What are the characteristics of blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty?

Blue and white porcelain is one of the mainstream varieties of China porcelain, belonging to underglaze colored porcelain. Mature blue-and-white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen in Yuan Dynasty, which is also an important period in the development history of blue-and-white porcelain manufacturing technology in China. In the Yuan Dynasty, the perfect blue-and-white porcelain firing technology was gradually established, and the deformation rate was reduced during the firing process, and the fired finished product was more perfect, forming its own unique style. So what are the characteristics of blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty? Friends who want to know quickly follow Bian Xiao to have a look. ?

Characteristics of Blue and White Porcelain in Yuan Dynasty

1, fetal glaze

In Yuan Dynasty, blue and white flowers generally had a heavy carcass and a domineering overall shape. Porcelain-making raw materials adopt the "binary formula" of porcelain clay and kaolin, and the tire color is whiter, the tire quality is thicker and there are tiny pores. Glaze is white and blue, blue and white are rich and gray, with iron rust spots and no glaze at the bottom. There are umbilical protrusions in the center of the bottom foot of the plate and bowl, and there are many omissions in the side wall of the circle foot. Multi-ribbed plum bottle, multi-ribbed jade pot spring bottle and high-necked bottle are unique shapes in Yuan Dynasty. The edge of plum bottle mouth is mostly flat or narrow at the top and wide at the bottom.

Because the binary formula of Yuan blue and white tire soil is used, the firing temperature is increased, so the formula of glaze can be changed accordingly. In the Yuan Dynasty, the glaze ash composition was reduced while the glaze fruit composition was increased, which changed the glaze state, increased the glaze thickness, made the glaze soft, made the glaze white and moist, and the accumulated glaze was duck egg blue, with just the right transparency, brightness and color, which could better set off the expressive force of blue and white. (Glazed fruit is a kind of lightly weathered porcelain stone, the main components are silica and alumina, and the main component of glaze ash is limestone. )

Cobalt materials for blue and white in Yuan Dynasty are domestic and imported blue materials. The color of domestic materials is gray. Blue and white painted with imported materials are rich in color. Hierarchical, bright, concise and elegant? Black spots. For example, in the 11th year of Zheng Zhi, blue and white Yunlong bottles were mostly imported green materials. Domestic materials are mostly used for small objects. Such as the physical objects unearthed in the Philippines and the blue-and-white lotus chrysanthemum bottle furnace unearthed from the 11th tomb of Zheng Zhi in Jiujiang Museum, Jiangxi Province.

2. decorations

The most striking feature of Yuan blue-and-white ornamentation is that the composition is full and there are many layers without disorder. The brushwork is good at one stroke, smooth and powerful; The contour rendering is heavy and steady. The theme of theme decoration is people, animals, plants, poems and so on.

The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry is rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid-like scale, which is vigorous and fierce.

Auxiliary decorations are mostly rolled grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals; In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); Seawater line is a combination of thick line and thin line.

3. Technology

Blue-and-white porcelain wares of the Yuan Dynasty have obvious tire marks on the bottom and abdomen. Bottles and cans are made by slicing tires and then bonding them with tire mud. The surface of the bonded part often protrudes, giving people an uneven feeling. After the outer wall is polished, the tire tracks on the bottom, abdomen and neck are obvious. When making yuan porcelain, the bottom of most objects is exposed without glazing, and the sand bottom is formed by holding sand and firing. Sticking sand often appears at the edge of sand bottom, and glaze spots are also common. At the bottom of the dish, there is a light yellow protective glaze deliberately drawn by craftsmen.

The common method of cutting the foot is to cut the outer wall obliquely at the bottom of the foot. The foot width of the big device is mostly digging the foot, which is deep and shallow. The carcass at the bottom of the bowl is thick, the tire in the foot is exposed, and the center is slightly protruding, commonly known as "heart-shaped protrusion", which is actually a tire repair trace. The polish around the feet is often not in the end, slightly exposed, and it is brownish red. The bottom of large tanks is mostly wide and irregular, and some bottom centers have shallow thread marks. Blue and white porcelain is a treasure in ceramic technology.

Named after the sharp contrast of blue and white colors, its production process is to draw patterns on kaolin porcelain tires with cobalt materials with strong coloring and bright colors. Then apply transparent white glaze and sinter at 1350℃. The underglaze color of the finished product shows blue pattern, bright and elegant.

The above are the main features of blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty. Interested friends can learn more about it. Blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty has made some achievements in material selection, formula, technology, modeling and decoration, which has a very important impact on the development of blue-and-white porcelain and even all colored porcelain in the future, and is a milestone in the history of China ceramics. Yuan blue and white flowers circulating in the market can be said to be mixed, and friends need to know enough about the characteristics of Yuan blue and white flowers to distinguish their authenticity.

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