Investigation and query on the assassination of John F. Kennedy

17 days later, the FBI completed the first complete official investigation report and submitted it to Warren Committee. According to the report of the FBI, at the time of the crime, the murderer fired three bullets. The first bullet was shot at President Kennedy's back, the second bullet was shot at Governor Connery, and the third bullet was shot directly at President Kennedy's head and killed him. The investigation report also believes that all three bullets were shot by Oswald.

Later, it was found that the FBI relied heavily on the autopsy report obtained by the agents during the investigation. According to the autopsy report, the first bullet only entered President Kennedy's back a few inches deep and got stuck inside. When the FBI finished the investigation report, they received the official autopsy report, which showed that the bullet entered President Kennedy's back and went out of his throat.

President Johnson personally appointed a special committee to investigate the murder case after the shooting of Kennedy's suspect Oswald. The committee is made up of Texans, and US Chief Justice earl warren is the chairman of the committee. Their findings were all included in the report of the Presidential Special Committee on the assassination of President Kennedy, also known as Warren Report, with 565,438+0 copies. This report was later sealed, and it was not made public until 75 years later, that is, in 2038 AD, when all the people involved in the case were dead, which made the assassination of Kennedy even more confusing.

1On September 25th, 965, after more than 10 months' investigation, the news media of Warren Commission published an investigation report, Warren Report (full text:), claiming that Kennedy's assassination was Oswald's personal act and had no deeper political background. Once the conclusion was made public, some non-governmental organizations announced that they would thoroughly investigate the case, but there was still no progress in the case.

18 On February 8th, Dallas County District Attorney Craig Watkins showed a 12 box full of files and physical evidence of Ruby's assassination at a press conference. These boxes have been kept in a safe in an office on the 0 th floor of Dallas Court165438. These important physical evidence and files include: personal letters from Henry Wade, the person in charge of the case and former Dallas County District Attorney, a pistol holster and knuckles steel sleeve on Ruby's pistol, several membership cards of Ruby's nightclub, and several clothes suspected to belong to Ruby and Oswald.

There is a conversation record between Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Ruby. According to the transcript, about two months before Kennedy's assassination, Oswald secretly met Ruby in a nightclub on 19631October 4. At that time, they discussed the plot to assassinate President Kennedy, hoping to stop Kennedy's younger brother, then Attorney General Robert Kennedy's agenda to crack down on the mafia. Gary Mack, curator of the Sixth Floor Museum near the scene of Kennedy's assassination, pointed out: "As early as in the archives, Oswald (1963) stayed with his wife in Ewing, Texas, on the evening of1October 4. In other words, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit didn't go to Dallas to meet Ruby that night. Ms Moore, Watkins' chief assistant, thinks that these transcripts may be screenplays written by Henry Wade, a former prosecutor, because a contract signed by Wade and the filmmakers was found in the archives. However, the film was never finished. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) evaluated the record of this conversation and concluded that it was forged. The Warren Committee believes that Oswald committed the crime alone and there are no other accomplices; Jack ruby also committed the crime alone and shot Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Both the report of Warren Commission and the investigation result of FBI agree that only three bullets were fired at the assassination site. However, according to the Warren Commission, one of the three bullets missed. One bullet entered Kennedy's back, went out of his throat, and then hit Governor Connery. The deadly third bullet hit President Kennedy directly in the head.

As a result, many people questioned the number of bullets fired at the assassination site. Because if we accept the findings of the Warren Commission, it means that a rifle bullet with a length of 3 cm and a diameter of 6.5 mm, after being shot from the sixth floor window of the Texas textbook warehouse building, first penetrated President Kennedy's neck, then penetrated Governor Connery's chest and wrist, and finally entered the governor's thigh, causing seven wounds. It passed through 15 layers of clothes, 7 layers of skin, 38 cm thick human organs, and the obstruction of the president's coat bow tie and 4 inches of ribs, completely smashing the radius of Governor Connery and finally shooting into his left leg. On the stretcher transporting the governor in Parkland Hospital, the bullet was found, and the shell casing was intact, except that the tail was slightly deformed. The Warren Committee tried to explain the trajectory of this bullet, and gradually derived the famous "single bullet theory".

The most powerful evidence of this theory comes from the video of Dallas citizen Zeprud, which is the only available video recording the whole assassination process. As can be seen from the video, President Kennedy shot for the first time between 2 10 and 225 frames, while Governor Connery shot before 240 frames, with the longest interval not exceeding 30 frames. Through simulation experiments, the shooters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation found that the Manliesche carcano M9 1/38 bolt-action rifle used by the suspect Oswald "has a minimum time interval of about 2.25 seconds under the condition of accurate positioning". According to the calculation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the time per second in Zeprude's video is equivalent to 18.3 frames, and 2.25 seconds is 4 1 to 42 frames. Therefore, it is impossible for Oswald to shoot two bullets in 30 frames.

Through the study of wounds, the Warren Committee also tried to prove theoretically the possibility that a bullet could cause seven wounds. They assume that the bullet penetrated Kennedy's sixth cervical vertebra at an angle of 19 with the horizontal line after it was shot 58 meters from the sixth floor of the textbook warehouse building. At 5 1mm on the lower right of President Kennedy's spine, the bullet left a wound of 4× 7mm, and there were brown-red and black bruises around the wound, which is also commonly known as "rubbing the wheel". The autopsy report shows that the bullet damaged the first thoracic vertebra in the president's body, but whether it was caused by the bullet hit or the bullet impact is still inconclusive. The bullet grazed above Kennedy's right lung, but did not penetrate. Then the bullet went through the president's neck and out from under the Adam's apple. The marks on the collar of the president's shirt prove that the bullet entered from the back, not from the throat. During the whole process, the speed of the bullet dropped from 560-6 10m/s (that is, meters per second) to 5 18m/s ... It is worth mentioning that President Kennedy still wears a bow tie. After the bullet knocked out the bow tie, the speed quickly dropped to 457m/s, and the direction deviated.

The bullet quickly passed through the distance of 64.77 cm between President Kennedy and Governor Connery, and entered from the right armpit of the Governor, leaving an oval wound of 8× 15 mm. The shape of the wound fully showed that the bullet entered obliquely at a small angle. In the governor's chest, the bullet shattered and completely destroyed his fifth rib, which was also proved by a large number of metal fragments left in the governor's body afterwards. The bullet body flew out from under the governor's right nipple, leaving a 50 mm wound. Then the bullet went through the shirt and coat of Governor Connery, and the exit was just below the lapel on the right side of the coat. Soon, the bullet re-entered Connery's body at a speed of 274m/s, this time it entered his right wrist from the outside and shattered his right hand radius. The bullet was fired from the palm of Governor Connery's hand. At this time, the speed of the bullet has dropped to 122 m/s ... The bullet did not stop, then it entered the front end of the governor's left thigh, leaving a wound of nearly 10mm, and finally stayed in the muscle of the governor Connery's left leg.

For this explanation, the Warren Committee said that they "obtained strong evidence from experts". But they also admit that there are "different opinions" on this possibility within the Committee, and this theory is not enough to draw a clear conclusion. Judging from common sense, according to the normal sitting posture, the seven wounds on President Kennedy and Governor Connery are not in a straight line. Can this magical bullet not only have such strong penetrating power, but also change direction in the air? Therefore, the "one bullet" theory is also called the "panacea" theory.

The Warren Commission's investigation report is full of doubts. Robert Kennedy once said privately that Warren's report was "poorly made". The most criticized is the witness testimony in the report. Most of the testimony was given without the presence of more than half of the Committee members. Only one of the 94 testimonies was provided in the presence of all members of the Committee, but these testimonies were finally accepted by the Committee.

People, including some witnesses, claimed that at least four bullets were fired at the crime scene. Only in this way can we explain the source of these seven wounds more perfectly. The FBI experiment has proved that the suspect Oswald could not have fired four shots in such a short time. If what these witnesses say is true, it means a terrible ending-another murderer is at large, and the assassination is not Oswald's personal act, but a gang's crime, division of labor and cooperation, cross-shooting-this is a premeditated conspiracy.

There is also a theory that tries to prove the existence of the second gunman. As can be seen from Zeprud's film, Kennedy obviously leans back to the left after being hit in the head by the last bullet. Many people think that this deadly bullet flew from the grass slope in front of him, not from the textbook warehouse building above him. However, experts in wound ballistics concluded that when the brain is injured, the nerve reflex will contract the muscles in the back, so it does not affect the conclusion that the bullet came from the rear.

After Watergate broke out, a special committee of the Senate (historically known as the Church Committee) launched a large-scale investigation on the government's intelligence activities. The Church Committee found that there were major defects in the investigation of Kennedy assassination by CIA and FBI, and the evidence closely related to the case was not submitted to Warren Committee. The more important discovery is that the FBI was interfered by Hoover and pressured by "unknown government officials" during the investigation, so it had to end the investigation hastily. The investigation of the Church Committee caused an uproar among Americans, which means that it is very likely that the CIA and the FBI reached an agreement in the Kennedy assassination and blocked some important information.

In the face of constant public doubts, by 1976, Congress established the Special Investigation Committee (HSCA) on the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King. Regarding the Kennedy incident, HSCA published an investigation report in 1979. According to the report, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is the murderer of the President. He fired three shots, the second and third shot hit the president, and the third shot killed the president. However, acoustic research shows that there are probably at least two murderers at the crime scene; President Kennedy is likely to die in a conspiracy, but HSCA cannot determine the content of the conspiracy; The US Department of Justice, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Warren Committee all tried to cover up some information; HSCA agrees with the theory of "one bullet". HSCA's action against united states secret service also picked out many faults, such as Kennedy's failure to get enough protection in Dallas; The information collected by the Secret Service has not been fully analyzed, investigated and utilized; The highway was not prepared enough to protect Kennedy from assassins.

HSCA investigated 178 witnesses about the shooting time at the assassination site. HSCA found that witnesses did have different memories of the number of bullets. However, people in 132 claimed to have heard three shots. Of course, some people think they heard two, four or more shots.

HSCA later proposed another possibility: at the crime scene, * * * fired four shots; The new bullets came from gunmen hiding on the grass slope of Dili Square. The evidence of this speculation comes from a telephone recording, which was carried by a police officer on a motorcycle near the crime scene. However, the bullet missed. Although it didn't hurt Kennedy and Connery, the possibility of a second gunman was not blocked.

HSCA uses acoustic means to compare the peaks in the tape, and then identify the gunshots at the scene. They think that the peaks of 1, 2 and 4 in the tape are bullets fired from the warehouse building. And the third peak, half the possibility is gunfire from the lawn. Subsequently, two acoustic analysts from Queen's College analyzed the BBN data of the tape and thought that "they are more than 95% sure of the gunfire from the lawn". Of course, the opposition came soon. Some people say that the third peak is actually the motor or whistle of a motorcycle, and some even published a series of related academic papers on it. The whole case is getting more and more confusing.

Under the impetus of Freedom of Information Act and Kennedy Archives Act, 98% of the archives of Warren Committee were opened in 1992. The remaining files related to the Kennedy assassination will be made public on 20 17. However, it does not include the autopsy photos and X-ray photos of Kennedy, which were donated by the Kennedy family to the Naval Archives with restrictions on 1966. A few pieces of evidence were lost or destroyed, such as1October 24th 165438 car wash, June 5438+0973 Oswald service files were destroyed, Connery's clothes were washed, and his hat and bracelet were missing.

However, the folk exploration of Kennedy's assassination has never stopped. The Discovery Channel's special program "Unsolved History: Kennedy's Assassination-There are Suspense Beyond the Incredible Bullets" tries to reproduce the scene as much as possible. In the experiment, the organizer used human gelatin for ballistics research, in which a group of materials similar to human bones were embedded. Studies have shown that if a bullet is buffered with a substance similar to cotton for a certain distance before it penetrates the bone, it is still possible to keep its shape basically unchanged.

Next, the experimenter accurately imitated the relative positions of Kennedy and Connery at the scene of the incident, and placed two mannequins made of materials for ballistic test and anatomical study. They are made of animal skin, gelatin and built-in bone texture by injection molding. An excellent gunman used the same type of rifle as found in the stacks and fired at the same distance from the 6th floor of the stacks building. The ammunition in the magazine is 1963, which is the same batch of 6.5x52mm bullets equipped for Carcano rifles by Chinese and Western magazine companies. Under the tracking of high-speed photography, the bullet leaving the chamber almost completely copied the trajectory of the bullet when the victim was injured at the crime scene. The only difference is that in the experiment, the bullet lacked kinetic energy and failed to penetrate the part of Connery's mannequin representing his thigh. This happened because the bullet hit another "rib" of the model in the experiment, that is, the model was smashed and two ribs were broken, and only one rib of Connery was injured. In addition, the deformation degree of the bullet is slightly higher than that of the CE 399 evidence bullet, which is probably caused by crushing "two ribs". The problem is that only one shot, the bullet remains basically the same, and the result is the same as all the injuries of the two victims at the assassination scene.

1993, a computer animator named Dale Myers started a project that lasted for 10 years, trying to fully present the scene of Kennedy's attack in the form of 3D computer animation. His achievements were shown in the 2003 ABC documentary "The Assassination of Kennedy: Beyond Conspiracy" and won an Emmy Award.

In order to make animation, Miles sampled by taking photos and collecting images, and drew the blueprint of animation design, thus accurately recreating the scene of the tragedy. An evaluation agency pointed out that Miles's works reached the height of "realizing the geometric integrity of historical time and space reset with all-round vision", which made people see the ins and outs of the assassination again; It can be believed that his works "have surpassed the requirements of a fair and accurate description of history in completeness and detail".

In this documentary, Maiers partially examines Zeprud's video and confirms the theory of the only bullet. He especially noticed an anomaly in the video that few people noticed. In Dili Square, when Kennedy's car pulled out from behind the street sign, at that moment—as shown in frames 223rd and 224th of Zeproudt's video—the right front part of Governor Connery's coat seemed to be "suddenly lifted" by a force that came out of nowhere. According to Miles's judgment, both Kennedy and Connery were hit by bullets from Oswald's rifle at that moment. He also pointed out that there are 225 to 230 frames in Zeprud's video, showing that when Kennedy's figure flashed behind the street sign, he and Connery both showed the painful reaction of being shot.

20 13 in July, an American TV station produced a film that combined recording and drama elements based on a policeman's analysis of the case and related books. The film shows that one of the bullets that killed Kennedy may have been fired by an agent. According to retired Australian policeman Mike? The documentary "Lauren's Research and American Writer Meeninger's Book" produced by ReelzChannel TV in the United States suggests that the bullet that killed Kennedy may actually come from CIA agent George. Australian policeman Mark spent four years analyzing and investigating the evidence. He thought Kennedy might have died in an accident. He said that at that time, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, the suspect lucky rabbit, fired the first shot, and George, a CIA agent sitting in the back seat, returned fire with a gun. Being unfamiliar with weapons and bumping the car, the bullet missed Kennedy. Around this case, American public opinion has put forward various assumptions. Some people think that this is a coup plot planned by the CIA and the military hawks; Others believe that the assassination was done by the "mafia". Others linked Kennedy's death to Marilyn Monroe's suicide.

According to a poll released by the Associated Press on 20 13, only 24% of Americans believe that Lee Harvey Oswald, the gunman captured by the authorities, committed the crime alone. In sharp contrast, more than half of Americans believe that "not one person, but many people" committed the Kennedy assassination. Public opinion has produced many conspiracy theories about this case. There are many conspiracy theories, gang theory, CIA theory and Hoover theory.

Johnson's murder theory

Luo Si Tong, Nixon's former secretary and personal assistant, disclosed the views of former President Richard Nixon. Nixon told Si Tong and other ministers many times that he was convinced that lyndon johnson, who was sworn in as president after Kennedy's assassination, was behind Kennedy's murder. Even once, Nixon told Si Tong, "The difference between me and lyndon johnson is that although we both want to be presidents, I didn't kill anyone for it."

In 2003, two journalists from a French TV station, William Reymond and Bernard Nicola, came to the conclusion after three years' investigation that then Vice President lyndon johnson was behind the assassination of President Kennedy. The TV station also broadcast the documentary they made.

According to this documentary, in the presidential election of 1960, Kennedy and Johnson fought for who could run for the presidency on behalf of the Democratic Party, thus sowing the seeds of discord. After Kennedy became president of the United States, although Johnson became his deputy, he always lived under pressure. Johnson was born in Texas, and the local oil tycoon constantly enriched his secret vault. Part of the money is used for profligacy and more for bribery. Attorney General Robert Kennedy has been investigating Johnson for a long time, and some major corruption cases involving Texas oil tycoons have vaguely revealed Johnson's figure. In addition, Kennedy decided to carry out fiscal reform and submitted a bill to Congress, which drastically reduced the preferential tax treatment enjoyed by Texas oil tycoons. If the bill is passed, these oil giants will lose hundreds of millions of dollars in profits and will also affect Johnson's secret vault. 1at the end of 963, Johnson, who was almost cornered by the Kennedy brothers, took risks and planned the assassination of Kennedy with the help of his close relationship with the FBI director Hoover.

20 13, 1 1, the American media exposed the recording of the communication between the military and the white house at that time-"Please give me all the information of the president. This is the situation analysis room. I saw from the communique of the Associated Press that President Kennedy was obviously shot in the head. He fell face down in the back seat of the car with blood on his head. Mrs. Kennedy hugged his head and shouted' Oh, no'. "

In military calls, some important people are coded. For example, the volunteer mentioned in the following phone call refers to lyndon johnson who was sworn in as president on Air Force One immediately after Kennedy's assassination-"We are waiting to be sworn in before the plane takes off."

"Is it a volunteer?"

"Yes, sir."

Castro's murder theory

A CIA retiree disclosed in a book about Kennedy's assassination that Fidel Castro, the former leader of Cuba, knew the news of Kennedy's assassination in advance. He pointed out that since the assassination, rumors about Castro's possible involvement in the assassination have never stopped, because Kennedy was his tough opponent. Brian rattle was a Cuban analyst of the CIA in 1960s, and he was the intelligence director of the CIA in Latin America. In his new book, he points out that he is convinced that Castro at least knew in advance that there would be an assassination. Its information comes from interviews with former Cuban intelligence officials and is supported by confidential US documents. But he said he had no evidence that Castro ordered the assassination or that Oswald was under Castro's control. Rattle also said that Castro wanted Kennedy to die because he was afraid of Kennedy. "In his opinion, he may just be defending himself."

Castro once denied involvement in the assassination of Kennedy.

According to Jim years' article, in just three years after Kennedy's assassination, 18 key witnesses died one after another. Six of them were shot, three died in a car accident, two committed suicide, 1 had their throats cut, 1 had their necks broken, and five died "naturally". The probability of this coincidence is one in a trillion. From 1963 to 1993, 1 15, witnesses committed suicide or were killed in various bizarre incidents. "However, it has been verified that some of all the dead are far from assassination or the president. For example, it includes the mayor of New Orleans, the orderly of Air Force One, and Kennedy's mistress (none of whom knew anything about the assassination). When the House Investigation Committee wrote to The Sunday Times of London asking how to get the probability of 654.38 trillion, the editorial department replied that it was a mistake. They mistakenly thought that the people who participated in Warren's investigation Committee died in three years.