What are the tips of life medicine?

Medical common sense includes the basic knowledge of medicine. Do you blame the introduction to life medicine? Let's have a look.

1. Normal heart rate: 75 beats per minute.

The average heart rate of healthy adults in a quiet state is 75 beats per minute. The normal range is 60- 100 times per minute. When adults are quiet, their heart rate exceeds 100 beats/min, which is tachycardia; If it is less than 60 beats per minute, it is bradycardia. Heart rate changes with age, gender and other factors. For example, for every increase in body temperature of 1℃, the heart rate can be increased by 12-20 beats per minute. Women's heart rate is slightly faster than men's, and athletes' heart rate is slower.

2. Normal body temperature: 36.3℃-37.2℃ (oral measurement)

Clinically, oral temperature, rectal temperature and axillary temperature are usually used to represent body temperature. The normal value of oral measurement (sublingual administration for 5 minutes) is 36.3℃-37.2℃; Axillary measurement (5 minutes under the armpit) 36℃-37℃; Anal measurement method (apply lubricant to the head and insert it into the anus for 5 minutes) 36.5℃-37.7℃. During the day and night, the body temperature fluctuates periodically, with the lowest at 2-6 am and the highest at 13- 18 in the afternoon, but the fluctuation range generally does not exceed 1℃. As long as the temperature does not exceed 37.3℃, it is normal.

3. Hemoglobin (HbB): adult males (120- 160g/L) and adult females (1150g/L).

Clinical basis of hemoglobin value Zuo Wei in judging anemia.

Normal adult hemoglobin value of 90- 1 10g/L is mild anemia; 60-90g/L is moderate anemia; 30-60 g/L is severe anemia.

4. White blood cell count (WBC): 4-10 * per liter (10 to the 9th power).

Leucocyte count greater than per liter10 * (the 9th power of10) is called leukocytosis, and less than10 * (the 9th power of10) is called leukopenia. Generally speaking, when acute bacterial infection or inflammation occurs, white blood cells can increase; When the virus is infected, white blood cells will decrease. A cold and fever can be caused by virus infection or bacterial infection. In order to clarify the cause and guide clinical medication, doctors usually ask you to check a blood routine.

5. Platelet count (PLT): per liter 100-300 * (10 to the 9th power).

Platelets have the function of maintaining the integrity of blood vessel wall. When the number of platelets is reduced to less than 50*( 10 to the 9th power) /L, especially as low as 30 * (/kloc-0 to the 9th power) /L, it may lead to skin bleeding and petechiae. People who often have "Qing Wu's lump" on the skin with low platelets should not be overly nervous, because besides platelet factors, blood vessel wall factors, coagulation factors and some physiological factors will lead to the occurrence of "Qing Wu's lump". You can go to the hematology department to find out the reasons.

6. Urine volume: 1000 ~ 2000ml/24h.

24-hour urine volume > 2500 ml is polyuria, which is physiological polyuria. After drinking too much water or using diuretics. Pathological polyuria is seen in diabetes insipidus and renal tubular diseases.

24-hour urine volume

24-hour urine volume

Reminder: If you feel that your urine volume has increased significantly recently, you are particularly prone to thirst. You should go to the hospital for examination to rule out whether you have diabetes or renal tubular disease. If you find yourself drinking a lot recently, but your urine volume is less and you are still a little swollen, you should check it in time to rule out kidney disease.

7. Urine at night: 500ml

Nocturnal urine refers to the total urine volume from 8: 00 pm to 8: 00 am the next day, which is generally 500 ml and urinates 2~3 times. If the amount of nocturia exceeds the amount of urine during the day and the number of urination increases significantly, it is called nocturia. Physiological nocturia is related to drinking too much water before going to bed; Pathological nocturia is often a manifestation of impaired renal concentration function and an early signal of renal insufficiency.

Reminder: Increased urine output at night is an abnormal signal, which should be paid enough attention to. In addition to renal insufficiency, nocturia may also be caused by male prostatic hyperplasia, uterine prolapse in elderly women, urinary system infection, diabetes, mental stress and other reasons.

8. Normal value of urine red blood cell count: 0 ~ 3/ high visual field.

Urinary red blood cells > 3/ high power field of vision are called microscopic hematuria.

Urinary red blood cells > 10/ high visual field are called gross hematuria.

Reminder: If the urine red blood cell count exceeds 3, it often indicates that the kidney has pathological changes or urinary system infection, and you should seek medical attention immediately; Women should avoid urine routine examination during menstruation, so as to avoid the influence of menstrual blood mixed with urine on the test results.

9. Normal value of urine white blood cell count (WBC):

Urine white blood cell count if >:5/ high visual field is called pyuria under microscope.

Reminder: If there are a large number of white blood cells in urine, it is mostly urinary tract infection, such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urinary tract infection. If there are white blood cells in the urine, but less than 5/ high vision, it is normal.

10. Sperm survival time: 72 hours; Egg survival time: 24 hours

Reminder: Many couples like to use safe period contraception, but unfortunately, many people have encountered the problem of unsafe safe period. What is the reason? In addition to the wrong understanding of ovulation period, there is another factor that can not be ignored: because sperm can survive in a woman for 3 days, even if that day is not ovulation day, as long as she is pregnant (4 days before ovulation to 2 days after ovulation), a woman may still be pregnant.

1 1. Two blood group systems: ABO and Rh.

Blood type system divides blood into four types: type A, type B, type AB and type O.

Rh blood group system divides blood groups into two types: Rh positive type and Rh negative type.

Among Caucasians, 85% were Rh positive and 15% were Rh negative.

In China, 99% of Han people belong to Rh positive blood group, and Rh negative belongs to rare blood group.

Reminder: If the father is type A and the mother is type B, what blood type should the child be? The correct answer is type A, type B, type AB or type O ... Don't be surprised because both husband and wife are not type O, but they have an O baby!

Note: if one of the two parties is AB type, the baby can't be O type.

If both parties are type O, the baby can only be type O.

12. Body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg)/height (m) squared: 18.5~23.9 is normal.

Body mass index < 18.5 is underweight, body mass index 24.0~27.9 is overweight, and body mass index 28.0 is obese.

Reminder: If your BMI exceeds 24, you are overweight and need to lose weight.

Remember: Obesity is the root of all diseases. If left unchecked, diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease will come to you.

13. The best weight loss speed: monthly weight loss 1 ~ 2kg.

Reminder: Overweight people should gradually lose weight under the guidance of a doctor. Losing weight too fast and too fast will lead to weight rebound, anorexia, anemia, malnutrition, irregular menstruation, hair loss, memory loss, osteoporosis and other adverse reactions.

14. Waist circumference: 90cm for male and 80cm for female.

Waist circumference is an index to judge abdominal fat accumulation, that is, abdominal obesity (also known as apple obesity). At present, it is considered as an important risk factor for coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome.

Reminder: If your body mass index has not reached the level of obesity, but your waist circumference has exceeded the standard, it means that you belong to abdominal obesity. People who are obese in the abdomen are more dangerous than those who are obese in the whole body, and are more likely to be favored by coronary heart disease and diabetes. Be careful!

15. Obesity signal: gain weight in one month 1.5kg.

Reminder: When the weight begins to increase, we can find out and take measures to lose weight in time, and often get remarkable results. The following situations often indicate that there is a trend of weight gain: a little exercise leads to panting, fatigue, sweating easily, and pain in the back, hip and knee joints.

16. Normal blood pressure: systolic blood pressure

Hypertension can be diagnosed by measuring more than140mm Hg and/or 90mm Hg at rest.

Systolic blood pressure is greater than 65438 0.40mm Hg, but diastolic blood pressure.

Reminder: Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Patients with hypertension should use antihypertensive drugs under the guidance of doctors to control their blood pressure within the normal range. Patients with diabetic nephropathy should control their blood pressure below130/80mm Hg.

17. Diagnostic criteria of diabetes: fasting blood glucose >; 7.0 mmol/L, and/or 2 hours postprandial blood glucose >: 1 1. 1 mmol/L.

Reminder: If your blood sugar level reaches the above standard, it means that you are already a diabetic and should be treated with hypoglycemic therapy under the guidance of a doctor. Never refuse treatment for diabetes because you don't feel it. You know, if blood sugar is not well controlled, all organs of the body will be affected.

18. Diabetes exclusion criteria: fasting blood glucose.

Reminder: If your blood sugar value meets the above criteria, it means that your blood sugar is completely normal and you can rule out diabetes.

19. Diagnostic criteria of pre-diabetes: 6.1mmol/L; 5.6 mmol/L

When fasting blood glucose exceeds this standard, the incidence of diabetes in the population increases obviously, and the incidence of cardiovascular events such as ischemic heart disease and diabetic retinopathy increases obviously.

Reminder: fasting blood glucose >;

Patients with 5.6 mmol/L should go to the hospital for glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as soon as possible to determine whether there is postprandial hyperglycemia, because in the early stage of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose can be completely normal.

The normal value of 2 1. glycosylated hemoglobin is 6.5%.

Glycosylated hemoglobin is a combination of hemoglobin and glucose in red blood cells. This product can reflect the average blood sugar level three months before blood collection, and it is the most effective and reliable index to reflect the quality of blood sugar control at present.

Diabetes patients should take 7.0% of glycosylated hemoglobin as one of the criteria to reach the treatment standard, and the elderly can slightly relax the standard (7.0%~7.5%), and young people should control the glycosylated hemoglobin at 6.5% or lower.

Reminder: Every decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin 1% can reduce diabetes-related complications by 20%! Therefore, even for diabetics who can't meet the above standards, glycated hemoglobin should be reduced as close to normal as possible.

22. The period with the highest bone density: 30-40 years old.

The period of the highest bone density (peak bone density) in everyone's life generally appears at the age of 30~40. Due to the influence of nutritional development and heredity after birth, the peak bone mineral density is high or low. Men generally start from the age of 40, and women generally start from the age of 35, and the peak bone value begins to decline. Within five years after menopause, women lose the fastest bone mass after 70 years old.

Reminder: People with high bone peak value have high calcium content in bones, and the degree of osteoporosis is lighter and later in old age. Therefore, people before the age of 40 should seize the opportunity to ensure adequate nutrition and calcium intake every day, actively participate in physical exercise and improve their bone peak.

23. It is advisable to use 25 grams of oil per person every day.

Reminder: It is best to use vegetable oil when cooking, because vegetable oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids beneficial to the heart. Because of its high heat, oil should not be used too much, otherwise the excess heat will be converted into body fat, which will make you fat.

24. The daily salt content should not exceed 6 grams.

Reminder: Salt is an important risk factor for hypertension. People with heavy tastes should pay special attention to the daily salt content, including the salt content in soy sauce pickles and salted eggs.

25. Eat 400~500 grams of vegetables every day.

Reminder: More than half of the vegetables you eat every day should be colored vegetables, such as green leafy vegetables, red and yellow vegetables and so on. Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, cellulose and low in calories, so they are really healthy foods.

26. Healthy adults consume 600~800 mg of calcium every day.

The calcium supply recommended by China Nutrition Society is 600 ~ 800mg/ day for adults, 0/200 mg/day for pregnant women and 2000mg/ day for lactating women.

Reminder: Milk and dairy products are rich in calcium and have high absorption rate. Among aquatic products, shrimp skin, kelp and bean products contain high calcium content. In order to promote the absorption of calcium, vitamin D should be properly supplemented and more sunshine should be given.

27. Drink more than 1500ml of water every day.

Reminder: Water consumption includes the total water content of tea, soup, fruit and other foods consumed every day. The way of drinking water is very particular. Even if you are not thirsty, you should drink water. Don't drink a lot of water at a time. You should drink boiled water or green tea. Don't use sugary drinks instead of water.

28. The best start time of stroke rehabilitation: 3 days after cerebral infarction and 5~7 days after cerebral hemorrhage.

Reminder: Up to now, there is no drug that has a decisive rehabilitation effect on hemiplegia at home and abroad. Only rehabilitation training is an effective way to improve the dysfunction of stroke patients. For stroke patients with hemiplegia, the effect of rehabilitation training is far better than drug treatment. The earlier and more scientific the rehabilitation training is, the greater the chance of rehabilitation.

29. Normal value of alanine aminotransferase (GPT or ALT)

Reminder: The elevation of alanine aminotransferase indicates liver injury, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis. So go to the hospital in time.

30. alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein is a glycoprotein, which is synthesized by the liver in the early fetal period. After birth, the synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein is quickly inhibited. When liver cells become cancerous, the content of AFP in blood increases obviously.

Reminder: the increase of AFP, especially slightly higher than normal, does not necessarily mean that you have a malignant tumor. You should observe dynamically and don't panic.

3 1. Thrombolytic time window for stroke: 3 hours after onset.

After cerebral infarction, if intravenous thrombolysis can be given within 3 hours after onset, blocked blood vessels can be dredged to the maximum extent, dying brain cells can be saved, and complications and sequelae can be effectively reduced. Once this time window is missed, thrombolysis is almost ineffective.

Reminder: If the elderly suddenly have symptoms of stroke (such as numbness, aphasia, blurred vision, etc.). ), don't be careless. You should go to the hospital at once to buy time for treatment.

32. 18~45 years old myopia degree

Reminder: The age is below 18; The degree of myopia is unstable, and there is still a trend of deepening year by year in recent years; Myopia degree >

1200 degrees; Active eye diseases (such as inflammatory glaucoma and dry eye); Central corneal thickness

Over 33.40 years old, check 1 time B-ultrasound every year.

Ultrasound examination has the advantages of non-invasive, non-radiation, convenience and accuracy. It can not only find common diseases such as stones, cysts and fatty liver, but also find some tumors at an early stage.

Reminder: Due to the physical properties of ultrasound, ultrasound examination is more suitable for solid organs, such as liver, spleen and kidney, but generally not suitable for gas-containing organs (such as gastrointestinal tract) and skeletal system.

Women over the age of 34.40 have/kloc-0 mammograms every year.

In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer has increased year by year. Mammography has high diagnostic value for breast diseases, especially early breast cancer, and is the first choice for imaging diagnosis besides physical examination in clinic. If you have a family history of breast cancer and other high-risk factors, you should have an annual mammogram from the age of 35. After the age of 40, you should increase the number of examinations according to your doctor's advice.

Reminder: Young women under the age of 35 have dense breast tissue, and molybdenum target photography is not easy to find lesions. It is suggested that ultrasound examination should be used as a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer.

35. Female over 45 years old, male over 55 years old: annual bone mineral density measurement 1 time.

The prevalence rate of osteoporosis in the population over 60 years old in China is 30%~35% for females and 10% ~ 20% for males. Osteoporosis is harmful to human health, such as backache, short stature, hunchback and fracture.

Reminder: At present, the best bone mineral density detection equipment is dual-energy X-ray bone mineral density meter, commonly known as bone mineral density meter. Bone densitometer can measure the bone mass of the proximal femur of lumbar spine or the whole body, and can accurately reflect the loss of bone mass. Everyone should properly keep the annual measurement data and compare it with their first measured bone density (initial data) in order to master their annual bone loss. Once the bone mineral density reaches the standard of osteoporosis, regular drug treatment should be carried out under the guidance of doctors to maximize bone mineral density and prevent fractures.

36. Calculation of estimated delivery date:

The month with the date of last menstruation plus 9 or minus 3 is the number of months of expected date of delivery; The number of days plus 7 is the date of due date.

For example, Kobayashi's last menstrual period was May 3, 2006, and her due date was probably February 2007 10.

Reminder: Because the length of each woman's menstrual cycle is different, there may be an error of 1~2 weeks between the calculated due date and the delivery date.

37. Prenatal check-up: 9 times is the best.

In addition to a check-up in the first trimester to confirm pregnancy, it takes about 9 prenatal checks from the second trimester to the full-term pregnancy. Generally pregnant for 20 ~36 weeks, check once every 4 weeks; After 36 weeks of pregnancy, the antenatal check-up is once a week, and the time of 9 antenatal check-ups is 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks and 40 weeks respectively.

Reminder: The normal prenatal examination is generally 9 times, but for pregnant women with certain high-risk factors, it may be necessary to increase the number of examinations and items at any time.

38. Weight gain during pregnancy should not exceed 15kg.

Experts suggest that women with normal weight before pregnancy can gain11.25 ~15 kg during pregnancy.

Women with low weight before pregnancy can gain weight 12.6 ~ 18kg during pregnancy.

Women who are overweight before pregnancy should control their weight gain during pregnancy, 6.75~ 1 1.25 kg.

Reminder: Weight gain during pregnancy will indirectly affect the growth rate and weight of the fetus. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy will not only increase the incidence of macrosomia, but also increase the difficulty of postpartum weight loss. Conversely, if the weight gain is too small, it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus.

39. Pregnant women: It is the most dangerous to take drugs 5~ 10 weeks after menopause.

In the first two weeks after conception, if the fertilized egg is affected by drugs, there may be two outcomes: one is spontaneous abortion; The other is that fertilized eggs repair themselves and continue to develop into normal fetuses. Therefore, if pregnant women accidentally take medicine at this stage, they can take a wait-and-see attitude. However, 3~8 weeks after conception (that is, 5~ 10 weeks after menopause) is the key stage of embryonic organ differentiation and development. At this time, if exposed to harmful drugs, embryonic organs may be deformed.

Reminder: Because most drugs affect the fetus in the first trimester, quite a few pregnant women don't know that they are pregnant. In order to ensure safety, expectant mothers should start to consider the safety of medication at the stage of preparing for pregnancy.

40. Full-term delivery: those who give birth within 37 weeks to 42 weeks of pregnancy.

Premature delivery: a person who gives birth between 28 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Overdue delivery: 42 weeks or more pregnant.

Reminder: I was born at 38 weeks pregnant. Although I haven't reached the due date (40 weeks pregnant), I'm still full-term.

4 1. Normal newborn weight: 2500 ~ 4000g g.

birth weight

Birth weight > 4000 grams, known as the giant.

Reminder: macrosomia will not only increase the rate of dystocia and cesarean section, but also gain too much weight during pregnancy, which will make pregnant women feel uncomfortable. The incidence of pregnancy complications is getting higher and higher, and it is very difficult to lose these extra weights after delivery. Low birth weight infants mainly include premature infants and small infants. These children suffer from congenital defects, many complications and high perinatal mortality. In order to put an end to this phenomenon, it is very important to check regularly, find problems in time and intervene in time.

42. Length of full-term newborn: about 50 cm.

The height of the child grows fastest in the first year after birth, increasing by about 25 cm every year; After 1 year, the growth rate slows down, and the annual growth rate is about10 cm; After 2 years old, it grows slowly, with an average annual growth of 5 cm; The formula for calculating the height of children aged 2~ 12: height = age ×6+77 (cm).

Reminder: If the height of a 2-year-old child has hardly increased within one year, parents should be vigilant and take the child to the hospital for examination as soon as possible to eliminate problems such as insufficient growth hormone secretion and hypothyroidism.

At 43.6 months, the first deciduous tooth erupted.

Children's teething is usually 6~7 months, but it can be earlier than 4 months and no later than 10 months. There are 20 deciduous teeth, which will come out at the latest at the age of 2 and a half, and permanent teeth will grow from the age of 6.

Reminder: 1 1 month children have no teeth, or children over two and a half years old have no teeth, which are abnormal. Find out the reasons. Children with rickets and malnutrition in cretinism come out late.

44. It is best to cure the land at the age of 4.

The principle of correcting ground cover is to eliminate the cause, correct it as soon as possible and prevent deformity. Foreign orthodontists insist that the treatment of the block day should start at the age of 4 and last until the age of 18.

Reminder: The plot in deciduous teeth is very harmful, which will not only hinder the normal growth and development of children's oral and maxillofacial region, but also have a negative impact on children's chewing, pronunciation, social communication and even psychology. It should be treated as soon as possible.

45. Coronary artery stenosis >; 70%, need to do interventional therapy.

It is generally believed that 70% of coronary artery stenosis requires interventional therapy. If there are obvious symptoms, stenosis >

50% also need interventional therapy. In addition, some special cases, such as the degree of coronary artery stenosis can not meet the standard of interventional therapy, but the imaging shows that the lesion is unstable and prone to thrombosis, so it should be treated as soon as possible.

Reminder: Patients with more than two coronary artery stenoses > 50%, or patients who have undergone coronary angioplasty and installed stents in the coronary artery have angina pectoris again, and bypass surgery should be performed.