A brief introduction to impressionism

Impressionism is an epoch-making art school in the history of western painting. From 19 to the peak in the 1970s and 1980s, its influence spread all over Europe and the world, but it made the most brilliant artistic achievements in France. /kloc-From the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of impressionist artists emerged in France, who created a large number of classic works that are still familiar to people. Apart from the famous paintings exhibited in China this time, Manet's Lunch on the Grass, Monet's Impression of Sunrise and Van Gogh's Sunflower are even more famous paintings.

Impressionism is a painting school that was born in France in the second half of19th century. Its representatives include Monet, Manet, pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, Degas, Mo Lisuo, Bazjo and Paul Cézanne. They inherited the tradition of Courbet, a French realist painter, to make art face contemporary life, and further liberated their creation from the dependence on historical, mythical, religious and other themes, and got rid of the procedural constraints of traditional painting and storytelling. Artists walked out of the studio and went deep into Yuan Ye, villages and streets, putting their fresh and vivid sense of nature in the first place and carefully observing the natural scenery bathed in light. Seek and grasp the cold and warm changes and interaction of colors, accurately grasp the object with seemingly random methods, record the ever-changing light and shadow and color effects on the canvas, and leave an instant and eternal image. This way of sketching directly from the outside light, the vivid impressions captured, and the various styles presented by it can not but be said to be the pioneering work and revolution of impressionist painting. Impressionist art movement has influenced all countries and made brilliant achievements. To this day, their works are still the most popular artistic treasures of mankind.

Impressionism, also known as impressionism, is a painting school that rose in France in the 1960s and 1990s. It was named after claude monet's oil painting Impression of Sunrise and was ridiculed by a reporter. 1874 the first impressionist painting exhibition was held in an apartment on Capucine avenue, with 3 1 impressionist painters participating.

From an artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the classical academic school, which occupied the orthodox position at that time, and opposed the romanticism, which was increasingly stuck in stereotypes and affectation. But under the impetus of realistic painting styles such as Koro, barbizon school and Courbet, he absorbed the nutrition of paintings from Holland, Britain, Spain, Japan and China, and was inspired by modern science, especially optics, thinking that all colors are produced. Because light is changing rapidly, they think that only by grasping the flash of light can we uncover the mystery of nature. Therefore, in painting, we pay attention to the study and expression of external light, advocate going outdoors and painting under the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the direct feeling of the scene, so as to show the subtle changes of the color of the object under the light. As a result, impressionist painting changed the black of traditional painting into bright blue and purple in the treatment of shadows. Impressionist painting replaced the simple lines and surfaces of traditional painting with dots, thus realizing the description of light that traditional painting could not achieve. Specifically, when we observe impressionist paintings at close range, we will see many different dots with messy colors, but when we observe them at a distance, these dots will gather together like seven colors of light, giving people the feeling of light and achieving unexpected results.

Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, while the latter is represented by Degas, with Camille pissarro in between.

Because of the pursuit of external light and color, impressionist painters mainly take trivial things around them and direct experiences as their themes, and describe more people and natural scenery in reality. In composition, more fragments or scenes of objective images are intercepted to deal with the picture, which breaks the boundary between sketching and creation.

Impressionist painters have held eight exhibitions, the first two of which were severely criticized by the media at that time, and later gradually became an influential art school and expanded to other art fields. Impressionist painting was supported and encouraged by Manet in its formation and development.

Impressionist painting, as an artistic trend of thought, occupies an important position in the history of world art, which has promoted the innovation of artistic techniques and the change of ideas in the future, and has exerted great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China.

Impressionist Music Impressionist music was originally created by French composer Debussy. The word impressionism first appeared in the music of 1887. The judges of the French Academy of Fine Arts accused Debussy of the unclear structure of the second symphony suite "Spring" when he was studying in Rome, and asked him to "be wary of vague impressionism". When his string quartet premiered in Brussels in 1894, critics began to praise it with "impressionist music". In the future, this word is often used to summarize Debussy and his music with similar styles, and it is no longer derogatory.

Impressionist music evolved from late romanticism and folk music, and also absorbed the nourishment of oriental music. Its artistic expression is as follows: ① A novel motivational vocabulary is composed of short-tuned cells. ② In rhythm, I like the complicated beat and polyrhythm, and the irregular subdivision of the beat weakens the driving force, showing a state of scattered flow. ③ Pay attention to the expressive force of the mode, and adopt the corresponding mode according to the image requirements. Expanding the concept of tonality often avoids obvious convergence. The use of diatonic scale makes every tone in the mode occupy the same position, weakens the sense of center of the tone, and causes polytonality. Harmony is the most important means of expression, because I like to juxtapose different colors and sounds by plane and painting. By increasing the possibility of chord structure and weakening the functionality of harmonic progression, we can get extremely rich harmony colors. ⑤ The timbre is rich, unique and novel. In vocal music works, bass areas lacking brilliance and dramatic power are often used. The extensive application of color means in various musical instruments. ⑥ The arrangement of orchestration and texture is novel. ⑦ The structure is often loose and fuzzy, but the outline of trilogy can still be seen in many works.

After Debussy, although it is difficult to classify a composer as impressionism, the practical influence of impressionism music style and techniques has spread throughout the whole music world.

Impressionist literary historians believe that impressionism entered literature after the 1970s of 19, but there are different opinions on how impressionism is expressed in literature and which writers and poets belong to impressionism. To be sure, at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, some writers in western Europe did have creative methods similar to impressionist painting and music, that is, they devoted themselves to capturing vague and fleeting feelings and impressions. Due to the particularity of literary creation, impressionism in literature pays more attention to how this instant feeling experience can be transformed into an emotional state. Just like the Impressionists in painting and music, they are also opposed to the logical or rational refinement of the relationship between the things described, so they themselves have become the intermediary between conveying external stimuli and instinctive reactions.

Impressionism literature and symbolism literature are similar, both of which are formalistic literary schools; But there are also differences between them, mainly because Impressionists are opposed to expressing ideas by symbolic means and tend to describe feelings. Some poets, usually regarded as symbolism, are actually more inclined to impressionism. For example, the poem The Art of Poetry by Paul Welland, one of the leaders of symbolism, is not so much about symbolism as an impressionist declaration.

French literary historians regard the Gongur brothers as the representatives of impressionism novels, while pierre loti, another French poet and novelist who is regarded as the representative of impressionism, indeed, some of his poems "capture the instant feelings and impressions" like impressionism painters, but not all of his works are like this. Some French writers in the 20th century were seriously influenced by Impressionism, and in some novels, only the vague pursuit of feeling and impression was left.

In some works by Wilde and others at the end of UK 19, impressionism tends to be obvious. 1912 ~1918 the imagist school composed of some British and American poets in London, like impressionism, emphasizes the description of sensory impressions, but they claim to pursue a "clear and tough" image. They think that the ambiguity and ambiguity of the image are the remnants of romanticism, so they attack with all their strength. However, the theoretical differences are sometimes difficult to detect in creative practice. For example, many works of American poets such as Imagist Ai Lowell, Xi doolittle and John Gauld Fletcher are inseparable from impressionist poetry.

The situation of German literature is similar, and literary historians can't confirm the impressionism schools with clear boundaries. Headed by Detlef von Lilinkeren, including Richard Daimer, Gustav Falk and others, they are considered to be the most obvious impressionism in Germany, but they emphasize on truthfully recording the poet's feelings and experiences of things, so they are close to naturalism. In addition, many poems, such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arnold Holtz, have different degrees of impressionism.

Impressionism also refers to a kind of literary criticism, which is called impressionist criticism, that is, perceptual criticism. This criticism refuses to make a rational and scientific analysis of the works, but emphasizes the aesthetic intuition of the critics. It believes that the best criticism is only to record the process of critics' feeling beauty, and at most to point out how and under what conditions the impression of beauty is produced. Therefore, impressionism criticism is a vague criticism of "interpreting poetry with poetry", and it is often written in the form of prose poetry, so literary criticism has become an artistic category that is not essentially different from literary creation, and the person who writes this criticism is often a poet or writer himself.