What are the four elements of photographic exposure?

Photography Sensitivity (ISO) Aperture Size Shutter Speed

Exposure formula

Sixteen sunny days and eight cloudy days

Cloudy, eleven days and four nights.

Cloud cover exceeds 5.6.

Rain, snow and sunset.

Indoor court for two seconds

Shutters on the living room stage 8

Photometry —— Sixteen Rules of Sunshine

1, sunshine 16 rule. That is, when shooting a subject in bright and uniform sunlight, the shutter should be set to the reciprocal of the sensitivity and the aperture should be F 16. Based on this, it is estimated that the F22 aperture is used at the seaside and F 1 1 on cloudy and sunny days.

2, moonlight 1 1, 8, 5.6 rules. There are many exposure combinations for shooting the moon. But the most popular combinations are 1 1, 8, 5.6. When the shutter speed is the reciprocal of the sensitivity, F 1 1 aperture is used for the full moon, F8 and F5.6 are used for the half moon and March/April respectively.

3, camera jitter rules. A safe shutter speed is the reciprocal of the focal length. If you use a 50 mm lens, if you shoot by hand, the speed should be at least 1/60 (of course, the anti-shake head is not counted). If it is lower than this speed, please use a flash, tripod, or find other brackets for the camera.

4. 18% gray luminosity. Using 18% medium gray plate to measure light will bring the best effect. If there is no gray board, you can open your palm to the sun, measure the light reading of your palm and add an exposure lens. Different skin colors have little effect on the results. )

5. The law of depth of field. The maximum depth of field can be obtained by focusing in the first third of the whole depth of field. Because the depth of field behind the focus is twice that before the focus.

6, digital printing size rule. The best enlargement size of digital photos should not exceed the sum of pixel length and width divided by 200. If you need film festival quality photos, please divide by 250.

7. exposure rules. The classic advice is: make sure the high-light area is exposed accurately and let the low-light area go with him. This suggestion applies to inversion and digital cameras. Negative film, especially color negative film, had better increase exposure by one step.

8, fast flash output rule. When using a flash without automatic output control, set the sensitivity of the flash to twice that of the film, measure the light on the main body, select the aperture of the fuselage and set the same aperture for the flash. Under this setting, the shadow area of the photo will be one step lower than the brightness of the subject.

9, the flash distance rule. Distance multiplied by 2, sensitivity multiplied by 4. For example, your flash has an effective distance of 20 feet at a sensitivity of 100. If you need a flash distance of 40 feet, you need to use a film with a sensitivity of 400.

10, pixel doubling rule. To double the resolution of a digital camera, the number of pixels should be quadrupled.

1 1, dynamic capture rule: this is an empirical formula of angle and speed. If an object moves along the lens axis, you can capture it with a shutter of (1125), then its movement perpendicular to the lens axis (from one side of the viewfinder to the other) can be captured with a shutter two levels higher than (1/500). (This article has been translated, thank you. )

12, sunset metering rule. When shooting a sunset, you should measure the upper part of the sunset, but don't let the sun enter the viewfinder. If you want the sunset in the photo to appear one hour later than the actual one, you can subtract 1 from the exposure compensation.

The "sunshine 16 rule" does not refer to the rule of using aperture in landscape photography, but is just an easy-to-remember and basically accurate rule that meets the requirements of photography. Then the shutter and aperture are combined by reciprocal law to meet the photographer's conceptual requirements.

Among many excellent photographic works, few works use the aperture of F22 (no one said that it can't be used), and the aperture of F 16 is even rarer. In addition, in landscape photography, most people (not all) will not use a small camera like 135, but at least use a medium-sized camera like 120.

For medium-sized cameras, the standard lens is 80~ 1 10 mm, so some characteristics are different from those of small cameras. If the same aperture is F 1 1, the absolute aperture is very different. The diffraction phenomenon of light is only aimed at the absolute aperture.

Whether the manual function of digital camera is useful depends on whether it can show different effects from the automatic function. If they are all the same, it is obviously useless. If there is a big difference, it will be very useful. Whether you use its manual function or not is a completely different concept.

It is said that the best aperture is F8. In fact, the best aperture of many lenses is around 5.6. At the same time, the aperture used is different for different photography. Landscape photography generally uses the aperture below F 1 1, so there is a "sunshine rule of 16" in photography, that is, in sunny places, the aperture of F 16 is used, and the shutter speed is the derivative of ISO value.