Which picture doesn't contain the theme of flower arrangement?

In a narrow sense, flower arrangement is to cut a part of a plant from its mother and store it in a container according to certain rules. As for which plants to choose, what containers to put in and what rules to follow, it has become the main difference between different flower arranging arts.

Flower arrangement is probably one of the rare art forms that obviously take static three-dimensional objects as works, but can't be preserved for a long time. A flower arrangement works, long 120 days, short 120 days, the most beautiful gesture is like fireworks to loneliness. This feature leads us to interpret and sort out ancient flower arrangement works, and we have to rely on indirect materials to seek the preservation of images and words.

Before stopping to arrange flowers, it is the aesthetic wisdom of orientals to melt themselves into the atmosphere created by the interweaving of plants and utensils, space and artistic conception. However, looking back at the beginning of the art of flower arrangement, this artistic consciousness came relatively late. Humans painted the shapes of petals and leaves on Neolithic pottery, but left no flower arrangement patterns. There are a large number of plant hymns in the Book of Songs and Songs of the South in the pre-Qin period, which are either the necessities of our ancestors, such as picking kudzu and wormwood, or expressing their feelings through things, such as vanilla and fragrant wood. There was no record of flower arrangement before the Han Dynasty.

First, the Han Dynasty flower arrangement

The earliest known image of flower arrangement was found in No.1 Han Tomb in Wang Du, Hebei Province. The owner of the tomb was Sun Cheng, an outstanding eunuch in the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was named Hou because of his meritorious support for Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty. On the mural in the front room, which recorded the life of the tomb owner, there appeared a pottery basin with clean water and six red flowers clearly inserted in it. Next to it is the word "no fire" in official script. "Quit fire" is another name for Rhodiola. Although the brushwork of tomb murals in Han Dynasty is still rough, it still captures the plant characteristics of Rhodiola. Mr. Chen Zhi explained in the Interpretation of the Inscriptions on the Murals of Han Tombs in Wang Du: "This mural depicts the forbidden fire and draws pictures.

A pottery basin with six stems of flowers and leaves, red flowers and green leaves ... this is symbolic. The image of the safflower pottery basin coincides with the development characteristics of Chinese flower arrangement in the future: it originated from the royal family and spread from top to bottom, paying more attention to the symbolism of flower arrangement rather than the pursuit of visual beauty.

Second, flower arrangement in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the local flower culture was very mature. If we want to choose a representative figure to promote the development of flower arrangement art in this period, it must be Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan. Xiao Yi put forward the "Twenty-four Hua Xinfeng" which has an important influence on the solar terms culture, and once wrote: "The moonlight in Kunming is like practice, and the forest is like cymbals. On this day in spring, people go out to enjoy flowers, arrange flowers, tie flowers, make dates and offer sacrifices to gods, which is the earliest existing written record of "Flower Festival". The appearance of the folk flower festival shows that China people's cognition of flowers has changed from the earliest reproductive worship and realistic dependence to a cultural bond and emotional sustenance.

Zhang Yanyuan also recorded Xiao Yi's painting achievements in "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties": "Xiao Yi, Yuan Di, was the seventh son of Emperor Wu. When I was born, I was dumbfounded, smart and handsome, with profound skills, and I was naturally good at painting and calligraphy ... "Dip in the Lotus Ding Tu" has an inscription. One of the paintings "Lotus Dipping Ding Tu" has been lost, but judging from the painting title, "Dipping" is a kind of flower arrangement technique, similar to "storing", "dipping" and "dyeing", so the content of the painting should be a kind of flower arrangement with tripod as flower device and lotus as flower material. If people can see it, they can see the gorgeous flower arrangement in the court of the Southern Dynasties.

If the local flower arrangement culture developed and expanded in a relaxed way during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, then the popularity of Buddhism undoubtedly poured a gourd ladle of nutritious spiritual water on this seedling. The intersection of local culture and foreign culture has evolved a new look of flower arrangement, which is different from the art of flower supply in India, the birthplace of Buddhism, but it also retains the shadow of Buddhism to some extent.

Different from the flower offering in primitive Buddhism, it involves some deep-rooted cultural cores in China culture. The first is the ritual system, which is mainly reflected in the use of utensils. Any container that can hold water can be used to arrange flowers in China, and the flower arranging device must conform to certain regulations. The correct way is to inherit ancient jade and bronze ritual vessels (including various bottles such as Zun, Zhang and Yan), so "vase flowers" are also called "vase sacrifices", and there are also plate flowers, potted flowers, tube flowers and basket flowers.

Secondly, the style of things is reflected in the personification of flowers. People in China project a large number of subjective ideas on flower materials, which are arranged in the order of precedence and endow them with individuality, even to the extent that a flower arrangement can reveal their hearts and express their feelings. This was more obvious in the Song and Ming Dynasties.

Finally, the most important vitality of China culture is reflected in the shape of flower arrangement. Although in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were still flowers in groups, piles and vines. , only used to offer flowers in front of Indian Buddha statues. Only gorgeous flower heads are picked, arranged in trays, or strung together to decorate the Buddha's body and Dojo. But in the end, this block art did not take root in China, but was highly accepted in the West, such as holding flowers at weddings and table flowers at banquets. We pay attention to the true appearance of branches, but more artistic treatment, and like to create space with natural lines. It is precisely because of the above three points that Chinese flower arrangement localizes foreign art and transforms it into nutrients of local art.

On the other hand, the influence of Buddhism on Chinese flower arrangement is mainly reflected in its popularity with the spread of Buddhism. This is the same reason that Chinese flower arrangement was brought back to Japan with Buddhism by Japanese envoys in Tang Dynasty, which directly contributed to the birth of Chifang Flower Road. Before Buddhism was introduced, flower arrangement was very active between the palace wall and the garden. Nowadays, a wider class and even the bottom people have begun to come into contact with this new form of flower arrangement, and murals and statues with the image of flower arrangement have appeared in Buddhist caves and tombs. At the same time, with the principles and supporting rules of Buddhism, people began to be cautious about flower arrangement. The influence of Buddhism "adding fuel to the fire" is enormous. Today, there are still flower arranging lovers who mistakenly believe that Chinese flower arranging originated from flower arranging before Buddha.

In this context, the earliest record of vase flowers appeared. Xiao Zimao, the prince of Nanqi, made a wish that if the lotus in the copper bottle did not wither, his mother would recover. "History of the South" Volume 44 "Biography of Prince Jin 'an" states: "There are people who offer lotus flowers to the Buddha, and all the monks use copper poppies to irrigate their stems, hoping for China without withering. Zi Mao bowed to the Buddha in tears and said, "If my aunt wins because of this, may the Buddha save China from extinction." . On the seventh day of fasting, the flowers were even brighter, and they were called Xiaogan at that time. "Poppy refers to a round belly bottle. In the Shinto depiction of filial piety tomb in Nanliang, there is an image of a monk holding a vase flower, which shows that a relatively fixed vase flower paradigm has been formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

In addition to vase flowers, potted flowers also appeared for the first time in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yu Xin, a great writer, has a saying: "Treat guests well, and the gold plate is lined with red Qiong." (Poetry of Apricot Flowers) The poet put the carefully folded apricot flowers in a copper plate to entertain guests, which is called the elegance of the Southern Dynasties.

The formation of an independent art usually needs representation, theoretical basis and clear paradigm. Flower arrangement in the Northern and Southern Dynasties basically possessed these elements.

Three. Flower Arrangement in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui and Tang dynasties experienced social reconstruction from great turmoil to great unity, and there were two national strength peaks in the economic cycle: "Great Cause Prosperity" and "Kaiyuan Prosperity". Li Bai said that "a hundred herbs are clever in finding flowers and fighting for beauty, and only gambling on pearls is full of fights", which tells the story of the colorful flowers under the accumulation of wealth. Flower arrangement also began to penetrate into the daily life of the Tang people.

Yuan Zhen praised the peony flowers inserted in glass bottles in Ximing Temple: "Flowers grow on the glass floor, and the light and wind dazzle Chinese milk vetch. Since I saw you in the dish, my eyes are clearer until now. " (Peony in Ximing Temple) Li Shangyin sympathizes with the different fates of flowers and leaves, and thinks that only lotus flowers can accompany flowers and leaves forever: "Flowers and leaves are irrelevant in the world, and flowers go into golden pots for dust. Only the lotus flower is matched with red flowers and green leaves. The lotus leaf has a roll of Shu, and the lotus flower has a bloom, which is so perfect and natural. This flower and this leaf often set each other off, and the emerald reduces the red and kills people. " Du Mu also has a famous saying: "Don't blame the apricot garden for dying, and there are many people arranging flowers in the city." ("Apricot Garden") The flower arranging people here say that they break off apricot flowers and put them on their heads, while others think that they arrange flowers with apricot flowers, which shows that it is all the rage.

In the late Tang Dynasty, China's first flower arrangement theory "Hua Jiu Xi" appeared. "Nine Tin" is a "Nine Tin Gift" in The Book of Rites, and it is nine items that the emperor gave to his courtiers. Luo Qiu, the author, borrowed this statement and summed up nine essential conditions for flower arrangement: windproof, tools, water, flower arrangement, placement, drawing and recording, arranging music, tasting wine and writing poems. The first mention of pruning with flower scissors will do less harm to flowers. Judging from today, many conditions are no longer available. Nowadays, people pay more attention to flower arrangement itself, which extends to the surrounding environment at most. Painting can be replaced by photography. As for drinking and writing poems, nothing can be done. Interestingly, "wine tasting" in the Tang Dynasty became "tea tasting" in the Song Dynasty, from which some people could distinguish romance from rationality and get a glimpse of the temperament of different dynasties.

Four or five dynasties and ten countries flower arrangement

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, there was only a few short decades, and it seemed that the sense of existence was not strong. But in the field of literature and art, there are still achievements. Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, is not only a master of poetry and rhythm, but also an artist of flower arrangement. He founded the first flower arrangement competition in China history-Jin. "Every time Li Houzhu visited Chunsheng, the window walls of Liang Dong were built with columns and arches, and a partition tube was made, with flowers densely inserted, which was called the' Golden Cave'." (Qing Louis)

"Liang Dong window wall, column arch step masonry", different placement positions, suggesting different types of flower arrangement. "Liang Dong" needs hanging flowers, "window wall" and "column arch" refer to hanging flowers, and "step masonry" is a flower arrangement that can be placed directly on the steps. All three are made of bamboo tubes and posted a list of works. Taking the flower arrangement game as an annual palace event is a microcosm of the prosperity of flower arrangement art in this period. Li Yu chose bamboo, which is favored by scholars, as a flowerpot. This is not only the first appearance of bamboo tube flowers in history, but also adds a new aesthetic possibility, an elegant and clean new style to the general gorgeous and rich "garden flower arrangement".

During this period, the "black technology" of flower arrangement also appeared. On one occasion, the "Spring Festival" in the Tang Dynasty used fruits and vegetables and rockeries as tools to temporarily fix the flowers in order to solve the problem that the opening flowers could not stand. However, what is lacking is the limitation of occasions and seasons. Not all flower arrangements are suitable for fruits and vegetables and rockeries. This method can only fix short flowers, which is not very reliable. The "landscape plate" invented by Guo Jiangzhou in the Five Dynasties was the first tool specially invented for flower arrangement in history, which successfully solved this problem. "Guo Jiangzhou has original ideas and created many things. When he saw the legacy, he occupied the landscape plate and made bronze for it. The flower lips are flat, four inches deep, and there are dozens of tubules at the bottom. Every time he uses it, he fills it with water and inserts flowers in the tube, which can last for more than ten days. " (Qing Louis)

At present, there are no bronzes, only ceramic fragments, and dozens of thin tubes have not been found, usually only five or seven. The more thin tubes, the more space for modeling. The porous flower arrangement, multi-tube bottle, conjoined bottle and porous cover that appeared in later generations may have been inspired by the landscape plate at the earliest.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is the well-deserved golden age of flower arrangement art, from official families to ordinary shops and small families, flower arrangement is widely used.

There is a "flower show" organized by the government, which is similar to Li Yu's "Golden Cave". Zhang Bangji's "Mo Zhuang Man Lu" said: "Xijing Peony is famous all over the world. When the flowers bloom, the satrap will bloom a million flowers. The banquet is set with flowers as the curtain. As for the archway of Liang Dongzhu, it is known that bamboo tubes are used to store water, and flowers are nailed and hung everywhere. " Literati love flowers. Fan Chengda once said, "Take a bottle full of flowers to travel, and don't turn them into flowers.". Lu you night, "rattan paper is waiting for new posts, copper bottles are waiting for flowers to bloom." Su inserted chrysanthemums, "planting chrysanthemums to help vegetables in early spring, and inserting hip jars in late autumn". Yang Wanli pitied the loneliness of plum blossom, took it back to his study and put it in a vase: "The vase is like a jade plum, and this branch is not completely broken. Call a few poets pitiful. "

Ordinary people also love arranging flowers. Ouyang Xiu's Story of Peony in Luoyang said: "The customs in Luoyang are generally good flowers. In spring, everyone in the city is arranging flowers, even those with flowers. " Out of public love, merchants also rely on seasonal flower arrangement to attract customers. "Bian city deli, hung with famous paintings, so seduce the viewer, linger a good guest. Today's Hang Cheng tea shop is also like this, inserting four-hour flowers, painting celebrities and decorating the facade. " (Dream Liang Lu) Yang Wanli also wrote about roadside shops: "There are two or three roadside wild shops, and Xiao Qing has tea but no soup. Tao Wei bends the evil of farmers, and the celadon vase arranges flowers. " In The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, there is not only a flower stall at the entrance of Sundian, but also a bottle of flowers on the table in a window of the inn. "Flowers bloom, peony, peony, Tang Di, woody all listed. The flower seller arranges bamboo baskets on the horse's head, and the song is strange and audible. " ("Tokyo Dream")

When we analyze the reasons behind the long queue of Japanese flower arranging, we often mention a key factor-the population of flower arranging. One third of the population in Japan has been engaged in flower arrangement for a long time or at least studied it specially. The flower arranging population is like the bottom of the pyramid, which supports various schools of thought on the spire, with complete theory and orderly organization. Although the Japanese flower arrangement school did not develop in the Song Dynasty, at the top of the flower arrangement pyramid, there stood a famous scholar master. "Burning incense and ordering tea, hanging paintings and arranging flowers", a common practice of the four arts of literati, can be regarded as the final orientation of the art of arranging flowers in the Song Dynasty. Today, when flower arranging lovers master the style of their works, the aesthetics of the Song Dynasty is still an important reference measure.

In the choice of utensils, influenced by the first stone fever in history, the firing and molding system of Song porcelain paid great attention to the place of origin. When choosing flower vessels, literati also favor retro vessels, and even directly use three generations of bronzes to arrange flowers, which has laid a noble and elegant atmosphere in style. In the selection of flowers, Song people first classified flowers and gave them personality. First, Zhang Yi, who entered the Song Dynasty from Houshu, wrote The Flower Classic, which ranked the flowers from high to low according to the imperial court's "nine products and nine lives", and then according to their symbolic meaning, appearance, smell and temperament. Flowers that can be used for flower arrangement must usually be imported flowers. After the Sutra of Flowers, quite effective Buddhist practitioners have come up with such sayings as "Spend ten friends", "Spend twelve guests" and "Spend thirty guests". Ouyang Xiu's Tale of Luoyang Peony, Lu You's Tian Peng Peony Spectrum, Fan Chengda's Fan Cun Mei Spectrum, Fan Cun Ju Spectrum, and Wang Guan's Yangzhou Peony Spectrum are numerous. It seems that Song people are always so interested in the evaluation of flowers.

If Dondero Qiu's "Flower Nine Tin" only puts forward the essential elements of nine-point flower arrangement in general, then the Song Dynasty left specific flower arrangement methods. Zhou Mi's Miscellanies of Gui Xin recorded the practice of breaking the handle first and then cutting it. Today, when dealing with some woody flowers that are not easy to absorb water, we should also break the handle slightly. Su Shi's "Talking Rough" records his own experience of arranging flowers, such as lotus flowers tangled in hair; Gardenia will break branches and roots, rub salt and then enter the water; It is better to insert begonia flowers with mint water; Abelmoschus manihot, Hibiscus and Impatiens should be dipped in lime, dried and inserted into boiling water. Lin Hong's "Shanjia Qing Palace" has a similar record.

Sixth, the Yuan Dynasty

The evolution of flower arrangement in Yuan Dynasty is closely related to the political background. There is a saying in Zhou Mi: "I went deep into the old people in Menxiang, washed copper bottles and soaked apricot flowers. Arouse Cheng Ping's daytime dream and remind people of old Beijing. " Unscrupulous literati of Han nationality used flower arrangement to recall the former dynasty and express their personal feelings, and there appeared a "heart-shaped flower" that focused on expressing subjective psychology. Psychological image is a concrete image that comes to mind when people think of some abstract content. Heart is like a flower, that is, externalizing this image into a flower arrangement work is quite contemporary in terms of creative motivation. The creative subject of heart-shaped flowers is still literati, which still inherits the elegance and neutrality of the Song Dynasty in aesthetics, but it is no longer bound, showing a casual style, often with simple flower patterns and prominent main branches. In addition to flower materials, decorations related to the theme of flower arrangement, such as ganoderma lucidum, feathers, ruyi, coral, divinatory symbols, fruits and vegetables, appeared during this period, and a net supply culture gradually formed.

Seven. the Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, new flower shapes such as "ideal flower", "perfect flower" and "double flower" were born in flower arrangement, and the difference between "hall flower" and "plain flower" appeared. Concept flower is based on Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, emphasizing human relations and paying attention to order and law. In the basic structure of the three main branches of "master", "guest" and "envoy", "master" symbolizes monarchical power and patriarchy, and is the most stable flower in a work, which is often decorated around. "Guest" is the best man and maid of honor, and has a sense of tolerance and assistance; "Yes" symbolizes the messenger and the child, reaching out into the distance. Hall flowers and plain flowers refer to the different placement environments of flower arrangement. Nave's flowers are tall and straight, with a sense of ceremony, while the study is dominated by small bottles and gadgets, highlighting the interest.