What happened in those days when the clean woman's body was found in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha?

Mawangdui Han Tomb: Located in Dongtundu, the eastern suburb, about four kilometers away from the city center. This tomb is the family cemetery of Hou Licang, the prime minister of Changsha in the early Western Han Dynasty. From 1972 to 1974, three tombs were excavated successively, numbered 1, No.2 and No.3. Tomb No.1 is the wife's tomb of Empress Yan Li Cang, Tomb No.2 is the tomb of Empress Yan Li Cang, and Tomb No.3 is the son's tomb of Empress Yan Li Cang, among which Tomb No.1 and No.3 are well preserved. The mausoleum is very rigorous in structure and grand in scale. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics were unearthed from the three tombs, among which the most sensational was the female corpse of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from Tomb No.1, which lasted more than 2 100 years. The appearance is complete, the whole body is moist, the lines of fingers and toes are clear, the soft tissue is flexible, and the limbs can move, which is a miracle in the anti-corrosion field. The coffin of Order No.1 is composed of 70 fir boards, weighing about 1500 kg, with a solid structure, flat, square and straight. There are four layers of coffins in the coffin, and all sides are filled with funerary objects. Among them, a plain sand Zen dress, as light as smoke and as thin as cicada's wings, is1.28m long and1.9m long, and weighs only 49g ... The Topographic Map of Southern Changsha unearthed from Tomb No.2 is the earliest existing large-scale map. There are 28 kinds of silk scripts unearthed in Tomb No.3, with more than1.20,000 words. These silk books are of great value to the study of ancient books. There is also a painted silk painting on the inner coffin, which is an unprecedented masterpiece of ancient silk painting. Now, the No.1 and No.2 tombs have been closed, and the No.3 tomb pit has remained its original appearance, and the roof has been built for people to visit. All the cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui are displayed in Hunan Provincial Museum.

1972, the archaeological discovery of Mawangdui shocked the world. When experts excavated the remains of Xin Zhui in the Western Han Dynasty, the body was intact, moist, with elastic skin and movable joints, and the bones were better than those of normal people who are now 60 years old. Why can this Mawangdui female corpse not rot for two thousand years? When Mawangdui female corpse was unearthed, the coffin was filled with red coffin liquid. Scientists believe that this liquid is a "magic liquid" that keeps Xin Zhui from rotting for more than 2,000 years.

Professor Luo, director and doctoral supervisor of Mawangdui Han Tomb Cultural Relics Protection Center of Central South University, said that after laboratory testing, it can be confirmed that the red coffin liquid is complex in composition, and the reason why it is red is that it is mixed with cinnabar. The chemical composition of cinnabar is harmful to human body, containing arsenic and mercury. Many traditional Chinese medicine ingredients were also detected in the coffin liquid, and these things turned deep red when mixed together. To be sure, this red liquid has bactericidal effect and can ensure that the body does not rot.

The main components of red coffin liquid include organic mercury, that is, mercury. Experts speculate that Xin Zhui may have the habit of taking Dan medicine before his death. In ancient China, alchemy was one of the main ways for people to pursue longevity, and alchemy itself contained toxic and harmful substances, such as mercury, which people didn't realize at that time, but mercury had a killing effect on bacteria. So although Xin Zhui didn't live long after taking Dan medicine, her bones were preserved for a long time because of the toxicity of Dan medicine.

Luo introduced that some traditional Chinese medicine ingredients were also found in the red coffin liquid. It is reported that a large number of Chinese herbal medicines were found in the funerary objects, which supported the view that the ancients could prepare antiseptic potions to some extent. "The combination of these chemicals is the basic reason for the preservation of ancient corpses," Luo said.

Why didn't a person with a higher status than Xin Zhui leave a skeleton, while Xin Zhui could? This at least shows that the formula of this disinfectant is formed by an accidental factor. Luo believes that Xin Zhui's anti-corruption in 2000 is "full of contingency". In addition to proper anti-corrosion measures, the environment at that time must be very dry and conducive to preservation. Moreover, the coffin is well sealed and isolated from the outside air, avoiding the erosion of the body by bacteria. Moreover, Mawangdui tomb has never been stolen. Geological conditions and human factors made Xin Zhui's body miraculously preserved.

A few days ago, Xin Zhui, the wife of Changsha Prime Minister, who had been "sleeping" for nearly 2,200 years in Mawangdui, Changsha, miraculously "revived".

The staff of Hunan Provincial Museum learned through the media that Zhao Chenggong, a professor in the Department of Forensic Medicine of China Criminal Police College, restored the appearance of Wu, the fourth wife of Zhu Dianpei, the grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. He immediately contacted Professor Zhao and proposed to restore the appearance of the female corpse of the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago. Zhao Xinran agreed. Later, Zhao flew to Changsha and collected the basic materials needed for recovery within two days. Therefore, the Hunan Provincial Museum officially entrusted Professor Zhao to restore the appearance of Xin Zhui who died nearly 2,200 years ago.

The "secret weapon" helped a lot.

Zhao can restore the Millennium relics in a short time, thanks to a portrait simulation system called "Police Star CCK-3". This "secret weapon" embodies Professor Zhao's painstaking efforts for most of his life.

Zhao is the founder of China Criminology. Since 1973, he has been engaged in trace research, and can quickly simulate the portrait of the suspect according to the dictation of the insider. "Police Star CCK-3 Portrait Simulation System" is actually the product of the combination of Professor Zhao's actual combat experience and computer technology. It is reported that this system can combine 9 billion times 1 100 million person images without repetition by processing tens of thousands of person photos.

"Research shows that a person's face depends on the shape of the skull. In other words, as long as the skull exists, even if it is disfigured, it can be repaired according to certain steps. " Zhao explained.

This time, Zhao painted the faces of Xin Zhui at the age of 65, 438+08, 30 and 50 respectively, and also painted the profile of Xin Zhui at the age of 50. The restoration is mainly based on X-ray photos of Xin Zhui's skull, facial photos when unearthed, silk paintings of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha and related historical documents.

"In my eyes, as long as the skull remains intact, there is basically no difference between the female body more than 2,000 years ago and the body encountered in daily case solving." Professor Zhao said calmly.

Xin Zhui, 30, was "resurrected" for the first time.

Xin Zhui, 30, was first "resurrected" by Zhao. "According to anthropological knowledge, human bones are basically formed at the age of 30. Choosing this age to recover first can ensure the effectiveness of skull transmission information as much as possible. " Zhao explained.

In the X-ray analysis of Xin Zhui's skull, Zhao found that Xin Zhui's mouth was opened, his tongue was spit out, his forehead was dislocated and his head was deformed after his death. "According to the previous law, this deformation will lead to the shortening of the five senses. For example, a long face becomes a round face, and a Chinese face becomes a Tian Zi face. " Zhao said for example. In addition, the shooting angle of X-ray film is not vertical, forming elevation angle, which brings difficulties to repair.

According to this situation, Zhao first scanned the X-ray film into the computer, and then reset the dislocated lower forehead in the computer according to the anatomical structure theory of anatomy. Subsequently, Zhao drew the inner eyeliner, the outer eyeliner, the alar line, the bottom line of the nose, the hairline, the eyebrow line, the cleft lip line, the lower forehead line and the middle line on Xin Zhui's skull according to the theory of "three courts and five eyes" in art.

According to reports, the "three courts" determine the length of the face and the "five eyes" determine the width. Hairline is a sign between a person's forehead and hair. The eyebrow arch line determines the position of the eyebrows, the nasal bottom line refers to the position of the lower nasal segment, and the lower forehead line indicates the bottom line position of the avatar. "According to these nine lines, we can basically determine the position, length, width and size of the five senses." Zhao explained.

Xin Zhui's eyes were first identified as almond eyes. Zhao believes that the eye is also the part with the smallest error in the reconstruction stage of the new vertebra. He said: "According to the shape of the eye hole in Xin Zhui's skull, we can infer that she has almond eyes. Combined with the photos taken when she was unearthed and the anatomical basis of that year, it can be confirmed that Xin Zhui's eyelashes were very long. " Compared with eyes, it is relatively easy to determine the shape of Xin Zhui's nose. Judging from the unearthed photos, Xin Zhui's nose is well preserved and can be directly judged as a small pointed nose.

Why is 30-year-old Xin Zhui with thin lips and foxtail eyebrows? Zhao explained: "According to the photos of the corpse, it was found that Xin Zhui's lips were thin, and according to the crack line, it could be judged that the shape of his lips was a typical thin mouth. The basis of foxtail eyebrows is mainly the shape of the eyebrow arch on the X-ray film, as well as the eyebrow marks on Xin Zhui and the shape of the eyes that have appeared. " Xin Zhui's ears were finally confirmed as fat.

The error is within 65438 00%

"For the portraits of the ancients more than 2,000 years ago, there must be errors, but according to statistics, the errors should be controlled within 10%." Zhao said to him.

The error is first of all due to the fly in the ointment of X-ray films. In the past, Zhao used the skull as the basis for finding the unknown body, but this time there was only an X-ray of the skull, which would inevitably bring some regrets.

On the basis of Xin Zhui's 30-year-old face, Zhao made 50-year-old faces and 18-year-old faces, mainly based on statistical reasoning, supplemented by a certain degree of speculation.

According to historical records, Xin Zhui married at the age of 15. Therefore, when Zhao was 18 years old, he consciously painted his eyes bigger, smoother and rounder according to his 30-year-old face, while his eyebrows changed from foxtail eyebrows to willow eyebrows, his mouth was smaller, his ears remained basically unchanged and his cheeks were a little pink. The head is a little bigger. At the same time, there is a certain depression in the chest fossa, which makes it look slightly plump. "Because there are no photos of Xin Zhui when he was young, he can only reason from anthropological knowledge in specific production." Zhao said to him.

When drawing Xin Zhui's 50-year-old face, according to the laws of anthropology, eyes droop, forehead wrinkles, nose wing collapses, nose wing widens, cheeks widen, fat increases and muscles relax. Ears droop and neck thickens. It can be inferred that his oval face turned into a rectangular face at the age of 30.

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Xin Zhui can "live" for another 500 years

From the beginning, the protection of female corpse was supported by the Department of Human Anatomy of Hunan Medical University. When the female corpse was unearthed, it was Zeng Jiaming and Liu Lihou in this teaching and research section who injected a fixative mixed with formalin, alcohol and glycerol into the corpse and then soaked it in formalin. Later, the immersion liquid in the crystal coffin was prepared by Associate Professor Zeng Jiaming and several domestic medical experts, and it was called "1 formula".

The preservation of Mawangdui's female corpse shows that the ancestors knew the way of anti-corrosion. They used the conditions at that time to create a sealed oxygen-free and sterile environment in the coffin. In addition to wrapping the body with silk and isolating it from the coffin environment, there are more than 5,000 kilograms of charcoal on the six sides of the coffin, with a layer of gypsum and soil below, plus a thick pile of soil.

As far as today's protection is concerned, if nothing happens, as long as the environment in the crystal coffin remains unchanged, she can live forever. Of course, it is no problem to keep it for 200 years, and 500 years or even longer can be expected.

The person in charge of the Hunan Provincial Museum said that the new museum cost more than 2 million US dollars and specially imported the best air conditioners from the United States.

Xin Zhui died of eating melons.

Professor Peng Longxiang of Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, who is nearly 70 years old, is the chief surgeon of Mawangdui female corpse dissection. According to him, at 8: 00 am on February 1972 14, an autopsy was started in an exhibition hall (now the History Museum) on the second floor of Hunan Provincial Museum. He entered the lower abdomen from the upper edge of the sternum and along the midline. He felt that the found body was harder than ordinary fresh bodies. After thoracotomy, all the organs have a complete shape.

According to the anatomical and pathological analysis of tissue sections, Professor Peng basically knew the cause of death of the lady at that time-after eating, the gastrointestinal tract would be emptied within 4 hours, and there was still a lot of undigested food in her stomach. Pathological analysis showed that his wife suffered from coronary heart disease, gallstones, tuberculosis and other eight or nine diseases, and was also infected with schistosomiasis, pinworm, whipworm and so on. And she still has 138 half melon seeds left in her stomach. Professor Peng therefore believes that it was in the summer when the melon was ripe more than 2000 years ago that she ate the melon, which caused radiation coronary artery spasm and even arrhythmia and sudden death due to biliary colic.

Xin Zhui discovered it during construction.

There are terracotta warriors and horses in the north and Mawangdui in the south. Mawangdui, an unremarkable hill on the north side of Changliu Highway in the eastern suburb of Changsha, was named after being recorded as the cemetery of Ma Yin family of Chu King in the Five Dynasties, and was also called Saddle Dui because of its saddle shape. According to textual research, Mawang Tomb is actually the graveyard of Chedahou family in the Western Han Dynasty.

1972, during the construction of a military hospital in Hunan province, a serious landslide occurred, accompanied by existing white gypsum and soil, and a small hole emitted choking gas. When someone struck a match to light a cigarette, the small hole exploded into a blue flame. An experienced old soldier concluded that there must be a "treasure" here. The situation was quickly reflected to the relevant departments. Three days later, after the Hunan Provincial Museum reported to the State Council, it conducted a detailed investigation with experts and began to excavate.

When the tomb was opened, people were presented with a female corpse that had been sleeping for more than 2,000 years, but looked very "fresh": her appearance was intact, her whole body was soft and elastic, and her blood vessels could expand when preservatives were injected into her body. Except for exophthalmos, tongue sticking and other surface deformations, other features are exactly the same as those of a person who just died. This is the first wet corpse with a long history found in the world, which shocked the world after being unearthed. Similar ancient bodies found later were classified as "Mawangdui corpse type" by the archaeological community.