There are many schools of western painting in the 20th century. How many can you name?

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the development of western natural science, especially photography technology, painting "is no longer a slave of nature", but "art for art's sake". Western art in the first half of the 20th century was called "modernism" or "modernism". It refers to various avant-garde and avant-garde artistic trends and schools that have parted ways with traditional art since the 20th century.

France:

1905, the rise of animism led by French Matisse; Cubism was born in 1808, and Picasso and Braque were the key figures. As a watershed between traditional art and modern art, The Girl of avignon.

German expressionism:

Expressionism is an art school that appeared in the early 20th century. Its artistic feature is to emphasize the importance of expressing and venting emotions in his works. The main activity base of expressionism is in Germany, but as an artistic trend of thought, it is reflected in all European countries. 1905, the bridge society appeared in Germany, which was the first expressionist society in Germany. Many painters of Qiaoshe show the primitiveness and laudatory liberation of man and nature. The second school of German expressionism is the "Young Knight Club" founded by 19 1, with Kandinsky and Marquez as its representatives. It is similar to the mammals in France, with a strong Nordic color and German national tradition.

Norwegian expressionism;

Expressionism painting, which developed several years before the First World War, has gradually paid attention to the psychological state of contemporary people. Norwegian painting edvard munch (1863 ~ 1944) had a direct influence on German expressionist art.

Expressionism in other countries:

Expressionism is also evident in other European countries. The separatist school in Vienna, Austria and its representative Klimt (1862 ~ 19 18) made great contributions to the development of symbolism and expressionism in the early 20th century.

Italy's futurism:

Futurism, which appeared in Italy from 65438 to 0909, is a broader literary movement, different from animism and cubism. It is not so much a style as an ideology. Writers, playwrights, artists, architects and so on all took part in the movement.

Modernist art in Russia and Holland;

19 13 supremacism is a great contribution of Russian artists to modern art, and its founder is Malevic. Supremacism laid the foundation of geometric abstraction theory. The Dutch painter mondriaan (1872 ~ 1944) pushed the theory of geometric abstraction to a new height, and in 19 14, he founded Geometric de stijl.

Dadaism in Switzerland during the First World War and Its Consequences

Dadaism, its influence spread to Europe and America. Dadaism opposes war, authority and tradition, art, reason and traditional civilization, and advocates life and literature without purpose and ideal. These exiled artists have a strong anti-war sentiment. Seeing that human civilization was trampled on, they felt that their future was bleak, so anarchism and nihilism developed among them. They want to organize an international literary and artistic group to create literary and artistic works that meet their new ideals. At the inaugural meeting of 19 16 in February, the singer Madame Rova randomly found the word "Dada" in the French dictionary, which means "ambiguous language of children". People think this name is grotesque and interesting, and it is not bad to use their group name. Soon they issued the Dada Declaration. The declaration says that "Dada has no faith" and "Dada has nothing to ask for, and Dada means Dada". The representatives of Dadaism are picabia and Duchamp.

French artist marcel duchamp (1887 ~ 1968) was obsessed with cubism and futurism in his early years. Duchamp came to new york in 19 15. He is very interested in American "machine civilization". After he said that "new york itself is a work of art", he traveled back and forth between the United States and France to promote Dadaism and founded the American Dadaism Art1965438+In February 2007, a urinal presented by Duchamp was exhibited at the new york Independent Art Exhibition, with the title of "Spring", which caused a sensation.

Duchamp explained: "It doesn't matter whether I made this" spring "myself. I chose an ordinary household appliance and gave it a new title, which made people look at it from a new angle, so that its original practical meaning was lost, but it gained new content. " The appearance of this work of art shows that Dadaism denies traditional civilization, and its significance lies in raising the existing products in life to the height of art, which indicates that the boundary between life and art has been abolished, and life is art, which has opened up a broad field and created the later pop art.

The surrealist movement is centered on Paris.

Surrealism developed on the basis of Dadaism absorbs the ideas of Dadaism, tradition and independent creation, abandons the nihilistic attitude of Dadaism's total negation, and has relatively positive beliefs and programs. As a literary movement, it was widely spread between the two world wars. Surrealism is deeply influenced by Freud's subconscious theory and takes it as the guiding ideology of this artistic movement. They are committed to exploring the transcendental level of human beings, combining the concept of reality with instinct, subconscious and dream experience to achieve an absolute surreal scene. The representatives are Ernst, Miro, Dali and Magritte. Eternity of Memory is a famous work of Dali.

A collection of artists who do not join any art groups-"Paris School"

From the beginning of the 20th century to before the Second World War, a large number of outstanding artists gathered in Paris. Among these people, some artists live in them, but they don't join any groups. They maintain their own artistic characteristics and personal style, absorb nutrition from the art of their predecessors and contemporaries, pay attention to artistic conception creation and lyricism, and express their inner feelings in poverty, sadness and homesickness. They didn't form a club, and their styles were different. People collectively refer to them as "Paris School". Representative painters include Franco Modigliani, Rousseau, Xia Jiaer and Su Ding. The following are Xia Jiaer's Me and the Village and Rousseau's Dream.

sculptor

In the first half of the 20th century, there were famous modern sculptors, including Bochum, Broncusi, henry moore and giacometti. Portraits of the king of henry moore and his wife;

Swiss giacometti (190 1 ~ 1966) is both a sculptor and a painter. He used to be a member of surrealism. He changed his artistic style many times in his life, and later focused on the study of human image, gradually developing a portrait sculpture with unique visual quality. In Walking Man, the portrait seems to have stripped off all the material shells, leaving only a slender skeleton, forcing people to rethink the relationship between man and space.

After World War II, the center of world art moved from Paris to New York, and new york became the center of western art from then on.

United States of America

The symbol of American modern art leading the generation of western painting is the rise of abstract expressionism. Abstract expressionism, also known as "action painting" or "new york painting school", is a school of expressionism, abstraction and surrealism, and is actually an artistic trend of thought. This trend of thought adapted to the psychological state and aesthetic requirements of Americans after World War II, emphasized the freedom and aimlessness of artists' actions, and raised the creative behavior itself to an important position. The representative painters of abstract expressionism are Pollock (19 12 ~ 1956), De Kuning (1904 ~ 1997) and Steele (1904 ~/kloc). Abstract expressionism developed into "post-painting abstraction" in 1960s, also known as "color gamut painting school" and "hard edge abstraction". Then a new geometric abstract form appeared.

Pop art first appeared in Britain in 1950s, and then it was widely used in American art to refer to a popular artistic phenomenon. Pop art is an art based on popular culture, which became the most popular and important modern art school in the world in the late 1960s. The word "pop" contains popular, popular and popular meanings, so the characteristic of pop art is to comprehensively reflect all fields of popular culture. Pop art based on popular culture must be rooted in modern industrial society and commodity economy. No matter the source of creation, technical means or language elements, it is inseparable from the developed commercial society and commercial life at that time. Pop artists live in a commercial society, and the urban environment and popular culture in the commercial lifestyle provide language symbols for their ideas and creations-colorful daily necessities, overwhelming advertisements, newspapers and magazines, sweet images of singers and movie stars, waste disposal, environmental protection and so on. They use local materials, painting, installation, collage, screen printing, ready-made products collection and other means to create, through the selection of materials and careful production, the most familiar images of singers, movie stars, advertising posters, Coca-Cola and so on in people's daily life are re-presented, thus showing the life of the times, keeping people in close contact with the times, making art and life equal, and pop art has developed accordingly.

Hamilton's collage "What makes today's home so different and attractive" may be regarded as the first real pop art work. It is mixed with or implies pictures of men and women hanging on the wall, TV, low-level pornographic books and periodicals, consumer's daily necessities, packaging, movies, and even the word "Pop" appearing on the racket. When this painting was exhibited in London, it was mistaken for an attack on art or consumer society. Hamilton explained that his purpose was just the opposite, to create a new art. He said: "I prefer to think that my goal is to find poetry in everyday things and daily attitudes."

Among all the art movements after the war, the art with the most American consciousness is minimalism, which aims at complete cleanliness and integrity, simplifies art into the most intrinsic and essential elements of the media itself and removes other non-essential parts. Minimizing artistic techniques is to hope that a single activity will happen and give the audience a single experience. Representative painters are: Frank Stella and others.

Conceptual art emphasizes the importance of people's ideas and the meaning of works in creation. Conceptual artists believe that it is difficult for traditional works of art to express the artist's ideas thoroughly, and only the creative process and the methods and means to record this process can be competent for expressing ideas. The appearance of conceptual art is by no means accidental. It is an art that modernist art gradually reverts to "cancellation" from abstract expressionism to minimalism. Conceptual artists gave speeches everywhere, and also founded Art Language magazine and held a series of exhibitions in 1969, which became a modernist school popular in Europe and America in the 1970s.

Op art, also known as light effect art or optical illusion art, appeared in Europe and America in the 1960s and developed together with pop art ... rooted in abstract art, it is an art that uses optical principles to enhance the painting effect. Static and abstract geometric patterns and their different combinations of light and shade and color gradient cause the visual illusion or illusion effect of the audience. Its forms include plane painting and three-dimensional works. Riley creek, England

Earth art, also known as "landscape art", is a school of western modern art that emerged in the 1970s. Artists of earth art advocate creating with nature as the material in the natural environment, so that most people can participate in artistic activities and gain an unknown new experience in games and fantasies. Smithsonian spiral breakwater, USA

Surrealism, also known as photographic realism, originated in the United States and became popular in the West after the 1960s. Artists of this school oppose the subconscious emotions of abstract art and the practice of not showing concrete objects in modeling. They think that we should exclude the painter's subjective thoughts and reproduce the object objectively, truly and even like photography, so it is also called "photographic realism". The artistic concept of surrealism is similarity and realism. Many surrealist painters use photos as the basis of their paintings and make objective and realistic effects. Chuck Close (1940 ~) is a representative painter of American surrealism. His job, Linda

postmodernism

In 1970s, modernist art was regarded as the last stage of development, and "postmodernism" appeared. Postmodernism is a vague concept, and academic circles have different views on it. Generally speaking, it is the floorboard of avant-garde artistic thoughts in Europe and America in recent decades, mainly in the United States after modernism. The concept of postmodernism first appeared in the field of architecture, and then gradually extended to other fields such as art. It is by no means a specific art school, but a broad cultural tendency, which is characterized by being dominated by multicultural ideas in content and based on comprehensive methods in form. Postmodern artists use a wide range of media, including sketch, sculpture, performing arts, still life photography, mixed materials, installation art and so on.

In 1980s, "new expressionism" appeared in America. American neo-expressionism is closely related to European expressionism, especially German expressionism. The rise of expressionism in the United States proves that art has a tendency to return, and many elements of European expressionism have received renewed attention at the beginning of this century.

At the end of the 20th century, western art appeared multiculturalism. More and more artists from Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions have come to America and Europe. They took their original cultural traditions and formed new artistic expressions in the new cultural environment. Modern western art adds connotation to multiculturalism.

In the second half of the 20th century, in addition to the pop artist Odenberg, there were david smith (1906 ~ 1965) and butterfield, an American female sculptor (1949 ~).