Urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Is expression the same as rhetoric? If not, what is the difference?

Simply put, expression is used to better express thoughts and feelings, and rhetoric is used to make a sentence more exciting and vivid.

Personal understanding

Expression skills:

Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings.

First, rendering and contrast

Rendering is originally a technique of Chinese painting. Where it needs to be emphasized, the picture is painted with ink or light color to show the image of yin and yang, so as to enhance the artistic effect. Poetry is often used to describe the environment, scenery and so on. These descriptions are positive in many ways to highlight the image. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feelings": "The wood falls to the south, and the water is cold with the north wind. My hometown is Xiangshui District, a southern country surrounded by clouds. I walked forward. I cried until my tears ran out and I returned to the sky. Asking questions in advance is getting rougher and rougher. It's getting dark. " This poem is about the poet's homesickness and confusion about the future when he roams the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the cold autumn. The first pair of couplets, "Wild geese fly south, the water is cold with the north wind", describes the scene of late autumn. The leaves of konoha gradually fall off, the geese in the north fly, and the north wind howls, rendering a cold and sad atmosphere in autumn. Poets grasp the most representative things to describe the autumn chill from the front, which is a rendering technique.

Contrast is a traditional landscape painting technique in China, in which ink or color is used to draw outside the outline of the object, making the object stand out obviously. Used in poetry, it refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed more vivid and prominent. For example, Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (I): "Jade dew withers and hurts the maple forest, and Wushan Wuxia is angry. Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog. Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat. Cold clothes push knives everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious. " The first pair of couplets focuses on the big picture, describing the bleak scene of Xiao Sha in late autumn. The couplets describe the harmony between heaven and earth, the closure of the great river, the turmoil and gloom. Such a scene shows the ups and downs of the poet and the sadness in his chest to the fullest. These scenery descriptions are intentional from the side, with pen and ink on the scenery, but actually vividly contrast the poet's thoughts and feelings, which is a foil technique.

Many times, the theory of rendering contrast does not mean that the two can be equal, but only that the two expressions are often closely combined. Especially in poetry works that express feelings through scenery, it is often used to describe the scenery and shape the artistic conception first, and then to set off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Like Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" above, it first renders a cold and bleak atmosphere in autumn, and then through this atmosphere, it sets off the poet's homesickness and gloom about the future. Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (Part I) first rendered a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, and then used this atmosphere to set off his inner feelings.

Second, contrast and contrast.

Set-off is to use similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight what is to be expressed with some things as a set-off. It can make the things that are set off more prominent and vivid. There are two types of foil: positive and negative. Using similar conditions of things to set off is positive contrast; To set off with the opposite conditions of things is to contrast. It emphasizes "lining" one by comparison. For example, Cui Hu's titled "Village in the South of the City": "Last year today, at this gate, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. " This is a lyric poem. In the seemingly narrative, by comparing last year's today with this year's today, the author highlights the sentimental feeling that this year's peach blossom is "still" and the face is no longer at this moment. The key point here is to set off (contrast) this year's loneliness, sadness and helplessness by comparing with last year's joy!

Contrast is to compare things, or scenery, or environment, or characters, or emotional expression, so that people can feel something from it, convey the poet's intention more strongly and clearly, and enhance the artistic effect. It emphasizes expressing a certain meaning more clearly and strongly through comparison. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home. Maids-in-waiting are like flowers in Man Chun Temple, but only partridges are flying today. " The poet uses the method of contrast to form a strong contrast between the past and the present, so that readers can clearly feel the impermanence of historical ups and downs. The key point here is to make people feel a certain philosophy clearly and strongly through the comparison between the past and the present, rather than highlighting one of them.

Contrast and contrast have the meaning of contrast, and they are all done by comparing something (or image or emotion). But contrast is limited to the contrast of relative things (or images or emotions), and contrast can also be the contrast of similar things (or images or emotions). The foothold of comparison through comparison does not lie in either side of comparison, but shows some emotional understanding from comparison; The foothold of contrast is to highlight the side of mutual contrast.

Third, contrast and contrast

The foil has been introduced. No matter what kind of foil it is, it emphasizes that two things make one of them stand out more by comparison. Stay in a "lining", with special emphasis on things that are similar or relative. For example, in Cui Hu's "South Village of the Capital" mentioned earlier, the poet compared two relative scenes, namely "Peach Blossom's face is red" and "Peach Blossom still smiles at the spring breeze when its face is unknown" to express his inner disappointment and loneliness. Through the comparison of these two things with the same quality, highlight the sadness of today this year with the joy of today last year.

I have also introduced contrast before, emphasizing the description or arrangement of a thing from the side to make its image more prominent. Landing is not necessarily something similar or relative, but emphasizes "baking" things horizontally. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" mentioned earlier, the first two couplets describe the scenery and render the artistic atmosphere; The last two couplets express their homesickness and gloomy future. Although artistic conception style and artistic conception have internal similarities, they are not similar or relative to "quality", and there is no relationship between highlighting one side through comparison, so they are not foil. The cold and sad artistic atmosphere is like an external decoration for the author's mood and emotion. This artistic atmosphere exudes the author's inner anxiety and confusion. Although it seems to be writing a scene, it is actually describing the author's emotions from the side and outside. Therefore, the description of scenery and the rendering of artistic conception are a foil to the author's emotional expression.

Both foil and contrast focus on "support", even if it is to highlight something, an image or an emotion. However, the means of the two are different, and the contrast is mainly accomplished by comparing things (or images or emotions) with similar or related things (or images or emotions); Contrast is mainly achieved by describing the external side of things (or images or emotions).

Setting off is a rhetorical device, which uses other things to set off and contrast, so as to make the characteristics of something more prominent. As far as the nature and relationship between lining and subject are concerned, foil can be divided into positive foil and negative foil.

Positive contrast is to set off and compare the format of the ontology from the front with the scenery or scenery consistent with the ontology.

For example, "the ancients are still acceptable" and "awl thorn stocks" study tirelessly. For the great ideal of productism, you will be absorbed, forget all about eating and sleeping, and study hard. (Guo Moruo, Spring of Science)

This example is driven by the ancients' "head hanging beam, awl stabbing stock" to set off the ideal YMCA's research spirit of "tackling difficulties" today. This is a "positive contrast".

Contrast is to set off the opposite or opposite views or things from the opposite side to set off the ontology.

For example, "when you get off the horse and sit on a rock and smoke, although the sun is shining outside the forest, the cigarette butts shine in the dense forest that covers the sky." (Bi Ye's Tianshan Scenery)

In this case, when the author rode into the Tianshan primeval forest, he could see cigarette butts flashing with red lights, which suddenly made the forest grow thick and dark, which was a kind of "contrast".

As the saying goes, "Although safflower is good, it needs green leaves to support it." This sentence can explain the truth of foil. The same is true of writing articles. The use of contrast will make the object of description more vivid and prominent. There are two main types of foil in its application.

Set off feelings with scenes, that is, set off and render the feelings or characters through concrete and vivid scene descriptions.

For example:

(1) It's the end of winter, and when we get home, it's cloudy again. The cold wind blew into the hut and purred. Looking out from the gap, there are several desolate villages in the yellow world, far and near, with no vitality. (Lu Xun's hometown)

This passage describes the desolate, cold and suffocating scene of my hometown, which sets off my sad mood. This place is set in the background of scenery.

The woman made a seat. Soon, a large piece was woven under her. She sat on a piece of snow and white clouds. She sometimes looks at the lake, which is also a silvery white world. There is a thin transparent fog on the water, and when the wind blows, it smells fresh lotus leaves and lotus fragrance. (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)

By describing the scenery of reed mat woven by aquatic eldest sister-in-law, this example renders a fresh and quiet atmosphere and sets off the image of aquatic eldest sister-in-law who is hardworking, simple, docile and kind. Here, the scenery is refreshing.

Contrast and render a quiet natural environment or a quiet inner world by comparing static and dynamic, that is, by describing specific sounds or actions.

Riding through the forest, I only heard the sound of water splashing on the rocks, which added to the silence of the forest. (Bi Ye's Tianshan Scenery)

In this case, riding through the forest can hear the sound of horseshoe splashing, setting off the secluded forest in Tianshan Mountain.

(2) Even if I don't go out in Peiping, I still live in a shabby house in the sea of people in the imperial city. When I come in the morning, I sit in the yard with a bowl of strong tea, and I can see the high blue sky and hear the pigeons flying in the sky. (Yu Dafu's Autumn in the Old Capital)

Sitting in the yard in autumn, you can hear the sound of pigeons flying in the blue sky, which sets off the tranquility of the surrounding environment and the author's sad mood.

In addition, some foil methods can be cited, such as small lining, large lining, beautiful lining, positive lining, false lining, main lining, evil lining, positive lining and so on.

Contrast is a figure of speech that compares contradictory things together. Contrast can intercept two different things or two different aspects of the same thing. Through the comparison between the two, the beauty and ugliness of the image are more distinct, the characteristics of both sides are more obvious, the advantages and disadvantages are more profound, and the contradictions are more acute. Contrast, from the content, there are two kinds of contrast, one-on-one comparison and two-on-one comparison.

Metaphor: ontology (figurative object), vehicle (figurative object) and metaphor (symbolic word of figurative relationship) Category: Simile A is like B. Ontology, metaphor and vehicle are all obvious. The leaves stick out of the water high, like elegant dancers' skirts. Like, like, like, like ...

Metaphorically, A is B, and both ontology and metaphor appear, connected by "Yes, Success, Change". More often, the dark clouds are four in one, and the mountains and rivers are all ink landscapes.

Metaphor means that A replaces B, without ontology, and directly describes the vehicle. Only heroes drive tigers and leopards, and no heroes are afraid of bears. Metaphor uses several metaphors to illustrate an ontology. The most common rain is once every three or two days. Don't be upset. Look, it is like cow hair, like a needle, like a filament, densely woven into a diagonal. There is a thin layer of smoke on the roof.

Metonymy: Metonymy is a rhetorical device, which replaces the things to be expressed with related things. This kind of rhetoric does not directly say who or what.

Analogy: Analogy is a rhetorical way to write thing A as thing B.

Exaggeration: Exaggeration is a rhetorical way to deliberately expand or narrow the object, characteristics, function and degree of things in order to meet the needs of some expression.

Duality: Duality is a rhetorical way to express two opposite or similar meanings with a pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning.

Parallelism is a rhetorical way of arranging three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone together to strengthen the language situation, emphasize the content and aggravate the feelings.

Repetition (reproduction) The deliberate repetition of a word, sentence or sentence group in order to express strong feelings. This rhetorical method is called repetition.

Pun: in a certain language environment, using the conditions of polysemy and homonymy, the sentence is consciously made to have double meanings, and the word here means another meaning. 1 homophonic pun: I lost my pride, Yang Qun lost her willow, and the willow was blown high. Yang actually refers to Yang Kaihui and Liu actually refers to Liu Zhixun. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny (sentimental) and sunny (sentimental). Pun: The night is long and the road is long. I'd better forget it.

Irony: Irony is a rhetorical way to strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Irony type: 1 Irony: China soldiers' great achievements in killing women and children, and Eight-Nation Alliance's martial arts in punishing students, unfortunately, have been obliterated by these repeated blood stains. It's really beautiful. .....................................................................................................................................................................'s pun and irony have two meanings, but: the meaning of irony is opposite; Puns are related in appearance and meaning.

Contrast: it is a rhetorical method to compare two opposite or opposing things, or two different aspects of a thing. The function of contrast is to make the good look better and the bad look worse. Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive.

Set-off: in order to highlight the main things, first describe the related things as a rhetorical method of set-off. This rhetorical method can be divided into positive contrast and negative contrast according to the different relationships between things. Positive contrast: the foil and the main object change in the same direction. Use a desolate and depressing environment and atmosphere to set off the sad mood. Contrast: the contrast between things and main things changes in the opposite direction. The use of "... but I think the boat is slow" refers to my eagerness.

The word at the end of one sentence is the rhetoric method of the word at the beginning of the next sentence. Bamboo leaves are burned, and there are bamboo branches; Bamboo branches are broken and there are bamboo whips; The bamboo whip was cut, and deep bamboo roots were buried underground. Real figures of speech have the characteristics of continuous connection and are suitable for expressing the interdependence between objective things. Only when things do have this relationship can they be used, otherwise it will become a word game.

Transfered epithet refers to the relationship between A and B, so the modifier originally used to describe A is used to modify B's rhetoric. In fact, it is the flexible use of words: the architectural rhythm in the square is actually very harmonious. Modifiers describing people are often used in objects. Transfer and personification: the transfer of words reflects the change of modifiers of related things. Personification focuses on humanizing things.

Synaesthesia: Synaesthesia is a way to communicate people's feelings (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.). ) through metaphor or description. It can be divided into descriptive synaesthesia and metaphorical synaesthesia. Describe synaesthesia: the branches of red apricots are full of spring. Synaesthesia of metaphor: but light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played on Van Gogh's spirit. The difference between synaesthesia and transliteration: transliteration focuses on word substitution in a certain context; Synaesthesia focuses on the phase shift of perception. Graceful song (euphemism) is a rhetorical way to set off or hint to readers in a tactful and tortuous way without directly saying the meaning to be expressed. When Kong Yiji arrived at the store, all the drinkers looked at him and smiled. Some shouted, "Kong Yiji, do you have a new scar on your face? Quot prompt "beaten again". Palindrome (palindrome) is a figure of speech that is repeatedly explained in the same sentence. Formally, the words are the same, but the word order is opposite. He got up and fell, fell and got up, and continued to struggle. The loop has only two language fragments; There are more than two top truths. Cycles are A-B, b-a; It's really a-b, b-c

Address: It is a rhetorical way to address people or things directly in writing. In other words, directly addressing people or things that are not in front of you and talking with them can generally be divided into two forms: addressing people and addressing things. Lei Feng, although you lived in the 1960s, people saw future people and future productive people from you and thousands of revolutionary fighters in Qian Qian. (Call a person) Ah, electricity! You are the sharpest sword in the universe! My sword has been drawn, but you, you can draw my tangible sword, you can't draw my invisible sword! (Summon things)

Intertextuality: refers to a rhetorical method in which words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. Pine and cypress are planted in the east and west, and phoenix trees are planted in the left and right. I, the host, have dismounted, my guest has boarded his boat, and we raise our cups, hoping to drink-but, alas, there is no music. Strange mountains and strange waters, chinese odyssey.

Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author when writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. We should pay attention to different styles of works when grasping its expression techniques as a whole.

The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on.

Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc.

Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning.

; Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing.

The analysis of expression is a very general topic. Pay attention to the requirements of solving complete geographical problems when answering questions, and answer them concisely and accurately. For some topics, such as appreciating writing skills, it is necessary to accurately grasp the context, theme and genre style of the article, and choose the most important answer. It is not necessary to cover everything, such as the various methods of shaping characters in novels, such as the various methods of expressing emotions in prose, and try to get points.

Expression techniques can be divided into three categories: lyric techniques, descriptive techniques and rhetorical techniques.

Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism, and indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenery to express emotion, expressing meaning with things and expressing reason with things.

Descriptive techniques are divided into: (1) setting off: positive contrast and negative contrast (2) association and imagination are the combination of reality and reality; (3) Contrast (4) Line drawing

Rhetoric: (1) Bixing (saying something else causes singing first) (2) Metaphor (3) personification (4) exaggeration (5) pun (6) allusion (7) rhetorical question, rhetorical question and irony.