Basic knowledge of SLR photography

What are the advantages of answering the fuselage motors one by one? What is the difference between a machine with a body motor and a machine without a body motor? What's the difference between using it = = > The current SLR should have no body motor.

The motors are all integrated on the lens, and the fuselage only provides the signal of focus drive. This can be ignored.

How to choose a lens? For example, I want to shoot something far away, for example, I want to shoot craters on the moon. What kind of lens do I want? = = = = = & gt； This is a long focal length lens. That is, a lens that can enlarge the distant scene.

This is what the reporters next to the stadium use. But this kind is more expensive.

A few thousand pieces are cheap, and 50 thousand pieces are expensive. There are lens parameters on the lenses: 18-5520-200. What do these mean = = > the focal length of the lens. 18-55 means that you can zoom from the focal length of 18mm (rotate the zoom ring on the lens by hand) to 55 mm The smaller the focal length, the wider the range of scenery you can shoot.

Such as landscape photos. The larger the focal length, the smaller the shooting range, which is equivalent to bringing the distant scene closer.

What is an image processor = = > converting optical signals into digital signals. You can not think about it.

Each family is half a catty. What is the number of focal points? Is this the more the better? = = = > focusing means that the camera drives the lens to focus, so that the image at the focus is clear.

For example, if you shoot people, you should focus on the face. If the focus is not right, people will be shot empty, but the background behind them is very clear, which is funny.

Theoretically, the more the better. But high-precision focusing often only accounts for a small part.

Take this as a reference. What is the sensitivity and how to use it? The higher the sensitivity, the better = = > Set it through the camera menu.

The higher the sensitivity, the more sensitive the camera is to light. In other words, low sensitivity is generally used outdoors during the day, and high sensitivity is used when it is dark or indoor light is not good.

But the price is that the higher the sensitivity, the stronger the graininess of the photo and the more blurred it is. There are many contrast photos with different sensitivities on the Internet. You can have a look.

I want to buy a SLR camera, but I don't know what these numbers mean or how to choose. I should be a beginner and I don't know how to choose. It's too complicated to see what's in Baidu library. Many of them are technical terms, which I can't understand. Can you explain it to me in vernacular? = = = = = = & gt； If people around you have a camera, you'd better take a simple look at it yourself. It's no use if you don't read many books.

2. What is the basic knowledge of SLR cameras?

18 notes for beginners of digital SLR cameras 1. The photos taken with wide-angle lens have black corners, mainly because the flash coverage of wide-angle lens does not match the field of view.

Most of the flash coverage of the old flash can only be matched with a small wide-angle lens of 35mm. The field of view of the 28mm wide-angle lens is larger than that of the 35mm lens by 12 degrees, so the picture appears black due to insufficient light. There are two ways to prevent it. One is to add a diffuser to the light, so that the flash can become scattered light and expand the coverage. The second is to cover the lamp holder with white gauze to scatter the light, so that the whole picture receives light evenly.

2. The picture is blurred. After troubleshooting the camera, hand shake and other reasons, it is necessary to check whether the lens is dusty or stained. Don't blow with your mouth or wipe with a towel in this situation.

Blow the balloon to blow off the dust on the lens, then brush off the debris with a lens brush, and finally wipe it with lens paper to make the lens as bright as new. If there are still sweat stains, fingerprints and oil stains, they should be sent to the camera repair shop to be carefully removed with lens cleaning solution.

3. There are two possibilities: fuzzy subject and clear background. First, when the manual focusing camera focuses, the focus is not on the subject or after the subject is focused, it moves in the composition and does not refocus, so that the subject is not within the depth of field; Second, when using an autofocus camera, the focus is not "locked" by pressing the shutter and then re-composing, so that the focus drifts to other parts of the composition. 4, the first few rows of photos are clear, and the last few rows are blurred. In order to ensure that everyone's image is clear, three points must be achieved: First, selective focusing.

Five rows of people take a group photo and choose the focus of the second row; Seven rows of people take a group photo, and choose the third row to focus. Second, the aperture should not be set too large, and f4-8 is generally suitable to ensure sufficient depth of field.

Third, the shutter speed should not be lower than 1/60 seconds, lest someone turn his head and blur the image. 5. There are two main reasons why the film is not exposed: First, the lens cover is forgotten when the paraxial camera is shooting, and the scene in the viewfinder is very clear, but the imaging light does not enter the lens, and the film is not sensitive.

Second, 135 manual film winding of SLR camera is not in place, and the film axis of the cassette is not paid attention to during film winding. Due to the slide of the film head, when the film winding handle is moved, although the shutter has been wound, the counter counts as usual, but the film does not move in the cassette. Although the counter shows that 36 shots have been taken, none of them are actually photosensitive.

6. There are two main reasons for shadows in the four corners of the photo: First, the focal length of the hood and the lens does not match. A wide-angle lens with a focal length of 28mm uses a 50mm standard hood, which will block light from entering the lens.

Because the field of vision of the pan-tilt is 47 degrees, and the field of vision of the 28mm wide-angle lens is 75 degrees. Second, when shooting with a 28mm wide-angle lens, a UV lens has been worn on the lens. If you wear a polarizer again, because the polarizer is composed of two pieces of glass with a thick frame, adding it to the frame of the UV lens will inevitably block the light from entering the lens and make the four corners of the photo black.

If you need a polarizer when shooting with a wide-angle lens, you must first remove the UV lens and then install the polarizer, so that the picture can receive light evenly. 7, the color is dead white or dark black, lacking the shadow level. No matter whether the photo is black and white or color, only when the exposure is accurate can bright colors and rich layers be obtained.

White photos are overexposed; Dark photos are underexposed. Built-in metering system, designed according to the medium gray reflectivity of 18%, can accurately expose most scenes and restore colors. However, when encountering some special light or scenes, it needs to be corrected on the basis of photometry.

If you don't increase the exposure of 1.5-2 when shooting snow scenes, the snow will turn gray; If the exposure of 1.5-2 is not reduced, the black coal will turn dark gray. Because even the most advanced camera has no thinking function, it will only treat all the scenery with medium gray tone with reflectivity of 18%.

8. The photos taken with electronic flash are still underexposed for two reasons: First, the aperture setting is too small. The flash speed of the flash is generally above11000 seconds, and the shutter has lost its light control function, mainly relying on the aperture size to control the exposure.

If you take a picture with a flash and there is no automatic shift, you must first calculate the aperture coefficient. Second, the flash power is insufficient.

The newly bought flash lamp has to be charged and discharged for more than ten times to make the capacitor in the lamp active before it can be officially used. The old flashlight charging signal lamp only has 70% power, and it can be fully charged in 10 second under normal use.

9. Half of the photos taken by a SLR camera with a flash are black shadows. This is because the curtain shutter of SLR camera is not synchronized with the flash. SLR cameras take pictures with flash, so pay attention to the synchronization of the flash (the speed of each camera is different).

10, the background of the portrait photo is clear and gorgeous, and the face of the character is dark. First, the average photometry is used when shooting against the light, and the face of the person is not filled with light; Second, the background is bright (snow, desert, beach), and the data recommended by internal photometry is used for exposure. The background exposure is moderate and the characters are underexposed. There are three ways to solve this problem: one is to fill characters with flash; The second is to add 1-2 exposure on the basis of photometry; The third is to get close to people and measure the light on the face. After "locking" exposure (using the photometric memory button or changing to manual exposure), return to the original position for composition, focusing and shooting.

1 1, group photo, no one around. There are two situations. First, the head-up camera ignores parallax when shooting, and the picture is too full; Second, although there is no parallax when using a SLR camera, there is no space around the picture. When printing, some pictures are crushed around, and the color enlarger only prints about 95% of the negative. So no matter what camera you use, you should leave some room for composition.

Don't let the characters stand on top, fill the picture. 12, the photo has scratches. If there are scratches on the negative, it may be caused by two things.

First, the old cassette used in the large-scale sub-packaging roll was polluted, and sand was caught in the flannel at the film outlet, which scratched the film; Second, the flat plate on the back of the camera has burrs, and the film is scratched by the film. Before using the subcontracted roll, it is best to take the film head back into the film box, carefully clean the flannel at the film mouth with a blowing balloon and a brush, and then take the film head out for later use.

If the camera platen has burrs, carefully grind them off with a small piece of No.0 sandpaper (be careful not to scratch the paint film on the platen). 13, the tone of the whole photo is blue, which is caused by the high color temperature.

On cloudy or thin clouds, the color temperature of natural light is as high as 7000-.

3. What is the introductory knowledge of SLR photography?

1, Still Life, Flowers, Birds, Fish and Insects, File A, Aperture F5.

More than 6, as large as possible, with a focal length of more than 50. Being too close to the subject will blur the background. The light intensity is iso 100 and within iso400.

Light mode, center or spot metering, pay attention to focus, use center and contrast composition (leave space around), lower the plane position, squat or raise your head. The picture is too dark +0.

7EV exposure compensation. 2. Shoot people in files A and M. ..

If you take a close-up of a person: refer to a still life with moderate sharpness, pay attention to focusing on the eyes or key parts, and make a composition in the center; If you shoot a person with a scene, the middle aperture is F8, the focal length is widest, the composition is three points, and the golden section is the golden section. Iso 100 should be as low as possible and adopt the original format. Pay attention to the correct exposure of the face. Due to insufficient tolerance, other parts are too dark and overexposed, and the curve can be pulled back later.

Characters should wear different colors from the background. Action posture: headache, toothache, stomachache, leg pain, looking up at the sky and overlooking the ground, lonely back, stretching and jumping, etc. You can use the props around you.

3. shoot a and m files. Iso 100 in sunny days, F8 1/200 or so, iso400 in cloudy days, one-step overall metering.

Wide angle (distortion), realistic medium focus, and fuzzy cutting space of telephoto. Pay attention to the safety shutter.

This paper introduces several filters: UV (ultraviolet filter) to protect lens coating; CPL (polarizer) can add color and eliminate the reflection on the surface of glass water; ND (medium gray density mirror) can reduce the amount of light entering, delay and beat the water artifact; GND (Medium Gray Gradient Filter) is used to gradually change the colors of the sky in the early stage, including blue, orange, green and gray. If the light ratio is too large (the sky is too bright and the scene is too dark), ensure the normal exposure of the scene, and cover the sky part of the lens with black cardboard for a period of time to reduce the amount of light entering.

4. shoot m files at night. Install the tripod to iso 100, otherwise it will be within iso 1600. Customize white balance or incandescent lamp, and turn on noise reduction and raw format.

Small aperture above 1 and F8 (such as F 1 1) will make the light appear starlight, so pay attention to the safety shutter. 2. Clean the scene: extend the exposure time (for example, F22, iso 100, shutter 10-30 seconds), pedestrians can disappear from the picture without leaving any trace, and the reflector is lifted in advance to reduce the vibration of the machine, so as to cover the safety shutter and avoid the influence of stray light behind.

The same is true of moving cars and railway tracks. 3. Spot shooting: maximum aperture, farthest focal length, facing the scattered light source, manually focusing to screw out the spot, or focusing on the nearest foreground.

5, night image M, night image file. The principle is to collect two exposures (a flash to catch people and a flash to capture the background).

On the tripod, or stable adjustment, automatic white balance, iso400 or so. Male: F2.

8-8, slow synchronous flash, Hou Lian flash mode. Portrait file at night: parameters need not be adjusted.

At this time, the flash will flash twice, press the shutter to flash once, and then flash again before the exposure is over, so people should not leave and shake halfway. You can make the characters clear, the neon background is beautiful, and it is not black.

6. Catch-up, zoom, rotary focus Catch-up: T range, shutter 1/30 or so. Press the shutter when focusing, and the lens moves behind the vehicle at a proper speed (tripod is easy to control the direction), which can create a dynamic vehicle effect. So do people in sports.

The intensity of light determines the size of iso. Zoom: T range, shutter 1/30 or so (with zoom lens), focus first, press the shutter and twist the zoom ring instantly, that is, stretch the lens (keep the arm stable during the process), which can shoot radial zoom and light stretching effects.

The upper bracket can delay the coke pulling action. If the small aperture cooperates with the shutter to twist at a constant speed for 2 seconds, a more delicate and changeable effect can be achieved. Focus: T range, shutter is about 1/30. Focus first, press the shutter instantly, take the lens center as the axis (Z axis), and shake the fuselage at a small angle (in the XY plane), keeping the fuselage stable during the process, and you can shoot the radial rotation effect.

It is usually used in scenes where small objects are in the center and the surroundings are messy. 7, shoot the running water or fountain T file.

Fountain: shutter 1/200 is enough to solidify water droplets. Appropriate aperture, pay attention to focus.

Running water: the top frame, iso 100, shutter 1/50 or so, can shoot silk feeling. If it is dark at dusk, F 16 and shutter 2- 10 seconds can make silk feel more delicate.

It is better to use ND filter. Pay attention to the composition and plane position, and the foreground should be complete.

8. Take the M file of fireworks, and use the cable, tripod, F8, B and B shutter: hold down the shutter from the moment the fireworks fly, and then release it after it blooms and falls. In the gap between two fireworks, cover the lens with blackboard paper, and you can shoot the effect of overlapping multiple fireworks.

Rotate the fuselage angle horizontally, and you can shoot a whole row of spectacular fireworks. 9. Bird-shooting and Moon-shooting: First gear, iso 100, telephoto lens (focal length above 200), maximum aperture, if the high-end machine can focus, set continuous autofocus and put continuous shooting.

If the machine is normal, wait patiently on the tripod, focus on the position where the bird may fall in advance, then switch to manual focus, cancel the raw format (due to the speed limit of SD card reading and writing), and play continuous shooting. Shooting the moon: M-gear, tripod, iso 100, telephoto lens (focal length above 300), F8- 10, shutter is adjusted according to the darkness at night, and it is best to take pictures on LCD screen and enlarge manually.

10, water droplets and smoke droplets: m, iso 100, F8, shutter 1/200, wireless flasher, external flasher (index 1/8 or so). The plane is close to the water surface, the container and background should be clean, fixed above the dropper or water bottle, lit with a pencil, and then switched to manual focusing after automatic focusing. The effect of flashing lights placed directly above, behind and directly behind is different.

Master the rhythm of dripping water and play continuous shooting. Try more patience.

Smoke: Set the same water droplets. Dark background, flash behind the side, focusing in the same way as shooting water droplets.

4. What are the basic knowledge of photography?

Photography is basically divided into three parts: point, line and surface. Point refers to focus, line refers to line, and surface refers to composition in shooting!

concentrate

Visual center focus. Generally refers to the central focus that can reflect the theme of the picture. For example, a running deer, a child standing in a stream of people, etc. This is called the focus of the video center. There can be one or more. Multiple ones can set off each other, and the key points are different.

Focusing means that the subject is clear. Generally, manual cameras need to manually twist the focus ring to accurately focus on the theme realization information, while automatic focus cameras focus by pressing the shutter for half a beat.

line

In online classification, different types have different functions. We can divide lines into three categories: horizontal, diagonal and curve. And there are countless things in this form in life. Curved roads and straight trunks can all be regarded as "lines" in photography.

composition

It refers to the use of visual features to organically reproduce the objects in the three-dimensional space environment in real life in the two-dimensional space defined by corners, which plays the role of highlighting the subject, attracting attention, simplifying clutter and giving people a balanced and harmonious picture, and conveys and explains more information through the picture structure, reflecting the author's understanding and feelings about a thing.

5. What are the basic knowledge of photography?

The basic principles and techniques of photography have been integrated into its historical development. Optical theory, color theory, etc., combined with the introduction of camera function, are discussed with comparative and illustrative photo examples. What are the basic knowledge of photography that I will share with you?

What is "depth of field"?

A: The range of clear imaging before and after focusing is called "depth of field".

If you narrow the lens aperture (increase the F value), the range of clear imaging after focusing will be large, and the photos will not be blurred easily. This state is called "large depth of field". On the other hand, if you open the lens aperture (lower the F value), the focus range will be narrow and the background will be blurred easily. This state is called "shallow depth of field". Because the depth of field has a great influence on shooting, we must realize its importance when shooting.

The depth of field varies according to the focal length of the lens and the distance between the camera and the subject. Wide-angle lens has a large depth of field and telephoto lens has a deep scene. Moreover, the farther the camera is from the subject, the greater the depth of field; The closer the distance, the shallower the depth of field.

Which effect is better, fuselage anti-shake or lens anti-shake

A: Generally speaking, the correction effect of lens anti-shake and fuselage anti-shake is the same.

When the anti-shake assembly is installed in the fuselage, the position of correction operation is located at the back end of the optical system. When the lens is installed, it is located in the center of the optical system. Although the position is slightly different, the adjustment method is more important for anti-shake, so despite the different positions, the effect is not much different.

However, from the convenience of use, the "lens anti-shake" that comes with the mirror has more advantages. This is because the correction effect can be observed in real time from the viewfinder when taking a view, and you can wait for the shooting opportunity after carefully observing the subject. This advantage is that the focal length exceeds. . . .

6. Common sense of digital SLR photography

Image quality and ISO ISO are words with high exposure. When I bought cookies in the supermarket just now, I saw on the package that our company had passed the ISO900 1 quality system certification.

This ISO is the abbreviation of International Organization for Standards, International Organization for Standards. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has formulated the standards for biscuit management and film production, so there are several kinds of films on the shelves, namely ISO 100, 200 and 400, which are films with different photosensitive speeds.

ISO sensitivity is the sensitivity of CCD (or film) to light. If ISO 100 film is used, if the camera can correctly expose within 2 seconds, then under the same light conditions, it only takes 1 second to use ISO200 film and 0.5 second to use ISO400 film.

In the digital age, there are ISO options in the main menu of digital cameras, such as 100, 200, 400 or 800, just like those on film. Depending on the model, it ranges from ISO50 to 25600, and the higher the number, the more sensitive it is. In those years when photography was just invented, it usually took several minutes to take a photo. Most cameras don't need a shutter. Take off the lens cover at the beginning of the exposure, then look at the watch, cover it five minutes later, and the photo will be completed.

Later, the photographic speed of film became faster and faster (ISO became higher and higher), and the exposure time became one minute, several seconds,110 second or even one hundredth of a second. It's not fast enough to hold the lens cover by hand at this time. We need something that can accurately control the exposure time, and this thing is the shutter.

Shutters include mechanical shutter, electronic shutter and electromechanical combination shutter. Definition: Shutter is a device for controlling exposure time in camera.

By the way, this is the safe shutter speed. When shooting with 135 camera, the hand-held camera has a safe speed principle: the safe speed is the reciprocal of the focal length. If a 35mm lens is used, the shutter speed should not be lower than 1/35s, and if a 200mm lens is used, the shutter speed should not be lower than 1/200s, otherwise it may burn the picture.

Aperture Section III: Aperture As mentioned in the previous chapter, all cameras are based on the principle of pinhole imaging: take a sealed box, drill a small round hole on both sides, and then point the punched side out of the window. The scene outside the window, such as a tree, will produce a reflection of the tree on the inner wall of the box opposite the round hole. If we coat the inner wall with photosensitive materials (film or CCD), this perforated box is a * * * integrated camera.

This is a pinhole camera. Since the camera doesn't need a lens, why isn't there a small round hole in front of the camera but a few pieces of glass now? And these glasses (lenses) are so expensive! This is because the pinhole must be very small to image, which is also the origin of the pinhole camera name.

Not if the hole is as big as the door. So we don't have an imaging door.

The light in Kong Xiao is very weak, so I am patient with pinhole photography. It is common for a photo to be exposed for several minutes to several hours. Moreover, due to the diffraction interference of light, the photos taken by pinhole camera are not clear enough, just like looking at flowers in the fog.

No one wants to spend hours taking a blurred photo. We should try to increase the amount of light. Is there any way to enlarge this small hole and generate a clear image? People immediately thought of the condensing function of convex mirror.

Put the glass convex mirror on the big hole and the problem will be solved. That's true. This is how the camera lens was born.

Nowadays, all kinds of lenses of digital cameras are composed of several concave-convex mirrors arranged and combined, and then wrapped in plastic or iron. With the lens, the pinhole imaging hole-that is, the aperture below-is no longer a pinhole, but a hole.

When the hole becomes larger, the problem of light input is solved. But sometimes the problem comes again: we don't need to have big holes all the time.

Compared with the scorching sun on the beach in summer, there are glistening everywhere. In order to distinguish between human flesh and white sand, we need to squint carefully The lens is the eye of the camera, and the camera needs to squint at this time.

Obviously, in order to cope with different light intensity, we also need to equip the lens with a device that can adjust the size of this hole, so that it can be reduced to a pinhole in strong light and a big hole in weak light. This device is the aperture.

The English name of Aperture is aperture. A set of concave-convex mirrors with aperture gives birth to a complete lens.

Definition: Aperture is a device to adjust the size of the lens entrance hole. Common aperture values are as follows: F 1, F 1.4, F2, F2.8, F4, F5.6, F8, f1,F 16, F22, F32, F44.

The optical input difference between adjacent aperture values of every two blocks is twice. For example, if the aperture is adjusted from F4 to F2.8, the amount of light entering will double; From F2.8 to F2, it has doubled.

Perhaps you have seen that the aperture value is opposite to the actual aperture size. The aperture is F 1 at the maximum light input and F64 at the minimum. For 135 camera, the minimum aperture of most lenses is F22.

Since the aperture can be large or small, when is the best imaging quality of the lens? According to the above picture, the aperture is almost the same as the pinhole at the minimum aperture F22, and the digital camera becomes a pinhole camera. As I said before, pinhole imaging is not much better. When the aperture is maximum, the small hole becomes a gate again, and the imaging is poor. Therefore, according to the traditional golden mean of the Chinese nation, please keep in mind: important conclusion: the lens is best imaged at a medium aperture (the picture is the clearest).

If it is a 135 digital SLR, the medium aperture is F8 or F 1 1. Small digital DC depends on the specific model. If the optional aperture value is between F2 .5 and F8, F4.6 in the middle is the best aperture.

Time flies, the aperture of the lens is the faucet, which controls the size of the water flow (the amount of light entering). For the lens, we certainly hope that the larger the aperture, the better. It's like a faucet at home. Although we never turn it on when brushing our teeth and washing our face, in case of a fire at home, we will turn the faucet on at once. I hate why we didn't install a bigger faucet in the first place.

The maximum aperture of the lens is not conducive to imaging, and we usually use the maximum aperture less; However, when the light is particularly weak and there is no tripod, such as shooting a street documentary at night, we will definitely use the maximum aperture without hesitation and regret why we didn't buy a large aperture lens at the beginning.