Taoist fairy songs (1)

"Top Secret" is a Taoist classic with a volume of 100. It is the first Taoist book in China, which was generally compiled by Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties (the other book was written in the third year of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty), including classics, saints, rituals, fasting, spells and other very comprehensive and rich contents. In particular, there are more than 180 characters in the collected ancient books, many of which are now lost and very precious. The twentieth volume is Fairy Songs, which is a collection of poems sung by immortals in the classics. They are compiled from Taoist classics and called "fairy songs". Their content is of course Taoist, and they are created to promote Taoism. They talk about "Taoist literature" in the traditional poetry genre of China. These fairy songs can be regarded as typical Taoist works. Later, in the Song Dynasty, a larger Taoist work, Seven Signs of Yunfu, expanded this kind of lyrics to more categories and compiled them into various categories, such as ode, song and poem. Later, in the Ming Dynasty, he collected orthodox Taoist scriptures. The "Fu" in Twelve Poems is pure poetic rhyme, and it has also been collected by Sankong Fu of Zhen Department, Chunzhang Fu of Xuan Department, Zhenzhang Fu of the Ministry, this article or other departments, with a considerable total. These works have been included in famous poetry collections, such as Feng Weiner's Ancient Poetry Season in Ming Dynasty, Ancient Poetry Yuan in Qing Dynasty, and Jin's Poems of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, etc. In this way, a large number of "fairy songs" can be regarded as typical religious poems, which are the unique integration of China's ancient poetry creation.

"Shangqingzhang" in Huang Ting Neijing (including Huang Ting Neijing and Huang Ting Waijing) said: "It is said that jade books can be studied intensively and can be sung 10,000 times in three days." (The Jade Classics of Tai Shang Huang Collected Taoist Scriptures, Volume V, Cultural Relics Publishing House, Shanghai Bookstore, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987 edition) There are three fairy songs in the jade chapter of Jade Qing Shangguan Jiuyang in Dong Yuan's Nine Classics, and it is also said that "Jiuhua herself and her daughters always sing in Guanghua, making friends in form and spirit, enlightening the spirit." In other words, reading these verses and lyrics, like guarding the heart, taking pills, wearing symbols, bathing and fasting, is a means of devotional practice and a ladder to metaphysics. According to "The Supreme Secret Record", these works are "entertaining themselves" sung by immortals, while "Song of Eternal Sorrow" can "make people's souls harmonious, the five gods harmonious and all evils invulnerable". This means that these songs have certain entertainment functions. Taoist ceremonies were originally mixed with dance and music, and fairy songs were also used in the ceremonies. This makes their production and application have important significance and status. However, from the perspective of literary creation, there are not many excellent chapters with high artistic value that are really full of emotion, but on the other hand, they have a considerable impact on ancient and modern literary creation. The direct influence, such as "step function words", "poems about immortals" and immortal works written by many ancient writers, can be used for reference in genre, content, writing techniques and rhetorical vocabulary. The obvious examples are the modern poems of "Three Caos", Guo Pu, Li Bai, Li Shangyin and Gong Zizhen. From the perspective of expansion, the creation of ancient novels and operas, from the strange tales in the Six Dynasties to the Taoist fairy plays in the Yuan Dynasty, also generally accepted its certain influence.

Taoism is the state religion of China. China has a long and rich tradition of poetry creation. Since ancient times, dance music has been widely used in traditional sacrificial ceremonies in China. In addition, the formation and development of Taoism are influenced by foreign Buddhism, and poetry and fu are widely used in Buddhist classics. In this way, rhymes such as ballads, proverbs and formulas have been widely used in Taiping Jing, the basic classic of early Taoism, such as Le Mo An Cheng, which makes life like the Queen Mother of the West. If the four seasons are reversed, the 90-word strategy will be passed on to the alchemist "(Wang Ming's Taiping Economic Cooperative School, Volume 38) and so on. Huang Tingjing and Zhouyi Shentongqi (written by Wei Boyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty and modified by later generations, they are early single crystals), which have been widely circulated since the Jin Dynasty, are basic Taoist classics. The former is a seven-character poem, while the latter is composed of four-character, five-character, Sao-style and prose poems. These two classics are all about teaching, not poetry. Speaking verse in class is not equal to poetry. Teachers often cite classics such as Taoism and Tang Tou Qu. However, some classical rhymes and lyrics sung by the immortals in Day Care's mouth, such as Qing Jing, Biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Letters Patent, are quite poetic, and their writing techniques and language are also very particular, which can be regarded as typical fairy-themed poems, that is, fairy songs.

Huang San Jing is an early classic. The supreme secret, volume 20 years, and chapter 15 of Yin Ge Yang Ge. Chen Yu Avenue's command of Tai Su Real Man, Chinese Childe and Taixu * * * Highway sings the truth of the eight elements, which can make people's spirit happy, the five gods harmonious and all evils invulnerable, which is really too high. The beauty of this song is the nine chapters of Tai Chi Yang Gong Ge, which is based on the way of nine mornings. There are six chapters in Song Yin that benefit from the essence of six qi. The singer will unite the three gods, and the person with the three gods will be unlucky. "This also emphasizes the significance of these songs for religious practice.

On the whole, however, the poetry works in Taoist classics are novel in language and obscure in content. The following examples are more fluent and easy to understand, and the images described are more realistic, such as a poem in the Huang San Classic (due to its obscure content, this article is slightly annotated when quoting):

Travel east to Peng Yue (Penglai Mountain, one of the Three Immortal Mountains on the sea) and west to Jiuhe (Yinhe) Tianjinwei. Feitian Brahma (Feitian Brahma; "Brahma" is the abbreviation transliteration of Sanskrit "Brahma", which means purity. It often appears in Buddhist and Taoist classics in China to express the mysterious meaning of religion. Living in the forest, why not worry for a long time? Go to the island in the north and the Denglin market in the south (a hill covered with trees). Re-sprouting (vegetation is full of new green) leads the young birds by Yihe and Zhu Feng (Suzaku, fairy bird, one of the "Four Spirits"). Now that we have forgotten the promise of glory, why not cherish Xianju? Yin Ge (the fairy song in the Huang San Classic) is sad and sings, satirizing the fairy above. Wandering Yue Feng rose to the sky (soaring in the sky). Singing octaves (music played by eight different instruments such as gold, stone, silk, bamboo, silk, earth, leather and wood) stops, and the melody rises with the wind. Wandering in the Qing forest, immortals and sages carry each other. Su Qing's eight-tone chanting, clear style Huangling (the music of the Emperor of Heaven). In the idle night, I lament, and two tones are ringing. Weaver girl spits out and sings, feeling sad and thinking about life. If you are not Gao Xian, how can you protect Gao Xian?

There are descriptions of visiting fairyland, descriptions of fairyland scenery, caves all over the ground, magnificent buildings and jade gardens, and immortals live a carefree life. The whole style is like a poem about immortals later. However, there are not many such relatively popular chapters in Taoist classics.

For another example, the legendary horse (horse) is a Linzi native, a county magistrate, and was injured by a thief. Taoist Lai was cured by magic medicine, so he gave up his post to worship Taoist as a teacher and worked hard to practice Buddhism. He got the "Shen Dan Jing of Taiqing" and ascended to heaven during the day. Today's biography of Two Poems Written by Mrs. Taizhen to A?vagho?a should be written by Jin people. In front of it is a long preface, which records that "the youngest daughter of the queen mother, Mrs. Taizhen, is sixteen or seventeen years old, graceful and graceful, and her words are full of enthusiasm." When she came into this world, Ma Mingsheng followed her for five years. Her wife stayed in the world for a long time and was ordered by the king to be scolded too much. She doesn't need to stop any more. She is reading Biography of Ming Sheng. Because it is stipulated in the celestial world that beginners can't be taught, I introduced him to Mr. An Qi, who can make an alchemist and make people ascend to heaven in the daytime. The next day, Mr. Angie came to see his wife. He was very respectful. He said he was an official, having a meal for a while and a banquet for a long time. His wife asked Ming Sheng to go with him and gave him two five-character poems. Giving up crying is the way for teacher Angie to give nine pills. The first poem wrote:

I temporarily stayed in the city (where the Queen Mother of the West lives) and ordered me to open Daishan (Mount Tai). Yang Zhan is too clear (where the immortals live), and the cloud floor is gloomy and rugged. There are real people in the void, people come and go. Shape refining protects nature, and the pitch is peaceful (absorbing energy). Nine days later, Wang Guan returned to Xihua (female Xianju). Vaginal fluid can soar, breathe and nourish teeth (spiritual vitality). Good medicine is not a stone, but a natural song. Ling xiaojing up and down, feathers dancing. Wuyue is not a concubine room, Xuan is my home. At first glance, Rong (a man who pursues wealth and prosperity) is as good as a frog. Looking back, there are worries in the dust. If you don't understand the wonderful purpose, you should be content to ponder. Misfortune (disaster) leaks from the road (avenue), and it is dense and blessed.

The above is another Taoist classic Biography similar to Ma. It is also recorded in the biography that Mr. Ma, accompanied by Mr. An Qi, was influenced by the pure gold liquid. Later, he ascended to heaven during the day and left, and wrote three poems to show his future. He has been in Hanguanghe for three years (180). One is:

Taihe lived together for a long time and died a natural death. Like the dew in the morning (drying and evaporating), I suddenly fell asleep. What you have learned from life, what you have suffered is Mo Jing. I will find a real person, and I will reveal the beauty of the scenery. Wandering around Hannah Quinlivan Palace, mystery can gallop. Juanzi (a fairy) led me to swim, so I really came to see the province. In front of the Queen Mother, she returned to Zhong (Fairy Mountain in the northwest of Kunlun) at night. Pick up Qiong Yao (the flower of beautiful jade) and wash down the well of beautiful jade (jade liquid, fairy medicine). A thousand years is still a flash, and a thousand years is like electricity (billions of years, twelve years is a cycle).

The legend about horses is a vivid fairy tale, which adds interest to fairy songs like poems and carols. The poem is also beautifully written, magnificent, vivid and touching.

Later immortal songs have various forms, reflecting richer creative intentions. For example, there is a stone drum song written by a fairy in the Seven Signs of Yunfu:

The Story of Jinjingshan (Ningdu) says: Mars, the female name of Mang Zhang in the Han Dynasty, has a strange light on her face, but she doesn't look in the mirror, but looks like a mirror. When Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, heard about its heterogeneity, he led the troops to recruit himself. At the age of fifteen, when she heard that Rui was coming, she climbed the mountain and lay on her back, her hair covered under the stone drum. People called her death. When the mang wife and Rui messenger were watching, they suddenly saw Ziyun rising, so they lost their position as daughters and left songs on the stone drum. Song Yue:

Stone drum, stone drum, sad for the earth, self-observation, people's livelihood is really bitter. Sad for the world, eager for me. I can't insult you. Wang Wei can't take away my ambition. There are bears and phoenixes, singing and dancing. Han, stay away from the noise. The son of the world is like me. Come for a while, and the goods will be fine. Mom and dad, don't hurt me.

There is a note under the cloud: "So far, the stone drum is black and straight down, and there are women with drooping hair, and the time is called Zhang Nvfa." This is a legendary fairy story, but it has the content of resisting power and caring for the people, expressing simplicity and sincerity, and its style is similar to that of folk Yuefu. Another example is "Elegy of Wu Yijun":

Wu Yijun is a local official, according to the Story of Wuyishan written by Lu Hung-chien, a prince's literature. According to legend, on August 15 every year, people in the National Assembly Village set up a curtain pavilion on Wuyi Mountain to transform Hongqiao into a mountain. In the past, all the villagers were Japanese, three were Tai Chi Jade Emperor, Tai Lao Wei Zhenren and Wu Yijun. In the air, the villagers are called great-grandchildren. If you are a man or a woman, you are ordered to play and drink so that the singer Peng can sing a sad song on the earth. The word says:

Meet heaven and earth. When the sun goes down, the birds fly home. After a hundred years of hard work, it backfired, and the heavenly palace was close at hand, and I hated it.

This is the aria of Juxian Ji, four sentences of Long song, lamenting life, which is sad and touching, and also reflects deep affection.

Fairy songs in the biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

The Biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a mature masterpiece in the Biography of Immortals and a basic classic of Shangqing Taoism. It interprets the magical and gorgeous legend that the Queen Mother of the West came to the court of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The main plot is divided into two parts: the first part describes that the Queen Mother of the West came to the court of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and taught him "important words". The second part continues to describe that the Queen Mother of the West invited Mrs. Shang Zhen to teach Emperor Wu. The Queen Mother gave the True Map of Five Mountains to Emperor Wu, and Mrs. Shang Zhen ordered Qing Zhen to teach her children to fly. The queen mother ordered the maid to pick up the song, and Mingdan and the queen mother rode away together. At this point, the arrival story ended and turned to "historical" narrative, indicating that the nature of the war of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will remain unchanged until death, and the Queen Mother and Shangyuan will never come again, so it is impossible to seek immortality. Through the story of the arrival of the Queen Mother of the West, the immortal thoughts of Shangqing School, such as ignoring the elixir, advocating pure cultivation and inaction, and being indifferent to inaction, were promoted, which reflected the innovative trend of Taoist development. Among them, the description of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's quest for immortals objectively exposed the cruelty of autocratic emperors and the ignorance of seeking immortals, reflected the criticism with considerable ideological depth, and reflected the trend of Taoist belief in immortals leaning towards lower intellectuals and the public.

It turns out that in Historical Records and other historical books, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent alchemists to serve his immortal activities with respect for the emperor. But in the biography, he is no longer a talented and powerful monarch, but a "servant" in front of the "saint" queen mother. He blamed himself for being a clown's humble life, rotting body and bones, and "died of drilling his back" to himself. In contrast, the Queen Mother of the West and Mrs. Shangyuan are extremely distinguished: they are luxuriously dressed, their servants are like clouds, and the arrival scene is extremely grand and spectacular; Especially in the face of the peaceful posture of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, they showed their supreme authority incisively and vividly with the tone of exegetical. The story ends with the fact that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally failed to get rid of lewdness and cruelty, and the activity of seeking immortality failed, which shows that immortality has nothing to do with the power and status in the world, and the "violence, extravagance, lewdness, coolness and greed" of the rulers of this world has become an insurmountable obstacle to their cultivation. In this way, the story of the interior is ups and downs, with magnificent scenes, distinctive characters, gorgeous words and rich colors, reaching a very high artistic level, which can be called a masterpiece of popular mystery novels at that time. There are several exquisite and vivid fairy songs in Biography. As far as the structure of writing is concerned, with these fairy songs, the whole writing becomes the style of verse prose, which also helps to enhance the interest of the works and strengthen the artistic rendering effect; As far as the content development of the work is concerned, it is a supplement to the expression of prose. Later, these chapters were often selected and edited in Taoist books and general poetry collections.

It is worth noting that during the Six Dynasties, many fairy arrival stories appeared, such as with the Weaver Girl in Yong Dong, with the Jade Girl in the Heaven in Joan and Fairy Dynasty, and with the Durant Girl in Zhang Shuo. Most of these fairies are written as daughters or handmaids of the Queen Mother of the West. In these stories, most of them are stories taught by immortals such as feeding and giving poems. The Story of the Inland also uses the same plot, which shows that it objectively reflects the overall trend of the development and prosperity of the belief in the fairy in Taoism, just like those stories about the arrival of the fairy.

In the first half of Biography, it is written that the Queen Mother of the West descended to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, gave her food and took peaches, four with Emperor Wu and four for herself. Later, she sat on the wine and counted, and the queen mother ordered the maids to play music:

The Queen Mother ordered the servant girl Prince to play eight pillars, Dong Shuangcheng to blow the cloud, Shi Gongzi to play the bell, drum Lingquan, Ruan to play the five lingshi, Fan to play the chin in Dongting, and Duan Cary was the nine heavenly kings, so his voice was loud and loud. And life maid Anfa baby Song Yuan Song Ling, word yue:

Although the elephant (referring to the universe) is vast, I live in different places. Flying clouds and sinking spirits (the car of the gods) suddenly fit for the soil. Empty (sky) becomes vowel (mysterious music), and the soul cannot be refined (referring to unadorned tunes). It's too real (primitive chaotic qi) to know the hardships by singing in the boos. Benefiting the spirit (maintaining the spirit) is in the three fields (the upper abdomen is between the eyebrows, the middle abdomen is in the heart, and the lower abdomen is under the navel), and the essence is under the six (faces). So I rode in Wanlong (a dragon-driven car) and galloped through nine fields.

The second song says:

Pu Yuan (the top of Kunlun Mountain) stops at Beitai, and five cities (there are five cities on Kunlun Mountain) are prosperous. Tianjin has no end, and the Weaver Girl River is everywhere. Ascend to the crimson court (heaven) and descend to the moon cave (the legendary home of the moon). Looking far away (in all directions) means attracting nine days (above nine days). Suddenly, I don't feel tired, even less and less. Zhang Fu (the name of the musical instrument) directs all the daughters, and her hair feels neutral. Beautiful and natural music, therefore, Yun Xuan's songs. Shaoyun is full (Shaole means smooth music, which means beautiful music), and its true voice is naive.

At the end of the Song Dynasty, Nai Di kowtowed to Chen, saying, "I have been thoroughly influenced by my quality and talent, and I have degenerated into vulgarity and Zen, so I am tired of the world ..."

This is a real fairy song, sung by two goddesses. The first song, with the tone of the Queen Mother of the West and accompanied by Ling and music, sang the magic of her coming to the world, saved the suffering of the world and taught the soul to rest in peace; The latter one depicts the wonderland of Kunlun: the mountains are high and the water is long, the sky is on the ground, and the wonderful music of nature has been playing for a long time, which makes people yearn for it infinitely. Comparing the background of describing Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in a narrow and muddy world in Biographical Literature, this is an ideal realm beyond the constraints of time and space.

The second half of Empresses in the Palace describes the arrival of Mrs Shang Yuan, the banquet is full of wine, and the words are rude. Mrs. Shangyuan played Yunlin's music, which sounded terrible, with crisp voice and beautiful wind. That's what the Song of Yuan Bu said:

In the past, I set foot on Zhen Xuan Road (Xiandao) and strode off the stage (at high altitude). I built the Tianguan (Tianmen) with my bookcase on my back, and asked the Taishang Laojun (Taishang Laojun) for help. Suddenly passing through Ziweiyuan (star name, 15 star, where the Great Emperor is located), real people (immortals) are listed as hemp. The green scenery is soaring, and the clouds cover Jupa (red flower). Lan Palace (the palace built by Mulan) is open to the forest (the palace built by Meiyu), and the blue sky is open to the sand (the same as Qiong and Meiyu). Dan Tai's structure is empty, giving birth to brilliance. Feifeng is in the air (the palace is empty with Feifeng; Candle dragon (the name of God) leans on the snake. Jade fetus comes from Ganoderma lucidum, with nine colors mixed (prosperous face). The Book of Changes (the inner god) practices immortal bones and robs Fang Tong's teeth. Who said that life will end, Fusang will not check (Fusang tree will live forever).

The queen ordered the maid Tian Sifei to pick up the song:

In the morning, I went to Taixia Palace (Tianxian Palace) to enjoy the Eight Magnolia. In the evening, I entered Xuanyuan Que, and I picked the core (core), which is a beautiful stone. Zu Zu Mugua River (Galaxy), Weaver Li Jinpan (Riverside). Breathing in Jing Yun (Xiangyun) is a good meal. I'm very happy. I'm going to Danny. Sweating in the morning (boundless sky), Chen Yuan (star name, Shu Tian, Beichen). Going to the Tao is different, as safe as the body. The second instrument (the sun and the moon) still exists, and it is doubtful that hundreds of millions of Toona sinensis trees (Toona sinensis trees that have grown for 10 thousand years) will still exist. Don't tell the world it's hard to say it.

These two songs praise the beautiful heavenly palace and immortal gods, with fantastic ideas and clever words, and the scenes are quite vivid and vivid. The style of writing such as biography is different from that of Buddhist scriptures: the fu in Buddhist scriptures basically repeats the content described in previous prose, and it is mainly reasonable; This kind of fairy song in Biography, with prose narration, is more like an independent poem, and basically adopts the description and expression method of lyric poetry. From the perspective of writing skills, this rhyming and dissonant form strengthens the narrative effect of prose, causes the ups and downs of the overall structure of the work, and adds another charm to the work. In addition, this kind of fairy song uses many so-called "fairy tales" and "fairy tales". This is the need to render mysterious and bizarre effects, which will certainly cause some difficulties in understanding the content, but it does help to form mysterious style characteristics. As a distinctive language and means of expression, it is also an artistic innovation, which provides valuable creative resources for future generations.

(Author: Nankai University College of Literature)

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Collection, Travel and Reading in Shanghai Library

Stories of Shanghai Library mainly focus on the stories of late Qing Dynasty and modern times collected by Shanghai Library, with 268 kinds of documents/kloc-0. According to the date of birth of the persons involved, those with the same date of birth are sorted by surname, and those with unknown date of birth are sorted by date of death. Copies of the full text, each document is preceded by a short text description, including a summary of the content and a brief introduction of the characters. There is an index of names and titles in the front of this book. The content of the post itself is very rich, including an obituary and a volume of publications, including statements, mourning, condolences, obituaries, elegies, poems and so on. There are exquisite portraits, ink, wills, life photos, funeral photos, elephant praises, inscriptions, commemorative articles, poems and so on. Most of the people involved were celebrities from all walks of life in the late Qing Dynasty and modern times, such as Lin Zexu, Xu Naichang, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Ma, Sheng Xuanhuai, Harbin, Lu Xun, and some ordinary people. The documents in this book are very precious, and many precious materials have been preserved. The value of literature can not be ignored, which is conducive to the in-depth study of modern historical figures and etiquette culture in academic circles; Many famous people's inscriptions also have high artistic value of calligraphy.

Collection and Collection of Shanghai Library (90 volumes), hardcover 16, published by Phoenix Publishing House on February 20 18, priced at 39,000 yuan.