Geography: What does the word "Harbin" mean when translated?

Harbin, an ice city, is not only a national historical and cultural city, but also the birthplace of "one country, two dynasties", that is, the birthplace of Jin and Qing dynasties, and is known as "Moscow in the East" and "Little Paris in the East".

1. The historical rise and fall of Harbin

In history, Harbin prospered several times and declined several times.

Around 493 AD, Harbin was the residential area of Anqigu, one of the "Buji Seven Departments", which ushered in the first "revitalization".

However, after the Tang Dynasty broke Korea (AD 667), Che 'an's bones were "weak, and the present is unknown" (Old Tang Book), and even the name of towns and villages was not handed down.

Harbin experienced the second rise and fall during the Jin and Yuan dynasties (1mid-3rd century). Harbin, as the "land of prosperity" in the Jin Dynasty, enjoyed unprecedented prosperity during the Jin Dynasty.

However, with the elimination of gold in Mongolia, most of the castles were destroyed by war, the population dropped sharply and the cultivated land was barren. Although the names of cities and villages were widely recorded in history books, they did not actually spread in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

For example, Jin Shangjing (commonly known as Baicheng) was called "Shangjing" in the Ming Dynasty, and Jin Shangjing moved to Kaiyuan; In the early Qing Dynasty, Bohai Sea was mistakenly brought into Beijing (now Ning 'an County) as gold.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1mid-7th century), Harbin experienced the third rise and fall.

According to historical records, Yuexiwei and Luluji stations were established in the Ashe River basin in the early Ming Dynasty. However, with the rise of Nurhachi, all the residents of the conquered land were forcibly incorporated into the Eight Banners, and Harbin, which was originally sparsely populated, was once again deserted.

It was not until the middle and early Qing Dynasty (1the second half of the 7th century) that the Ashe River basin was redeveloped and a large number of new villages and towns appeared that Harbin was finally "revived".

2. What does the word "Harbin" mean?

According to historical records, the "new forces" that originally occupied Harbin fishing ground were mainly the ancestors of Manchu people today. Therefore, many scholars believe that the word "Harbin" probably comes from Manchu.

176 1 year (twenty-six years of Qianlong), Jilin General Lu Heng said: the lower reaches of Songhua River, the land where Botuna belongs, the flag people, the post people, Mongolia outside the mouth, etc. Fishing with a net is too competitive. Please draw a line and draw a net to collect taxes, so as to end the lawsuit.

In other words, today's Harbin area is only one of the "Manchuria Ten Nets", not one of the "Mongolia Twelve Nets".

In fact, the meaning of the place name "Harbin" is expressed in Manchu, Mongolian, Xibe and even Russian and Turkic, which can be described as "a hundred flowers blossom".

I looked up some information and made some summaries, so you can feel it.

1) Manchu "drying the net" or "the name of local tyrants"

1898, the Russian mining engineer Anerut mentioned this theory for the first time in the book 1896 Records of Jilin's voyages to the Western Seas.

2) Mongolia's "flat land"

The Geography of Jilin published by Wei 19 13 wrote: Binjiang County, whose real name is Harbin ... Mongolians regard this meadow as a flat land, which looks like Harabin from a distance, and it is called Harabin in Mongolian. Chinese was mistranslated as "Willa 'er" ... set up a place by the river, which was called by the natives, hence the name.

3) "fishing for bubbles" or "drying fish nets" in Manchu.

1922, the book "Guide to Harbin" published by Yin was published by Dongchuang Business Daily Museum in East Special Zone, which recorded that Harbin was translated from Manchu into Chinese, that is, the meaning of fishing in a bubble, or the word "fishing net".

4) Russian "Tomb"

The Business Guide published by 1928 (Russian version) records that the pronunciation of the Chinese character' Harbin' is rough and difficult to understand, meaning' tomb of happiness'.

Taking "Great Harbin" published by 1933 (Japanese) as an example, it is further extended that the pronunciation of Harbin is similar to the Russian sentence grave, which means that the Russians deliberately occupied this place permanently when naming it, and were buried here after their death. The world has not examined its deep intention, and it is still in use today.

5) Fisherman's Shore in Manchu

1990, Mr. Chen Shiping pointed out in a special article in New Evening News that the word "ha" in Manchu is fish, which fishermen call "hala" and "shore" means waterfront. Therefore, elderly people call Harbin "Hala Shore", so the historical name of "Fisherman Shore" accords with its history, geographical environment and Manchu people of that year.

6) Xibo "fishing village"

199 1 Mr. Cao pointed out in the special article of New Evening News that Harbin was originally named Harabin. Judging from the phonetic structure of Xibe language, "Harabin" refers to Xibe and "Bin" refers to Xibe living along the river, so Harbin means "Linjiang surname". Since the Xibe people have established it,

7) From East Turkic to Jurchen's "Swan"

199 1 Mr. Wang pointed out in a special article in New Evening News that the word Harbin originated from East Turkic, meaning "swan", and was later accepted by Jurchen as a word.

8) Manchu "Pingdao"

From 65438 to 0996, Mr. Ji Fenghui published the book Seeking Roots in Harbin, and he put forward this theory on the basis of looking up a lot of historical materials.

The following year, Mr. Yang Xichun published A Study on the Etymology of Geographical Names in Northeast China, and interpreted three geographical names "Hafen", "Halefeiyan" and "Harbin" in Manchu as "Ping Island".

In addition, there are theories such as "Sleeping in the Water" in Jurchen language, "Ali Cooperation" in Manchu language, "Long and narrow village", "Shoulder blade", "Ranch" and "Abdominal sac" in Mongolian language. , can be said to be reasonable, each has its own reason, very lively.

3. The mainstream interpretation of "Harbin"

However, with the passage of time, scholars generally believe that the arguments of Manchu's "flat island theory" and Manchu's "fishing net theory" are more reasonable and sufficient, and are more recognized by the mainstream.

1) Manchu "flat island"

Mr. Ji Fenghui pointed out in "Seeking Roots in Harbin":

Since the birth of Harbin place names, dynasties have changed several times, nationalities have changed several times, and rivers have changed several times. Although her pronunciation has been passed down from generation to generation, her semantics have settled at the bottom of the long river of history and become "place name fossils".

In order to further illustrate his point of view, Mr. Ji Fenghui sorted out the timeline of a series of place names Anza in Heilibent.

Jin Dynasty: Hlybin Te (see Historical Geography of Jin Dynasty)

Yuan Dynasty: Harbin (see Da Dian Lei)

Ming Dynasty: Halfen (see Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty)

Qing Dynasty: Halefeiyan Island (see Imperial Records of Shengjing)

After a series of investigations and explorations, he came to the conclusion that "Pingzhou" is pronounced as "Harbin Tun" in Manchu, and the transliteration is the word "Harbin Tun". A more practical explanation can be obtained for the mystery of place names of Harbin and Hlybin in the past hundred years, that is, the meaning of "flat island".

Its phonetic semantics are completely consistent with its corresponding historical environment, ethnic environment, geographical environment and language environment. As for the correct interpretations of "He Libin Teqian Lake", "Harbin Dog Station", "Ha Fenwei", "Halefeiyan City" and "Harbin Tun", they should also be "Qianhu Lake", "Pingzhou Dog Station" and "Pingzhou Wei" respectively.

2) Manchu "fishing net"

Meng Lie and Li pointed out in their book "Famous Cities and Names of Cities —— On the Explanation of Harbin's Names" that only those who can testify about 100 years ago can have two witnesses, one is Sayintu and the other is Yu Zhaoxing.

Sayintu, a Mongolian, was appointed as the second abutment of Binjiang Pass Road in April (1907) in the thirty-third year of Guangxu. "This man had an extraordinary experience. He had twice seen the emperor." .

Yu Zhaoxing was originally an aide to Zhao Erxun, the governor of three northeastern provinces. During the Republic of China, he served as director of education and government affairs in Heilongjiang Province, and served as governor of Heilongjiang Province from 65438 to 65438.

When Sayintu was working in Harbin, Binjiang Road had printed a "full map of Harbin area", which was inscribed by Daotai adults:

According to the meaning of Harbin's name, it used to be the hometown of drying nets ... because of the closed borders and convenient transportation, businessmen began to gather ... but there were no rare books to test its shape and success, so it created Stu for the public to see. The vicissitudes here can be seen.

The whole meaning of the word "sincere press" here is "the conclusion reached after careful investigation and study"

summary

Some scholars have combed the arguments of the two viewpoints in the form of time axis.

The idea of "drying nets" in Manchu originated from Russian mining engineer Anerut (1898). In 1907, Saintu put forward "the ancient hometown of drying nets", and in 19 10, he put forward "fishing nets" and "fishing nets" in Li Xing.

He advocated "the theory of flat island" in Manchu, and traced the word "Harbin" from linguistics to "stand out from the crowd" recorded in Historical Geography of Jin Dynasty, and down to "Harbin" recorded in Heilongjiang General Yamen (1866) file.

It can be understood as follows:

In the literature records before 150, Harbin means "flat island", that is, it belongs to "topographic place name" in toponymic classification;

However, since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, all the explanations are not far from the "fishing net" and belong to the "indicative place name" in the classification of toponymy.

In other words, both views have their own reasons. As for "which is more correct", it may be "different people have different opinions."