Economic phenomena in life essay 300

1. After the refrigerator is opened, why is the refrigerator on, but the freezer is not? The principle of "cost-effectiveness principle"

The "cost-benefit principle" means that the product should be improved only when the modified benefit is greater than the improved cost.

For the problem of the topic, you can compare the related costs and benefits. Whether in the freezer or freezer, the cost of installing a light that will automatically light up when the door is opened is similar. This is what economists call "fixed cost", that is, it does not change with the number of times you open and close the refrigerator door.

On the plus side, there is a light in the refrigerator, so it is more convenient for you to find things. Since most people open the refrigerator much more than the freezer, it is obviously more beneficial to install a lamp in the refrigerator. Therefore, since the cost of installing a lamp is the same, it is more cost-effective to install a lamp in the refrigerator than in the freezer according to the principle of cost performance.

This can also explain why locks should be installed on the doors of convenience stores that are open 24 hours a day, because these industrial doors were locked at that time, and we would not make an industrial door without locks for convenience stores. Product design should not only meet the needs of sellers to keep low prices and facilitate competition, but also contain the functions that best meet the wishes of consumers. Simply put, successful product design is to achieve a balance between the two aspects according to the "cost-effective principle".

2. Why are worn-out coins always spent first-the principle of "bad money drives out good money"

This phenomenon can be compared with a famous principle of economics, "Bad money drives out good money". The most popular explanation at present is that when you have a Qvanxian Zhang hundred-dollar bill and a worn-out hundred-dollar bill in your wallet, you always tend to spend the worn-out one first. Over time, the currency in circulation is getting more and more worn out, but the new money is not spent, but it remains in the wallet, so bad money drives out good money.

The original words of "bad money drives out good money" are as follows: In ancient times, due to the great differences in coin casting technology, people tended to collect those "good money" with sufficient value and tried to transfer those "bad money" with color difference to others, so that bad money and good money could circulate in the market at the same time, and bad money could not be effectively stopped and punished. If this cycle is repeated, good funds will be driven out of the market, while poor quality funds will enter the market.

In today's society, people don't have to worry about "bad money drives out good money". Although people will reject the residual coins, their preference for collecting new coins is not as strong as in ancient times, or even if they collect new coins, they can't exchange them for something of higher value. Moreover, the cost of paper money renewal is not high, and most of the residual coins on the market are collected by commercial banks and sent to the People's Bank for destruction.

Nowadays, the phenomenon that "bad money drives out good money" has been widely extended to various fields. People use this law to generally mean that things with low value will crowd out things with high value from the circulation field. This elimination law of "bad money wins good money and good money is eliminated" can be extended to different versions: bad money drives good money in officialdom is "corrupt officials crowd out honest officials"

Bad money drives out good money in the marriage market: "ugly women marry first, beautiful women become leftover women"; In the field of credit, bad money drives out good money, which is the phenomenon of "Gresham's Law", that is, "those who break promises gain, and those who keep promises suffer".

3. Why the rich are richer and the poor are poorer-the principle of "Matthew effect"

"Matthew effect" refers to the phenomenon that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, which is widely used in social psychology, education, finance, science and many other fields. Its name comes from a fable in Matthew in the New Testament: "If you have anything, give it to him and make him redundant;" No, even what he has will be taken away. "

When we go to a strange place, we often choose a restaurant with good business. Even if we need to wait in the store, we don't want to go to a restaurant with fewer guests. When we go to the hospital, we would rather queue up with prestigious doctors than go to doctors with average medical skills in the same department.

As a result, there are more and more crowded hotel guests, and the business of the boss is getting bigger and bigger; But there are fewer and fewer hotel guests. In the end, there are few doors, so it is better to close down. This is the Matthew effect.

For the rich and the poor, because the rich usually enjoy better education and development opportunities with strong economic strength, the poor also lack development opportunities relative to the rich for economic reasons.

In the long run, the rich will get richer and the poor will get poorer. It can be said that Matthew effect is ubiquitous in the fields of biological evolution, personal development, competition between countries and enterprises. Winners and losers often develop from a little gap at the beginning to the result of "winner takes all"

4. Why do some people "love me, love my dog"-the principle of "halo effect"?

Pushkin, a famous Russian writer, once suffered from the halo effect. He fell madly in love with Natalie, known as "the first beauty in Moscow", and married her. Natalie looks amazing, but she is different from Pushkin. Every time Pushkin reads her a written poem. She always covers her ears and says, "Don't listen! Don't listen! "

On the contrary, she always asks Pushkin to play with her and attend some luxurious parties and dances. Pushkin left his creation behind, was heavily in debt, and finally died in a duel with her, which made a literary superstar fall prematurely. In Pushkin's view, a beautiful woman must have extraordinary wisdom and noble character, but this is not the case. This phenomenon is called halo effect.

The so-called "halo effect" means that in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing obstacles to interpersonal cognition. In daily life, the "halo effect" often quietly affects our cognition and evaluation of others.

For example, some old people think that if they don't like the individual shortcomings of young people, or don't like their clothes and living habits, they must be worthless. Because some young people admire the cuteness of their friends, they will look around. It's really called "a handsome man covers all the ugliness".

"Halo effect" is a kind of subjective psychological speculation, and its mistakes lie in: it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics of things, and it is used to pushing the individual to the general, just like a blind man touching an image, replacing the face with points; It links some personality or appearance features that have no internal connection, and asserts that having this feature will inevitably have another feature; It affirms all good things and denies all bad things, which is an absolute tendency dominated by subjective prejudice.

In a word, halo effect is a cognitive obstacle that has a great influence on people's psychology in interpersonal communication. We should try our best to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect in communication.

5. There are so many single local tyrants, why so many mistresses-the principle of "Pareto optimality"

The principle of "Pareto optimality" means that the allocation of resources reaches an ideal state, in which everyone reaches the best level of interest. Frankly speaking, in order to achieve "great social harmony", the process of seeking this result is called "Pareto optimality". That is to say, based on Pareto optimal change, at least one person becomes better without making anyone worse.

Theoretically, everyone in society is trying to find a more reasonable allocation of resources. If men and women in society are compared to "distributable resources", and then according to universal values, men should look for "beautiful and virtuous" women, and women should look for "Gao Fushuai" men, so as to make people feel "most harmonious" and achieve "Pareto optimality".

If we don't go deep into "Why men in Gao Fushuai can't find beautiful and virtuous women", it's easy to understand why women who think they are more beautiful and virtuous than her should carry out "Pareto optimization" on their couples, that is, let the unattractive and virtuous women find a man who is less handsome and more suitable for her and make themselves superior.

The kind of woman who consciously "looks beautiful and virtuous" will feel that the "ugly and virtuous" woman has found a more suitable one, and the situation has not deteriorated, because she and the "Gao Fushuai" men are stuck in the point of "greater overall interests". On the contrary, it is the same for men who think they are "handsome and rich" to dig "beautiful and virtuous" women.

Speaking of "Pareto optimality" between men and women, we have to say that morality plays a very light role in it. Beauty knows which is more important, "local tyrant" or "Gao Fushuai". Adding an article of "unmarried" or "married" has little effect. The defect of this theory is that there has never been so much information asymmetry in the world, and you can't know the character defect of "Gao Fushuai".

In addition, the so-called "there is no best but better", there is never a real "Pareto optimality" in the world, and cheaters are always divided. This is the truth.

6. Why are so many young people addicted to games-the principle of "efficient market hypothesis"

"Efficient Market Hypothesis": If the price of a securities market fully reflects all available information, then such a market is called an efficient market.

The game world is like an "efficient market". For example, in COC (Clash of Tribes) game, each level has corresponding weapons. You can also clearly display the attributes of the defense tower, the player's funds, the player's previous record and so on. So it is easy for players to make a judgment: can they beat it? What benefits can I get if I win?

How long will it take you to buy a gold coin of a certain equipment, and almost 100% of the input in the game is output, unless the technology is not good. In addition, in the game, teammates like pigs and teammates like gods are also easy to judge, which allows you to quickly decide whether to continue the team battle with this member or find someone else. In reality, it is not so easy for partners to see the clues in one or two rounds.

Therefore, a fair and effective game world with fully open information and easy to grasp the results of "investment" is incomparable in reality, which is one of the reasons why so many young people are addicted to games. However, it is not good to indulge in games too much. After all, there are many things to do in life besides games.