Brief introduction of Liu Zongyuan

Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), with a thick word, is known as "Liu Hedong" in the world, and is also called "Liu Liuzhou" because of the secretariat of Liuzhou. Han nationality, ancestral home in Hedong (now yongji city). Liuzongyuan statue

Writers, philosophers, essayists and thinkers in the Tang Dynasty, together with Han Yu, advocated the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and called it "Liu Han". Also known as "Liu Liu" with Liu Yuxi. Also known as "Wang Meng" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. Together with Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Tang Dynasty, they are called "the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". Tang Daizong was born in Chang 'an, Kyoto (now Xi, Shaanxi) in the eighth year of Dali (773). Liu Zongyuan was born in an official's family, but he was not talented and ambitious in his early years. In his early years, he was a scholar in the exam, and his writings were mainly flowery rhetoric. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he entered the learned poetry class and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. He was a lieutenant in Lantian, then became an official in the DPRK, actively participated in the political reform of Wang Group, and was transferred to Danielle as foreign minister. In September of Yongzhenyuan (805), the innovation failed, and the history of Shaozhou fell. 1 1 month, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima (now in Lingling District, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). During this period, he wrote the famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou (Travel Notes at the Beginning of the Western Hills Banquet, Cobalt Pool Story, Cobalt Pool Western Hills Story, Xiaoshitang). Yuan He returned to the capital in the spring of the 10th year of Yuan He (8 15), and was soon demoted as the secretariat of Liuzhou with outstanding achievements. Xian Zongyuan died in Liuzhou on the eighth day of November in the 14th year (819165438+1October 28th). He is very friendly. Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi are his good friends. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements in writing were greater than poems. Nearly a hundred parallel essays, argumentative essays, sharp and ironic. Travel notes about mountains and rivers are entrusted to many places. Philosophical works include Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and Feudalism. Liu Yuxi preserved and sorted out Liu Zongyuan's works in the Tang Dynasty. There are Liu Hedong Collection and Liu Zongyuan Collection (Zhonghua Book Company 1979 edition).

poetic sentiment

There are more than 140 poems written by Liu Zongyuan, which is one of the few in the Tang Dynasty, but many of them have been handed down from generation to generation. On the basis of his unique life experience, thoughts and feelings, he drew lessons from the artistic experience of his predecessors, exerted his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing one school at that time. Su Shi commented: "It is expensive to dry the cream outside, which seems as light as beauty and as deep as thick." Juxtapose Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming. Liu Zongyuan's existing poems are mostly works after being relegated to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and diverse genres. His narrative poems are simple in writing and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. Lyrics are better at expressing their feelings euphemistically and profoundly with fresh and cool writing. No matter what genre it is, it is meticulously written and has a long lasting appeal. It shows extremely deep feelings in a simple style and presents a unique look. Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes. There are more than 40 pieces of Liu Shi/KLOC-0, all of which were written after relegation. His predecessors, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei also called him Wang Meng. Some of his five ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language and elegant and meaningful style. The other five ancient poets were all influenced by Xie Lingyun. They were particular about their lyrics, mixed with Hyunri, and even learned from Xie Shi when they did the exercises. However, Liu's poems can contain bitterness, similarities and differences in beauty. In addition, Liu's poem "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States", which is famous for his generosity and compassion for health, is a famous work of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains of Jiang Xue are also rare in the Tang Dynasty.

China's classical prose

Liu Zongyuan's prose is as famous as Han Yu's, as well as Liu Han, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi's in the Song Dynasty. He is the most outstanding essayist in the history of China. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to content and emptiness, this paper puts forward "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article demands to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit to get rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand up" first and then "stand up". This is a progressive literary proposition. In their creative practice, Han and Liu created many excellent essays with rich content, skillful skills and concise and vivid language. Liu Han's ancient prose movement has a far-reaching influence on later generations. In his travels and fables, Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for future generations. & lt& lt Eight Chapters of Yongzhou; It became the masterpiece of China's ancient landscape travel notes. These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings about natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape as an independent literary genre in the history of literature. Because of its artistic achievements, it has been told by people throughout the ages and is highly respected. Besides fable poems, Liu Zongyuan also wrote many fables, such as Donkey of Guizhou and Mouse of Yongmou, which became famous fables in ancient times. "The donkey is poor in skills" has become an idiom, and almost everyone knows it. Some fables are short in length, but they are told through the ages, just like his landscapes.

Elaboration and demonstration

Liu Zongyuan's comments include philosophy, political theory and other essays mainly focusing on comments. Sharp pen, accurate argument. Tian Shuo is a masterpiece of philosophical papers. Feudalism and Heavenly Punishment are representative works of medium and long political papers. Jin Wengong's "Defending the Original Motion", "Debate between Dong Brothers" and Yi Yin's "Five Opinions on Street Praise" are representatives of political papers. There are simple materialistic elements in his philosophical thoughts, which are embodied in the theory of heaven, the opposition of heaven, non-official language and feudalism: (1) denying the mysterious heaven, the chaos of the universe and the vitality of movement. The so-called heaven is the unjust death of nature, and there is no supreme heaven that can dominate people's destiny. Everything in the world is changing. There is no mysterious external force. (2) Heaven and man do not predict each other. In the relationship between heaven and man, he believes that heaven and man do not interfere with each other, and advocates attaching importance to personnel rather than empty talk about destiny and ghosts. (3) Superstition of ghosts and gods is explained from the source of epistemology. People's superstition of ghosts and gods is a sign of weakness. If people master the norms and magnificence and have enough manpower to dominate nature, they will not believe in ghosts and gods. His political thoughts are mainly embodied in the progressive social historical view that emphasizes "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought. But also influenced by Buddhism, especially when they are frustrated politically, they often seek spiritual liberation from Buddhism.

fable

Liu Zongyuan's fables inherited and developed the traditions of Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lu Chunqiu, Liezi and the Warring States Policy, and were mostly used to satirize and attack the ugly phenomena of the society at that time. Innovate, create whimsy, and make good use of anthropomorphic artistic images of various animals to express philosophical or political views. Representative works include Three Commandments (Linjiang Elk, Guizhou Donkey, Yongmou Mouse), Biography, Lieshuo and so on. Laughing and cursing, because things are small, show a high degree of humor and irony.

biography

Inherited the tradition of Historical Records and Hanshu, and made some innovations. Representative works include Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Biography of Zi Ren, Biography of Hejian, Theory of Snake Catcher, etc. Some works are exaggerated and fictional on the basis of real people and stories, just like fables and novels. Such as Biography of Song Qing, Biography of Planting Trees and Camels, Biography of Children's Areas.

Sao fu

Yan Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "In the Tang Dynasty, only thick sons got the Sao school." This theory is very pertinent. Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. His ci and fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan. This may be because although they are separated by thousands of years, they are similar in thought, experience, ambition and personality. "Old Tang Book" said that Liu Zongyuan was "a fugitive with a bumpy life (family B). There are dozens of essays that express the sorrow of poets, write emotional narratives, and the emotions must be in the words, and the visitors are all sorrowful. " How similar it is to Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu. Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Poems" and "Ten Sao Poems" are really excellent works in the prose literature of the Tang Dynasty. Whether focusing on expressing feelings or reciting things, they are sincere and rich in content. Li Sao and Nine Chapters are used in Punishing Evil Fu, Sheng Min Fu, Meng Gui Fu and Prison Mountain Fu. Or express one's mind directly, or borrow ancient times to hurt oneself, or borrow fables to express irony and think hard, which won the essence of Qu Sao. "Tian Dui" and "Jin Wen" are another type, imitating Tian Wen and Qi Fa, with strange and profound words. In addition, there are many Buddhist steles, inscriptions, notes, prefaces and postscripts, poems and other works in Liu Jizhong, involving Zen, Tiantai Sect, Buddhism and other theories.

Landscape travel notes

Liu Zongyuan's travels are the most popular, all written after being demoted, and Yongzhou's works are even better. Eight Notes on Yongzhou: Travel Notes on the First Banquet in Western Hills, Notes on Kotan, Notes on the Western Hills of Kotan, Notes on Xiaoshitang, Notes on Yuan Jiake, Notes on Shiqu, Notes on Rocks and Notes on Koishiyama. These works not only express their experiences and resentment through beautiful scenery; There is also a description of the author's quiet state of mind, which is manifested in extreme depression and the pursuit of spiritual sustenance. As for the direct description of the scenery, it is steep and clean, or beautiful and pleasant, and reproduces the beauty of nature with delicate language. Eight Records of Yongzhou was written four years after Yuanhe. At that time, Liu Zongyuan was exiled to Yongzhou, which is now Yongzhou, Hunan Province, because of the failure of political reform. The articles are all some scenery near Yongzhou at that time. The article is short, light, concise and fluent, which has been praised by all previous dynasties. Among them, the story of Xiaoshitang is the most famous. Through his own pen, the author described a quiet and peaceful scenery in Xiaoshitang. The article is fascinating and endless. At first, Xiaoshitang was presented by hearing its sound first and then seeing its shape. Write a pool with fish, then the clarity of the pool water can be imagined; People who write about fish are happy beyond words. The author's image is vivid, subtle, economical and superb. At the end, it is written in a quiet and quiet environment, a sad feeling and a blend of scenes.

Edit this educational achievement

Liu Zongyuan believes that the growth of everything in the world has its own development law. "The nature of wood is natural." We must conform to the laws of nature, otherwise it will not only be futile, but also cause damage. Liu Zongyuan believes that educating people, like planting trees, should also conform to the law of human development, rather than intervening and inculcating with subjective wishes and emotions. Liu Zongyuan praised Han Yu's "teacher theory" and Han Yu's spirit of being a teacher regardless of customs. He was saddened by the ethos of "being ashamed of being a teacher" in the upper class at that time. He said: "There is no teacher in the world, and the Tao is beneficial." However, he has his own views and implementation methods on the concept of teachers' morality. He wrote articles such as A Teacher's Friend's Advice, Answering Wei Zhongli's Book of Teacher's Way, Answering Yan Scholar's Book of Teacher's Way, and expounded his view of teacher's way. Its core view is "to be a teacher". Liu Zongyuan fully affirmed the role of teachers. He believes that without teachers, there can be no Ming Dow, and if you want to "Ming Dow", you must learn from him. But he said that he didn't have the courage to do so, but he didn't completely give up being a teacher, but went to be a teacher in the name of being a teacher. Liu Zongyuan declined the birthright of forming a formal teacher-student relationship and was afraid to be accepted by the teacher. But he tried his best to answer those who came to him for advice, and sincerely guided later scholars. He was indeed a teacher. He put forward the idea of "being a teacher by example", that is, teachers and students should communicate, learn from each other and help each other like friends, and be equal in academic research, rather than simply teaching and being taught. Liu Zongyuan's theory of "teachers and friends" is a theory with great influence in the traditional view of teachers' morality, especially in high-level teaching activities.

Edit the representative works in this paragraph.

"Reward Cao Xiang County and send it"

Before the mountain was broken, Meiyu Qinghe flowed eastward; Poet, you stand on the bow of the ship in the distance. Your message poem is like a spring breeze, which arouses my infinite affectionate thoughts; I want to take Shu Pinghua to see you, but you must be busy because of business.

Xiju

I have been troubled by official hats and robes for a long time, so I am glad to be an exile in this barbaric south. I am now a neighbor of growers and harvesters, and I am a guest of the mountain forest. I plow in the morning, turn over the grass with dew, and tie a fishing boat at night to break the quiet stream. I walked back and forth, hardly meeting anyone, singing long poems and staring at the blue sky.

Jiang Xue.

There are no birds flying over those mountains, and there are no traces of people in those paths. A boat on the river, a fisherman wearing his webworm moth; Fishing alone is not afraid of snow and ice. Note: [Hemp fiber] Hemp fiber and hat. Hemp fiber is made of grass or brown skin, and hats are made of bamboo strips, bamboo leaves or brown skin, all of which are rain gear.

fisherman

The fisherman rests on the western hills at night, learns the clear water in the morning, and cooks for firewood. Then, at sunrise, he walked through the fog. Alas, it was a green landscape. I turned around and saw the waves moving like from the sky, and the clouds on the cliff drifted carelessly one after another.

Travel notes of Xide Xishan banquet

I am a person, and I live in a state. Always anxious. Time slot also, and then give and do, long line. The sun is not far from climbing mountains, entering deep forests, returning to streams, secluded springs and rocks. When you arrive, you will sit in the grass and get drunk. If you are drunk, you will lie on the pillow and dream. The meaning is extreme and the dream is very interesting. Get up, get up, come back. I thought the scenery in the whole state was different, but I didn't know the strangeness of Xishan. On September 28 this year, I started pointing fingers because I was sitting in Fahua West Pavilion watching the Western Hills. So he ordered his servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, where the riverside was dyed, hazel fields were wild, grass was burning, and poor mountains were high. Crawling and crawling, squatting and roaming, and then the soil of several States is padded below. The potential of its struggle is bleak, if it is like a cave, it is thousands of miles in size, and it can't be hidden. It is dazzling blue and looks like the sky outside. Later, I learned that this mountain is unique, not like Peiyuan, but like Haoqi. Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty. If you are full of action, you will be drunk. Pale but dusk, far away, can't see anything, but still don't want to return. The shape of the heart is in harmony with everything. Then I know I haven't started swimming yet. I have already started swimming, so I am writing for it. It's years old, yuan and four years.

The story of drilling Xishan in Tan Li

Eight days after arriving in Xishan, find 200 steps northwest of the mountain pass and you can drill the pool. Twenty-five steps west of Tanxi, when it is turbulent and deep, is a fish beam. There is a hill on the top of the dam with bamboo and trees growing on it. The stones on the mountain stand out, and then the earth breaks through the ground, competing for competition, and their number is almost unknown. People who are tired of each other are like cows and horses drinking streams; Those who rush to the top of the column are like bears climbing on the mountain. The hill is very small, less than an acre, and can be put into a cage for your own. Asked who the owner was, he said, "This is what the Tang family doesn't want. I want to sell it, but I can't sell it." . Asked the price, he said, "Only 400 Wen." "."I like it. I'll take it. Li Shenyuan and Yuan Ke traveled together, and they were both very happy. It started with an accident. Then take turns to pick up tools, shovel weeds, cut down trees and light a fire to burn them. Jia Muli, Mei Zhulu. Stone show. Looking around, the mountains are high and the clouds are light, the streams are gurgling, and the birds and animals are wandering, so you can return your skills to the hills. Lying on the pillow, it is cold, with eyes, ears and ears. God has thoughts for those who are free and unfettered, and he has thoughts for those who are deep and quiet. The second person who gets to a different place without walking for ten days, although the ancient people are good, may not be able to arrive. Hey! With the beautiful scenery of this mountain, give it to Feng, pickaxe, Hu and Du. People who like to go shopping every day will buy more and add thousands of dollars, but buy less. Nowadays, this country is abandoned, and farmers and fishermen live a humble life. Jia 400 can't even be sold at the age of four. I enjoyed it alone with Shen Yuan and Keke, but the result was terrible! Write this article on a stone and congratulate the hill.

A hill to the west of the hill.

120 steps west of the mountain, across the bamboo forest, smelling the sound of water, like singing, I am happy. Cut bamboo and walk along the road, and see the small pool below, the water is particularly clear. The whole stone is the bottom, close to the shore, and the bottom of the stone comes out, which is the island and the rock. Green trees and vines, covered and twisted, staggered and brushed. There are hundreds of fish in the pond. They are all swimming in the air. The sun is shining, the shadow is on the stone, motionless; When you are far away, communication is sudden, like enjoying tourists. Looking from the southwest of the pool, you can see that it is zigzag. Their shore potentials are different from each other and their sources are unknown. Sitting by the pool, surrounded by bamboo forests, lonely and empty, sad and cold, quiet and quiet. It is too clear to live for a long time, but remember. Travelers: Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Yu Dizong Xuan. The second son Cui Shi said, "Forgive yourself and serve me." .

Yuanjiakeji

Walking ten miles southwest of Ran Xi, the scenery is desirable, and there is no way to drill a pool. From Xikou to the west, on land, you can take eight or nine, such as Xishan. From the southeast of Chaoyangyan to Wujiang River, it is desirable to be three, thirstier than Yuan Jia. It's always beautiful and strange In Chuyue dialect, the reverse flow of water is called "thirst". I am thirsty to get along with Nanting, and I am eager to get along with a hundred schools of thought. Among them, the stream is heavy, the pool is shallow, the toilet is tortuous, the ink is flat and deep, and the boiling white is steep. There is no end to being poor. There are hills above the water, all beautiful stones, and green bushes on top, which are common in winter and summer. There are many rocks beside it, and there are many pebbles below. There are many trees in it, such as heather, grapefruit and orchid. There are also exotic flowers and grasses, like acacia, like creeping, like swaying water stones. Every wind descended from the four mountains, shaking the trees, covering the grass, blushing scary, fragrant, rushing into the waves, retreating into the valley, shaking and growing, with the passage of time. Most of them are like this, and the rest are inexhaustible. Eternal people have never traveled, and they are afraid to enjoy it alone and spread it all over the world. Its landlord, Yuan. Therefore, it is famous far and near.

Shiquji

When I was thirsty, I couldn't walk a hundred paces to the southwest, so I arrived at Shiqu and Ren Minqiao. There is a faint spring, and its voice is loud and thin. The width of this canal is only a stone's throw, or 10 step long. It flowed to the big stone and fell out of it. After passing the stone, there is Hong Shi, and the calamus is surrounded by it, and the green is all around. It turned to the west again, sank under the rocks and fell into a small pool in the north. The pool has shrunk 100 foot, the water is deeper and there are more fish. In the Northern Song Dynasty, I was tired. If I didn't stop, I would die of thirst. Its two sides are covered with strange stones, trees, flowers and beautiful arrows, so you can sit in a row. The wind shakes its peak and moves the cliff valley. See its stillness, but listen to its distance. Give it to the state shepherd. Get rid of decay, never spare earth and stone, respect and burn, flourish and benefit. I cherish those who pass on their stories before they start, so I'm tired of remembering what they belong to. Keeping their people and learning from them will make it easier for those who do good deeds later. On the eighth day of the first month of the seventh year of Yuanhe, the stork reached Dashi. 10 19, when the stone ended, Hong Shi Tan Xiao was discovered, and the beauty of the canal began to become poor.

Shi Jian Ji

The stone canal is poor, from the northwest of the bridge to the shadow of Tushan, and the people's bridge is full. Its water is one third as big as the stone canal, at the bottom of the stone canal, reaching both ends. If the bed is in the lobby, if it is full, if it is limited to the Olympic Games. Spread horizontally, flow like weaving, and ring like playing the piano. Open it and go, break the bamboo and sweep the old leaves, and drain the rotten wood. 189 will be able to live in Luohu bed. The flow of sexual intercourse and the sound of touching are under the bed; The water of jade feather and the stone of Long Lin are all hidden on it. Ancient people had fun, didn't they? Can latecomers follow suit? The day I got it, it was the same as the stone canal. Those who are thirsty come first from the stone canal and then from the stone stream; From Baise, first from Shixi, then from Shiqu. The poor people in the stream are all from the southeast of Shicheng village, during which there were many coke people. The deep mountains and secluded forests above are steep and narrow, and you can't be poor.

Koishiyama

From Xishan Road to Huangmaoling in the north, there are two roads: one is to the west, and nothing is found; One is less in the north and east, but 40 feet, the soil is broken and two rivers are divided, and there are piles of stones across its vast land. It is the shape of a beam; Next to the castle pier, if there is a door, you can see that it is black, throwing pebbles, and there is water in the hole, which has been ringing for a long time. The ring can be seen far up. Without soil, a beautiful arrow is born, which is strange and firm, and the strangeness is suppressed, which is also applied by the wise. Hey! I have doubted the existence of the creator for a long time, and the more I think it is sincere. I also blame it for not being listed as a barbarian in Zhongzhou, and it is useless to sell its poems for thousands of years. If it is not suitable for the gods, it will be fruitless. Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but for things, so there are few people and many stones in southern Chu. I don't trust them.

Snake catcher theory

Yongzhou produces different snakes in the wild, black and white; Die of touching grass; To bite, there is no defense. If you get it, you will get bait, such as strong wind, spasm, fistula, boils, muscle loss and killing three insects. At the beginning, the imperial doctor was ordered by the king to be compiled. At the age of 20, he gave it to the second one, and everything he could catch was recruited and rented. People are always struggling to run. Those who owned the Chiang family all died for the benefit of III. When asked, he said, "My dad is dead, and so is my dad. I have been an heir for twelve years now, and how many people have died. " Anyway, if you're worried. I said sadly, "What if it is poisonous? I will tell the people present, if I serve, if I am given something? " Jiang's family was very sad and cried, "Will you be born with sadness?" Then our service is unfortunate, and it is also unfortunate not to reply to my fu. If you don't serve me, you will be ill for a long time. Since I lived in my hometown for the third time, I have been 60 years old, but my neighbors' birthdays are always sad. They are exhausted from home, calling for migration, hungry and thirsty, feeling the wind and rain, suddenly cold and hot, whistling and hissing, and the dead often borrow each other. People who live with my ancestors have no room today; The people who live with my father are all in the room today; Those who have lived with me for twelve years have nothing to do with it today. Die or move. And I live by catching snakes alone. Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, and ran north and south. Those who are stunned and frightened, although they are restless. I stood up and looked at it, while my snake was still lying. Eat it and sometimes offer it. The next best thing is to eat the things in the soil, so as to do the best. Cover the crime of the deceased being one year old; The rest, they are happy. Is my hometown neighbor really in danger? Even if I die today, it will be worse than the death of my neighbor. How dare I poison you? "The more I listen to, the more sad I am. Confucius said, "tyranny is fiercer than tiger. "I doubt it, but I still believe in Jiang's opinion. Oh! Who knows that Fu Lian's poison is very snake! Therefore, it is necessary for husband to observe people.

The mouse of Yongjia

There will always be someone who is afraid of the sun and is different. I think I am Naoko, a mouse and a god. I don't want to kill mice because I love them and don't keep cats or dogs. Cang Chu, I know I don't ask mice. Because mice tell each other that they all come to a certain house, it doesn't hurt to be full. A room has no utensils, no clothes, and a large number of mice eat and drink. Walking with people during the day, stealing and fighting at night, I can't sleep. When I was a few years old, a family moved to another state. When future generations come to live, the mice are still the same. The man said, "It's evil, especially theft and violence. Why is this happening? " Fake five or six cats, close the door, remove the tile and fill the hole, and buy a cat to catch. Killing rats is like a hill, abandoning hidden places and stinking (from top to bottom) for months. Oh! It is also true that he can be constant, because he is full and harmless.

Elk by the river

People by the river will get elk and livestock. At first, dogs coveted each other and their tails came. Angry people naturally hug dogs every day, learn to show them, and play with dogs a little. After a long time, all dogs are satisfied. Elk is a little older, forgetting his own elk, thinking that dogs are good to my friends and contradict their servants. Dogs are afraid of their owners and throw the ball with them. However, when you stick out your tongue. In three years, elk went out, and there were many dogs on the road, all of whom wanted to play. When the foreign dogs saw it, they were happy and angry, and * * * was killed, which was a mess. The elk died before they knew it.

The donkey of money

There are no donkeys in Guizhou, and those who have good deeds can take them with them. If they are useless, put them down the mountain. When the tiger sees it, it is a demon and thinks it is a god. From the forest, it will be closer, and it will be too angry to know. One day, the donkey will scream, and the tiger will be frightened and run away, thinking that it will bite itself, which is very scary. However, if you look at it, it doesn't make any difference. I learned its sound, and I was close to it, but I was afraid to fight. Come closer, stagger, jump, donkey is angry, hoof. The tiger was very happy and said, "Stop it!" " For jumping? Break his throat, do your best, but go

Biography of planting trees and camels

Guo Tuo, whose name is unknown, is sick and lying down, and there are camel-like people who are called "camels" in his hometown. The camel listened and said, "Very good. I deserve it. " Because of its name, it also calls itself Camel Cloud. Its hometown is Fengle Township, to the west of Chang 'an. Camel industry plants trees, and the good rich people in Chang 'an are tourists and fruit sellers, and they all strive to welcome and raise them. Relying on the trees planted by camels, or migrating, they are all alive and flourishing early. Although other growers are watching the effect, it can't be like this. If you ask, you are right; "Camels can't make wood bear fruit, but they can also be suitable for wood, so its nature is not good. As far as the nature of planting trees is concerned, it should be comfortable, its cultivation should be flat, its soil should be ancient and its buildings should be dense. Now that you're gone, don't move, don't worry, don't look back. If you are a child, if you are abandoned, it is full of nature and its nature. So, I don't harm it, I have to be able to recognize it. Just don't control your consumption, it doesn't have to be sweet early. Other growers are not. Roots are easy to rush, soil is easy to plow, but not too strict, it is not as good as people. If you have the ability to face each other, you will love too much and worry too much. Look at it at dusk, caress it and look back. What's more, you will scratch your skin to test its health and dryness, shake its roots to observe its density, and the nature of wood will leave you. Although you love it, it is actually harmful; Although I am worried, I really hate it. So, you don't want it, I want it. What can I do? " The questioner said, "Is it ok to transfer official management by children?" Tuo said, "I only know how to plant trees. This is business, not my business. However, I live in my hometown, and those who are kind to others are angry with their orders. If I am poor, I will die of disaster. When the official arrived at dusk, he shouted, "The official order urges you to plow, mow and sow, and you will reap." . You should knit early and you should be young, so you should be a chicken and a dolphin.' Collect drums, beat wood and call them. My villain dropped out of school to work for an official, and it is impossible to have leisure. How can I be happy and safe? So, I am sick and lazy. If so, is it similar to our industry? "The questioner said," Hey, what a good husband! I asked about raising trees and people. "Pass it on as an official warning.

Preface to Mourning and Drowning

Original: Always brave and good at traveling. One day, the water was very fierce, and five or six people went to Hunan by boat. Zhongji, if the ship is broken, it will do. One is to do your best and not be different. His companion said, "You are the best swimmer. What are you going to do now? " Yue: "I have 1000 yuan, which is heavy. Let's talk about it later. " He said, "Why not go there?" No, shake its head. It is beneficial for the time being. Those who had saved themselves stood on the shore and shouted, "You are so stupid. Cover, you are dead. How can you afford it? " He shook his head again and drowned. I mourn it. And if so, do you have to drown the big goods to protect yourself? So I wrote "mourning".

Biography of slugs

The batter is good at dealing with bugs. When something happens, you need to bear it, and you will bear it first. The heavier the back, the more sleepy it is. His back is so astringent that things can't come apart and he can't get up. People may pity it to get rid of it. If you can do it, stick to it. Good, high and powerful. People who fall to the ground and die are addicted to taking drugs. In this world, they don't avoid commodities to enrich their rooms. I don't know if I'm tired for myself, so as not to accumulate. Even if you are lazy, you will be abandoned, and if you migrate, you will get sick. If you can afford it, but you don't like it, you will respect your position and get a lot of money, but you will be insatiable, so that you will be close to danger and you will not know how to quit before you die. Although its shape is big, its name is also named, and wisdom is a bug. It's enough to mourn your husband!

Liu Zongyuan's political philosophy thought.

In addition to his literary achievements, Liu Zongyuan is also a famous thinker. A person who actively participates in political innovation must be a thinker. Liu Zongyuan's philosophical works include Non-Mandarin, Zhen Fu, Seasonal Theory, Criminal Argument, Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and so on. In these works, Liu Zongyuan holds a negative attitude towards the theory of "the image of Xia, Shang and Zhou" advocated by Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar in Han Dynasty, denouncing such a great man as Dong Zhongshu as a "witch history" and accusing him of "confusing future generations". He opposed the theories of providence, destiny and heaven, criticized theology, emphasized personnel, and replaced "God" with "man", which was very valuable in the feudal society where theological superstition dominated more than 1000 years ago. Liu Zongyuan also turned his criticism of theology into a criticism of politics, explained the relationship between heaven and man from the viewpoint of simple materialism, and criticized the idealistic theory of destiny. His philosophical thoughts were in line with the development of social productive forces and the level of natural science at that time. He developed ancient naive materialism's atheism to a new height and was an outstanding thinker in the middle Tang Dynasty. Some of Liu Zongyuan's social and political works are the concrete embodiment of his political thought and a means for him to participate in political struggle. Feudalism is Liu Zongyuan's most famous political paper. In view of the dispute between feudal system and county system, Liu Zongyuan believes that the whole social history is a natural development process with an inevitable trend of objective development independent of human will. The enfeoffment system exposed all kinds of serious drawbacks, and the new county system can overcome the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system, which is superior and progressive, thus strongly supporting the county system. The evaluation of Qin Shihuang also reflects the progressiveness of Liu Zongyuan's political thought. Political papers such as Six Contradictions and Jinwen advocate meritocracy and oppose hereditary privileges. They even think that the son of heaven should correct his mistakes in employing people. His thought of attaching importance to agricultural warfare is also very prominent, and he attaches importance to persuading farmers to build water conservancy projects to benefit the people. Liu Zongyuan admired Confucianism, but did not advocate the dominance of one family. Many of his speeches often give a harmonious explanation of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism from the standpoint of compromise and reconciliation, which is also the difference between his thoughts and other thinkers.