] No.474, which has professional qualifications and holds the certificate of large-scale equipment, stipulates that "employees of large-scale medical equipment need to receive training and obtain corresponding work qualifications.