There is little scientific knowledge about penguins.

Antarctic penguins are the most elegant animals in the world.

They are birds, but they can't fly. They often walk in the ice and snow at MINUS 60 degrees with the steps of gentlemen. Penguins are egg-laying animals, and male penguins only lay one egg at a time.

But the six-week incubation mission is undertaken by male penguins. Its abdomen is like an incubator at 34℃, so don't worry that penguin eggs will freeze here.

In the meantime, the penguin father must endure hunger. For the sake of his baby, he can't jump into the sea to catch fish to satisfy his hunger. All his energy comes from the fat stored in his body. Who can not say that he is the greatest "father" in the world? So what did mother penguin do at this time? She went to store the baby's food

She swam in the warmer, fishy sea and swallowed a lot of fish, forming a thick layer of fat in her body. Before the chicks hatch, the mother will rush back to the baby with a sense of time.

Mother's stomach stores a lot of semi-digested fish to prepare food for penguin babies. There are about 2.5 million penguins in the world, with 18 species.

These animals are very much like humans. They are monogamous, and they will be together for life and be loyal forever. The way of communication between them is through sound, such as croaking for happiness, * * * for chatting after dinner, and shrill voice for warning.

Adult penguins are generally 1.2 meters tall and weigh 30 kilograms. In order to resist the cold, a penguin eats 60 kilograms of fish every day. Little penguins can swim in the sea at the age of one, and their life span is usually 7- 15 years.

Penguins are the best divers in Antarctica. Although they walk to swing, in the water, their feet are "engines" and they can dive 500 meters at a speed of 25 kilometers per hour.

Because they have two airbags, the diving time can be as long as 20 minutes. Their feathers are hard and smooth, just like diving suits

Penguins mainly live in Antarctica. If a cold current strikes, they will curl up tightly together and look like a black carpet from a distance. It is because of this collective spirit that they are considered very intelligent animals.

Penguins who are not afraid of cold can stop breathing in the cold water around the Antarctic continent. In the underwater stop for a minute, sometimes the diving depth can even reach 500 meters. They can dive like this hundreds of times a day without any damage to their bodies. Penguins have amazing ability to regulate metabolism.

Only the essential parts of the whole body are working, and the metabolism of other parts is smooth. Scientists put sensors on 10 species of penguins living in the waters between Antarctica and Africa, and they got some very surprising data.

The normal temperature of a penguin is 38℃. After diving, the abdominal temperature dropped to 1 1℃, while the stomach temperature remained above 30℃. The fish a penguin eats is very cold (only 4-5℃), which causes its body temperature to drop, while its stomach temperature remains unchanged. So far, people can't give a satisfactory explanation for this.

The researcher in charge of this work explained: "There is another solution to this mystery: conditioned reflex hypothermia related to diving. Penguin's body tissue seems to make perfect use of its energy. It uses blood to coordinate all parts of body activities: brain, heart, muscles that generate thrust, etc. At the same time, the activities of other organizations are very mild, so these organizations generate less energy and the temperature is naturally lower. "

The researcher went on to say, "This phenomenon is well known. For example, this phenomenon can also be observed in early hibernating otters.

But contrary to this sleepy mammal, penguins are very active. After each dive, it will return to the surface to rest for a minute, and then dive underwater to fish.

It repeats this action 10 hour and can do it hundreds of times a day. Penguins are indigenous to the Antarctic, and people call them the symbol of the Antarctic, and they deserve it.

First, due to the large number, high density and wide distribution of penguins, it has been found that there are about 654.38 billion penguins in the Antarctic region, accounting for 654.38+0/654.38+00 of the total number of seabirds in the world, which are distributed on the coast of the Antarctic continent and the islands in the sub-Antarctic region. When people landed in Antarctica, the first thing they noticed was the penguins all over the mountains. Penguins bring vitality to the cold and lonely world of ice and snow in Antarctica.

Second, because the penguin looks cute, especially its dignified, polite and gentlemanly demeanor, it left a deep impression on people. Third, penguins have shared joys and sorrows in Antarctica for generations, exercising and creating a hard work to adapt to the harsh environment in Antarctica-a special physiological function of low temperature tolerance.

Fourthly, because of the unique living habits of penguins, such as male penguins hatching eggs, young penguins kindergartens, etc., it has long been passed down as anecdotes. Fifth, because penguins are a symbol of cold, people think of Antarctica, the coldest pole in the world, when they see penguins.

No wonder the products in the world cold drink industry often use penguins as trademarks. In midsummer, seeing penguins will give people a cool feeling. It is the mysterious world of Antarctica that gave birth to such a strange "resident".

Antarctic penguins, like polar bears, have become well-known representative animals. Where is the hometown of Antarctic penguins? Can the ancestors of penguins fly? What is the evolution of penguins? The origin of penguins is a subject that biologists are discussing and studying, and it is still a mystery.

However, there is a saying that penguins in Antarctica originated from a flying animal during the disintegration of Gondwana. About 200 million years ago, Gondwana began to split and disintegrate, and the Antarctic continent separated and began to drift south.

At this time, it happened that a group of flying animals flew over the ocean. They found the drifting Antarctic continent, so they circled around it and watched, and finally they decided to land on this land. At first, they lived a very happy life there, with no worries about food and clothing.

However, the good times did not last long. As the mainland moves south, the weather becomes colder and colder. They want to fly, but there is nowhere to fly. Surrounded by vast fields of ice and snow, they have no choice but to stay in this land. Soon the Antarctic continent reached the polar region, and after a long time, it was finally covered with thick ice and snow. It turned out that a large number of lush creatures died, and only the ancestor of penguins, a flying animal, survived.

However, they have completely changed, from flying to not flying, from wide fluffy feathers to fine needles.

2. Knowledge about penguins

Penguin (scientific name: Spheniscidae): Penguin, known as the "boat of the sea", is one of the oldest swimming birds. They probably settled in Antarctica before the earth put on ice armor. There are 18 species of penguins in the world, most of which are distributed in the southern hemisphere. Mainly living in the southern hemisphere, it belongs to Penguin, Penguinidae. Characterized by inability to fly; Feet are born in the lowest part of the body, so they are upright; There is webbed toes; Foot flexibility (other birds land on their toes); Forelimbs have fins; Feathers are short to reduce friction and turbulence; There is a layer of air between the feathers to keep warm. The back is black and the abdomen is white. The main differences between species are head color and individual size.

Penguins can survive and reproduce in the cold of MINUS 60 degrees. On land, it is like a western gentleman in a tuxedo, staggering, stumbling and flustered when in danger. But in the water, the penguin's short wings become a pair of powerful "paddles", and the swimming speed can reach 25-30 kilometers per hour. You can swim 160 km in one day. Mainly feed on krill, squid and small fish.

There are 18 independent species of penguins, and the largest species is emperor penguin, with an average height of about 1. 1 m and a weight of over 35 kg. The smallest penguin species is Little Blue Penguin (also known as Fairy Penguin), which is 40cm high and weighs 1kg. It has its own unique structure. Penguin feathers are three to four times as dense as birds of the same size. The function of these feathers is to regulate body temperature. Although penguins have basically the same feet as other birds, their bones are hard and their feet are short and flat. This feature, like the short wings of two paddles, enables penguins to "fly" underwater. Although the Antarctic is extremely cold, penguins' feathers have become overlapping scales after tens of millions of years of snow storms. This special down jacket is not only difficult to soak in seawater, but also the temperature is close to MINUS 100 degrees Celsius, so it cannot break through its thermal insulation defense line. Antarctica is rich in land and vast in sea surface, and abundant marine plankton has become a rich food source for penguins.

Penguin is one of the oldest swimming birds. It may have settled in Antarctica before it put on its ice armor. Antarctica has a large land area and a wide sea surface, and rich floating salt glands can excrete excess salt. Penguins have flat corneas, so they can see under water and above water. Both eyes can transmit images to the brain for telescopic integration, thus producing telescopic effect. Penguin is a kind of bird, so penguin has no teeth. Penguins have barbs on their tongues and maxilla to adapt to swallowing fish and shrimp, but these are not their teeth.

3. Little is known about penguin breeding

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Penguin is the symbol of the South Pole. These faltering, tuxedo-clad and arrogant "Antarctic gentlemen" have lived and prospered in this mysterious land of Antarctica for thousands of years.

Penguin can be said to be an ancient migratory bird. They settled in Antarctica before they were covered with ice armor. With the change of Antarctic climate, penguins have developed a set of skills to resist cold and snow. They either walk on the ice and snow or swim in the cold sea, and they have an indissoluble bond with the ice and snow. It is for this reason that penguins mainly live in the Antarctic continent and South shetland islands, but also distribute northward with the cold current, reaching 17 degrees south latitude in Africa and 38 degrees south latitude in Australia, and some species can also extend to the equator in Latin America. Penguins are found in the southern coastal islands of South Africa, the southeast coast of Australia and the west coast of New Zealand, and even in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador near the equator.

There are nearly 20 species of penguins in the world, among which there are 7 species in Antarctic continent, such as emperor penguin, Adelie penguin, golden penguin, cap penguin, emperor penguin, rock penguin and floating penguin, and the rest 10 species are distributed in the southern coast and coastal islands of all continents.

Penguins are about 65 cm long, with black and white feathers, white abdomen, one or two black stripes and thick subcutaneous fat. Wings have fins and feathers are small and scaly. Penguin breeding is carried out in extremely bad weather conditions. Penguin eggs are hatched by male penguins in winter when the temperature is as low as -60℃, and some of them are hatched in shifts. The incubation period is 2 months, from June 10 to February 12. Penguins are famous for loving their sons in their nests. Sometimes they steal their neighbors' eggs, occupy other penguins' nests and take other chicks away to raise them. Therefore, as "parents", penguins refuse to leave their children for a moment. Penguin's nest is only made of pebbles that it can move. In order to build a nest with a diameter of about 10 cm, the penguin "couple" must look around for enough stones. Biologists believe that whether there are enough small stones is often a factor that restricts penguin reproduction. Penguins are very picky about where they live, and the best location is the center closest to danger. Of course, the struggle is fierce, and new penguins can only make their homes outside their habitat. In the fierce competition, male penguins often fight for nests. And the female penguin, just need to compete for "lover" and everything will be ready. Every group of penguins always has some "bachelors" who can't find a partner. They can only wander the island alone and painfully. Generally speaking, penguins have to wander for three years before they can build a relatively stable family. Penguins are not always monogamous, and spouse exchange happens from time to time. Lucky penguins can live to 14 years old.

Penguins are strong, hardworking and aggressive, which enables them to survive in the harsh natural conditions in Antarctica. Penguins also have natural enemies, and they are skua. Skuas like to wander around penguins, looking for opportunities to get rid of eggs in their nests or kill young penguins. However, the behavior of the skua will always attract penguins to attack and make the skua flee everywhere.

Penguins don't get lost. Scientists captured five adult penguins in the Antarctic, marked them, and then moved them to a strait 1900 km away from the nesting site, and released them. 10 months later, they all returned to their original nesting sites. Penguins don't get lost because they use the sun as a lighthouse.

Penguins eat a lot of krill in their lifetime, and the food in their stomachs accounts for almost a quarter of their weight. These foods are not only necessary for penguins to maintain the balance of energy budget in their bodies, but also show the sensitivity of penguins to external reactions. Penguins, like humans, belong to the top of the food chain. Once penguins are in a bad situation, such as the shortage of krill and seaweed, the original food sources, due to the influence of ultraviolet rays from the sun, it will be difficult for penguins to find substitutes immediately. This phenomenon will make penguins face a serious threat. Tsunami is another big threat to penguins. Wind and waves often hit pebbles where penguins build their nests, causing their eggs to be lost. In recent years, the increase in the number of walruses has also caused many troubles for penguins to lay eggs.

4. Knowledge about fairy penguins

Fairy penguins, commonly known as "little penguins", are named after their light bodies. It is a famous penguin and lives in a port city in southern Australia. It is light and smart, funny and lovely, and is very popular with people. Fairy penguins are highly disciplined and often queue up for progress. Its most famous place is that it has its own "biological clock", which can tell the time.

What's going on here? It turned out that in a city in southern Australia, a sign stood on the beach, which read "Penguins landed at 8: 05 pm on time". People didn't believe it at first. How do penguins know the time? But strangely, penguins always land at 8: 05 every day. The penguin landed in a funny way: first, a "leader" swaggered in the stormy waves, and then the "pioneer" landed smoothly. The troops at the back kept landing, which seemed so orderly. They are in rows of three, five and one, very neat. It takes about 40 minutes to land, and the scene is spectacular. People on the sidelines sometimes burst into laughter and sometimes danced excitedly.

Fairy penguins have low reproductive ability, only laying 2~3 eggs at a time, and high survival rate. Although there are many fairy penguins, and they are not rare animals, the number of fairy penguins is likely to decline, so we still have to protect them, so that their cuteness will always exist and accompany us forever. Let's work hard!

Step 5 get to know penguins

Penguin (scientific name: Spheniscidae): Penguin, known as the "boat of the sea", is one of the oldest swimming birds. They probably settled in Antarctica before the earth put on ice armor.

There are 17 species of penguins in the world, most of which are distributed in the southern hemisphere. Mainly living in the southern hemisphere, it belongs to Penguin, Penguinidae.

Characterized by inability to fly; Feet are born in the lowest part of the body, so they are upright; There is webbed toes; Foot flexibility (other birds land on their toes); Forelimbs have fins; Feathers are short to reduce friction and turbulence; There is a layer of air between the feathers to keep warm. The back is black and the abdomen is white.

The main differences between species are head color and individual size. Penguins can survive and reproduce in the cold of MINUS 60 degrees.

On land, it is like a western gentleman in a tuxedo. When it walks, it will shake and sway. If you are in danger, you will fall and climb, and the wolf will be unbearable. But in the water, the penguin's short wings become a pair of powerful "paddles", and the swimming speed can reach 25-30 kilometers per hour.

You can swim 160 km in one day. Mainly feed on krill, squid and small fish.

6. You can't judge a book by its cover. Answer 1. What does the selected article mainly introduce about penguins?

Penguins can't judge a book by its cover (1). Penguins have no forearms to climb and no wings to fly, so they can only walk unsteadily.

It seems that the way they walk is hard to relate to intelligence or efficiency. However, the results of scientific research show that penguins are not as bloated, clumsy and inefficient as people think, but only use their unique walking style to make up for the great inconvenience caused by short legs and small legs. ② During the research, biologists at the University of California first put penguins on a special platform, and then counted the number of times they swung from side to side and back and forth in detail.

After careful analysis and study of the recorded data, they came to the conclusion that the penguin's walking posture seemed to be out of balance. However, this swing mode conforms to behavioral logic and can save energy most. There are two reasons: first, penguins minimize energy to meet energy storage needs.

Because they swing to one side to the limit and stop, some of its functions are stored as potential; When it swings to the other side, this potential is released again The ratio of stored energy to energy consumed in the previous step is called "recovery rate".

Penguin's "recovery rate" when walking is higher than any other animal on the earth, reaching 80%, higher than human 15%, and the highest in the animal kingdom; The second is to raise the center of gravity of the body and improve walking efficiency. The researchers pointed out that this may have certain reference significance for pregnant women with special body shape.

(3) In the ocean, the swimming movements of penguins are so elegant and unique. They can move at the speed of 1 1~ 15 miles per hour because of their size, feet and wings.

Penguins can't dive for long because they need to breathe in. When swimming in the water, they will surface intermittently, take a deep breath and then dive again.

This habit is called "water jump phenomenon". Penguins don't soar in the air, but they do skim the water with their wings.

Penguins' wings are very different from those of other birds. In fact, they are more like the flippers of seals. (4) On land, the intelligence of penguins has been fully demonstrated.

⑤ In the ice and snow environment, penguins sometimes try to ride "sleigh" instead of walking. It suddenly lay down, turned over, with its abdomen facing up, and then glided on the ice and snow with its feet and wings. It's like a skier in a gentleman's suit.

Compared with other birds, penguins have a big difference. Birds flying in the air have light bones because they are hollow in the middle.

On the other hand, penguins have denser bone structures, so they are heavier, which helps them dive into deep water to find food. When it's time to return to land, penguins slide on the water with their chests and bellies and surf horizontally like people, and return to the shore.

Penguins are born with a sense of recognition and adjust their direction according to the geomagnetic field, so no matter how far they swim in the ocean, they can return accurately. 1. What does the selected text mainly introduce about penguins? Write at least three points.

A: (1) Penguins seem to be out of balance when they walk from side to side. However, this kind of swing conforms to behavioral logic and can save energy most. (2) Penguins have "diving phenomenon".

(3) Penguins can return accurately no matter how far they swim in the ocean. 2. What is the interpretation method of the underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph? What's the role? A: Analogy.

This can more vividly illustrate the intelligence of penguins on land. 3. "The researchers pointed out that this may have certain reference significance for pregnant women with special body shape.

If the "maybe" in the sentence is removed, what is the difference in expression? A: It can't be removed. After removing it, its meaning is affirmative, but whether pregnant women can improve their body center of gravity and walking efficiency like penguins has not been scientifically proved, so we can't use a positive tone here.

In nature, there are many animals as smart as penguins. Please list an animal and give an example of its intelligence. A: Japanese herons also have a strong foraging ability.

A heron was so hungry that it stared at the small fish swimming around in the pond. Suddenly it flew to a nearby forest, grabbed a twig, broke it into several pieces, threw it into the pool, and moved it with its mouth from time to time.

The small fish in the water mistakenly thought it was a bug, so they floated to the surface to compete for food, so the heron had a good meal.