What are the methods for researching problems?

Question 1: What are the research methods for thesis? Survey method

The survey method is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a method of purposefully, plannedly and systematically collecting materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. The survey method is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses methods such as historical method, observation method, and scientific methods such as interviews, questionnaires, case studies, and tests to conduct a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena. And analyze, synthesize, compare, and summarize a large amount of data collected during the investigation to provide people with regular knowledge.

The most commonly used survey method is the questionnaire method. It is a research method that collects information by asking written questions. That is, the investigator compiles a form of survey items and distributes or mails them to relevant parties. Personnel, ask for instructions to fill in the answers, and then collect, compile, statistics and research.

Observation method

Observation method means that the researcher uses his or her own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the object being studied according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, thereby obtaining A method of data. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and surveys, observation method has the following functions: ① Expand people's perceptual understanding. ②Inspire people’s thinking. ③Lead to new discoveries.

Experimental method

Experimental method is a scientific research method that discovers and confirms the causal connections between things by changing main branches and controlling research objects. Its main characteristics are: first, proactive and transformative. Observation and investigation are based on understanding the research object and discovering problems without interfering with the research object. However, experiments require the active manipulation of experimental conditions, artificially changing the object's existence and change process, and making it subject to the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require the use of various methods and techniques to reduce or eliminate the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science according to the needs of research, and to understand the research object in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal connection between things.

Literature research method

Literature research method is a method of obtaining information by investigating literature according to a certain research purpose or topic, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand the research problem to be studied. method. The literature research method is widely used in research in various disciplines. Its functions are: ① It can understand the history and current situation of relevant issues and help determine research topics. ② It can form a general impression about the research object, which is helpful for observation and interview. ③Ability to obtain comparative data of actual data. ④It helps to understand the whole picture of things.

Empirical research method

Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. It proposes a design based on existing scientific theories and practical needs, uses scientific instruments and equipment, and determines it through purposeful and step-by-step manipulation under natural conditions, based on observation, recording, and measurement of changes in phenomena accompanying this. The activity of causal relationships between conditions and phenomena. The main purpose is to illustrate the relationship between various independent variables and a certain dependent variable.

Quantitative analysis method

In scientific research, quantitative analysis method can further refine people’s understanding of the research object, so as to reveal the rules more scientifically, grasp the essence, and clarify relationships and predict the development trend of things.

Qualitative analysis method

Qualitative analysis method is to conduct a "qualitative" analysis of the research object. Specifically, it uses methods such as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, and abstraction and generalization to mentally process the various materials obtained, so as to eliminate the rough and select the essence, remove the false and retain the true, and go from here to there, from the outside to the inside, to achieve understanding of the essence of things. Reveal inner laws.

Interdisciplinary research method

A method that uses multidisciplinary theories, methods and results to conduct comprehensive research on a certain topic as a whole, also called "cross-disciplinary research method". The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly differentiated and highly integrated, forming a unified whole. According to relevant expert statistics, there are now more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of disciplinary differentiation is still intensifying. However, at the same time, the connections between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is an increasingly unified trend in terms of language, methods and certain concepts. trend.

Case study method

The case study method is a research method that identifies a specific object among the research objects, investigates and analyzes it, and understands its characteristics and its formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) individual investigation, which is to conduct investigation and research on an individual in the organization; (2) group investigation, which is to conduct investigation and research on an organization or group; (3) problem investigation, which is to conduct investigation and research on an organization or group. Investigate a certain phenomenon or problem.

Functional analysis...>>

Question 2: What are the project research methods and what are the basic contents of the project research plan?

There are many types of educational research projects There are many kinds, their research methods are also different, and there are different types of research plans, but their structures are similar. It basically includes the following aspects.

⑴Description of the topic

A research topic must have a name to describe the content of its research. This may seem like a small problem, but in fact, when many people write the title of a topic, they often write it inaccurately and inappropriately, thus affecting the image and quality of the entire topic. A good topic name must be accurate, standardized, concise, Eye-catching requirements.

To be precise, the title of the project should clearly explain what the research question (research content) is and what the research object is. Whether the topic title is clearly stated and whether it covers the content and methods to be studied is, in a certain sense, also a sign of testing and measuring the researcher's understanding and level. The name of the topic must be consistent with the content of the research, not too big, have an appropriate incision, and be able to accurately summarize the research objects and problems. Standardization means that the words and sentence patterns used are standardized and scientific. Some specious words cannot be used, and slogans and concluding sentence patterns cannot be used. For example, "Cultivate students' independent learning ability and improve classroom teaching efficiency." If it is a title for an experience summary paper, it is not bad, but as the name of a topic, it is not good, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, and this problem is being discussed. We are preparing to conduct research and cannot sound conclusive. In addition, when determining the title of the topic, you should also use interrogative sentences with caution. Because a question expresses a question, not an argument or hypothesis. Topics should be expressed in declarative sentence patterns. For example, "What is the impact of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" is a question that is generally not suitable to be used as a topic title. If it is to be studied as a topic, it should be changed to "Research on the impact of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" or "Research on the relationship between family pressure and primary school students' academic performance." Simplicity means that the name should not be too long and should use as few words as possible. Generally, it should not exceed 20 words. Eye-catching means that the topic research topic is appropriate and novel, leaving a deep impression on people at a glance.

⑵The purpose and significance of the research

As a project plan, first of all, the background of the project research and the research purpose to be achieved should be explained, and the question "Why should the research be conducted" should be answered. In the plan, the background of the research project is usually explained in the form of "proposal of the project" or "background of the project". It mainly introduces the purpose and significance of the research topic, that is, why it should be studied and what value it has. This can generally be discussed from the perspective of practical needs, pointing out that this problem exists in reality, needs to be studied and solved, and what practical effects the research on this topic has, and then the theoretical and academic value of the topic is written. These must be written in a more specific and targeted manner, and we cannot just shout slogans in vain.

⑶ Research status, level and development trends at home and abroad

Regarding the research content of the topic, it is necessary to state whether anyone has researched within the scope of the topic, and which aspects have been studied? What results have been achieved? Are the views expressed by these results consistent? If there are differences, what are their differences? What shortcomings exist and what direction is it developing in? On the one hand, the analysis of these contents can demonstrate the status and value of the research on this topic. On the other hand, it can also show whether the researchers have a good grasp of the research on this topic and whether they have a certain research foundation. Because when we conduct scientific research on a certain issue, we must have a clear understanding of the current research status of the issue.

⑷Theoretical basis for research

The current research carried out by our primary and secondary school teachers is basically applied research, which requires that our research must have some basic theoretical basis to ensure The scientific nature of the research. For example, if we want to conduct experimental research on activity classes, we must use curriculum theory, learning psychology theory, and educational psychology theory as the theoretical basis for the experiment. When we conduct experimental research on educational model innovation, we must take teaching theory and educational experimental theory as the theoretical basis.

⑸ Hypothesis of research

After the topic is selected, one or several possible answers and conclusions about the research topic are conceived based on facts and existing data. This is the "hypothesis" . A hypothesis is a speculative conclusion and hypothetical explanation about the laws or causes of the problem under study based on certain scientific knowledge and new scientific facts. It is preconceived and tentative before conducting research. Some research variables should be involved in the research hypothesis. The research variables can be divided into:...>>

Question 3: What are the methods of project research? Questionnaire method, interview, case study, experimental method, observation method, literature research, etc. 1. Action research method: Develop a personalized research plan, analyze the students' practice situation, and then study, adjust, and practice again. And summarize and record the experience into valuable writing. 2. Data collection method: go deep into the class and individual students, investigate the current situation of students, use different resources to collect, pinpoint the problem, and clarify the research object. 3. Student-led method: A small group of students learn and move first, and then drive and infect the students around them to also learn. 4. Educational experiment method: Based on your own teaching class, find a plan suitable for the development of students' scientific literacy through the changes in students' scientific learning before and after the experiment.

5. Case study method: Combined with the research objectives of the subject, guide students to formulate study plans based on reality, and provide effective guidance according to the needs of personality development. 6. Literature method: Extensively collect and organize literature materials, such as classic books, famous sayings, and bibliographies recommended by curriculum standards, to provide students with contemporary, creative and positive teaching materials for reading. 7. Educational survey method: go deep into the class and individual students, investigate the current situation of students' extracurricular reading, select representative typical cases for careful analysis, pinpoint the problem, and clarify the research object. The basic methods of educational project research mainly include the following: 1. Observation method 1. Observation method: In order to understand the truth and discover the essence and laws of a certain phenomenon. 2. Steps of the observation method: The implementation of the observation method is divided into the following three steps. One of the steps is the design of the observation study. This step can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough survey and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so that the entire observation process can be correctly planned. For example, if you want to observe a teacher's teaching work, you should go to the school in advance to have a general understanding of the teacher's work situation, the situation of the students, the relevant environment and conditions, etc. This can be done by talking to teachers and school leaders, reviewing some relevant materials, such as lesson plans, teaching diaries, student homework, etc., and listening to lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research tasks and research objects, consider what problems are needed, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear regulations. If this provision is not clear, observations will not be focused and the results will not be profound. Observation cannot have several centers, and the scope cannot be too wide. All observations must be conducted around one center. If several centers must be observed, observe in groups and work together. (3) Determine the objects of observation: first, determine the overall scope of the objects to be observed; second, determine the individual objects to be observed; third, determine the specific items to be observed. For example, if we want to study how secondary school teachers or college graduates who are newly assigned to teach in primary schools carry out professional and cultural training in their spare time, then the population to be observed is new teachers who have worked as teachers for one or two years. Within this overall scope, determine which primary schools and which teachers in which teaching and research groups will be specifically observed. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, occasion, and specific observation items to be observed are determined. (4) Formulate an observation plan. In addition to clearly defining the purpose, center, and scope of the observation, as well as what questions to understand and what materials to collect, the observation plan should also arrange the observation process: the number of observations, density, duration of each observation, and how Ensure the normality of observed phenomena, etc. (5) Planning and preparing observation means. Observation means generally include two types: one is the means of obtaining observation data; the other is the means of preserving observation data. The means of obtaining observation data are mainly human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially designed instruments are needed to assist observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal devices, more advanced ones such as motion reactors, etc. These instruments mainly serve two purposes: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. Among the means of preserving data, the human brain is a natural organ. However, this preservation method that is connected to the subject of observation lacks accuracy and durability, and it cannot achieve the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use symbolic means such as text and graphics, and then use technical means such as photography, audio recording, and video recording to accurately and comprehensively record the things, objects, and situations that occur momentarily during observation in a permanent manner for research. Used to repeatedly observe and analyze data. No matter which method is used, it should be prepared before the observation begins, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation must be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles during use. For observers, they must master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do during observation. If you want to be detailed and complete... >>

Question 4: What are the methods of subject research? 1. Investigation method: In order to understand the facts, analyze the facts, draw conclusions, and confirm something problems in order to improve the work (including improving research methods) or form new research topics. Including questionnaire survey, interview survey, etc. Understand the facts, analyze the situation, study carefully, draw conclusions, and find solutions or further research options. Give an example to illustrate the operation process of the survey method: The main steps of a sample survey are roughly divided into the following steps: 1. Determine the purpose of the survey (identify the problem and form a hypothesis; verify the hypothesis through the survey, clarify the problem, and draw a conclusion). 2. Determine the sampling population. The population from which the sample is to be sampled should be consistent with the population from which the information is to be obtained (the target population). The conclusion drawn from the sample is applicable to the sampled population. The degree of applicability of the conclusion beyond this range depends on the degree of difference between the sampled population and the target population. 3. Determine the data to be collected. Generally, only data related to the purpose of the survey are collected. A questionnaire that is too long will reduce the quality of the answers. 4. Choose a sampling method. At this time, which unit in the population can be basically determined as an individual. 5. Prepare sampling frame. Such as school directory, student roster, etc. 6. Determine the required accuracy. Because the sample survey is to infer the population from the sample, there will be some uncertainty. Generally, requirements are made on the probability level for relative error or absolute error. 7. Estimate sample size and estimate costs. 8. Conduct a sampling test, try filling out the questionnaire in a small area, and make necessary improvements. 9. Organization of field investigation work. Conduct surveys according to sampling plan.

The quality of the returned questionnaires will be checked in a timely manner. There should be a solution for non-answered forms. 10. Conduct data analysis based on the sampling method used. 11. Other analysis methods can be used on the same data for comparison. 12.Write an investigation report. Retain information about the population that may guide future sampling. For educational phenomena, it is sometimes difficult to carry out probability sampling in the strict sense. You can consider using the following sampling methods: select a number of representative large units (groups) from the population and conduct probability sampling within the group; select from a small population Individuals who produce a sample that is close to the researcher's impression of the population mean; the sample is limited to an easily accessible part of the population; the sample is randomly selected; the sample is composed of people who volunteer to be surveyed; etc. However, appropriate data analysis methods must be selected for the samples obtained in this way, conclusions must be cautious, and other information should be fully utilized for verification and confirmation. In the study of educational phenomena, the organic combination of the researcher's wisdom, experience and sampling techniques is the key to obtaining good samples. Reflection on learning: Take the study of "Activity Teaching in Junior Middle School Ideological and Political Classes" as an example. The so-called "activities" in political teaching are a teaching form that integrates discussions, debates, speeches, performances, investigations and other practices. It can give students a wider range of opportunities to express their opinions, exchange experiences, discuss issues and show themselves. Opportunities and stages, so that students can use the knowledge they have learned to understand and analyze social phenomena in a subtle way, so as to establish a correct outlook on life, world view and values. During the research process, thematic activities corresponding to the textbooks were set up in different grades. For example, in the first grade of junior high school, social investigation activities such as "How much is a green campus" and "Protecting the earth and protecting Taihu water resources" were carried out. Through the activities, students You can better see the beauty of the school and the pride of your hometown, and at the same time, you can discover problems in environmental protection, enhance environmental awareness, and improve environmental protection capabilities. In the teaching of legal knowledge in the second grade of junior high school, we carried out class debates on "Which is more important, law or morality?" and speech activities on the theme of "The Constitution is the fundamental law of the country". Through activities, students' legal awareness and legal concepts were enhanced, and students were able to consciously abide by the law and do good deeds. A good citizen. In the teaching of the third grade of junior high school, an investigation and research on the relationship between Internet cafes, online games and middle school students' learning was carried out to guide students' correct attitudes on these issues. Research method of the project: Case method: The teachers of the political team set up thematic classrooms and in-class activities based on the physical and mental characteristics and learning abilities of different students in the junior middle school, combined with the teaching materials, and conducted stage summaries. Experimental method: Set up experimental classes in the first, second and third grades of junior high school, and then promote them to all junior high school grades on the basis of successful experience. Survey method: Through individual interviews, symposiums, and questionnaires, first-hand information is collected and researched on the changes before and after the class implements the project research. Comparison method: Compare the interest in learning political courses, classroom atmosphere, and thinking habits of the experimental class with those of the non-experimental class, and summarize the successful experiences and lessons learned from failures. Determine the steps for research on the topic: Preparation stage: Organize the members of the research team to study educational literature carefully and formulate a project plan. Implementation stage...>>

Question 5: What are the methods for scientific research problems? In addition to the control variable method, the control variable method, the accumulation method, the conversion method, the analogy method, the equivalent substitution method, the model method, the comparison method, the experimental method, and the false experiment method

Question 6: The basic methods of project research are: Which ones? The basic methods of subject research mainly include the following: 1. Observation method 1. Observation method: In order to understand the truth and discover the essence and laws of a certain phenomenon. 2. Steps of the observation method: The implementation of the observation method is divided into the following three steps. One of the steps is to design the observation study. This step can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough survey and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so that the entire observation process can be correctly planned. For example, if you want to observe a teacher's teaching work, you should go to the school in advance to have a general understanding of the teacher's work situation, the situation of the students, the relevant environment and conditions, etc. This can be done by talking to teachers and school leaders, reviewing some relevant materials, such as lesson plans, teaching diaries, student homework, etc., and listening to lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research tasks and research objects, consider what problems are needed, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear regulations. If this provision is not clear, observations will not be focused and the results will not be profound. Observation cannot have several centers, and the scope cannot be too wide. All observations must be conducted around one center. If it is necessary to observe several centers, observe in groups and divide the work. (3) Determine the objects of observation: First, determine the overall scope of the objects to be observed; second, determine the individual objects to be observed; third, determine the specific items to be observed. For example, if we want to study how secondary school teachers or college graduates who are newly assigned to teach in primary schools carry out professional and cultural training in their spare time, then the population to be observed is new teachers who have worked as teachers for one or two years. Within this overall scope, determine which primary schools and which teachers in which teaching and research groups will be specifically observed. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, occasion, and specific observation items to be observed are determined.

(4) Formulate an observation plan. In addition to clearly defining the purpose, center, and scope of the observation, as well as what questions to understand and what materials to collect, the observation plan should also arrange the observation process: the number of observations, density, duration of each observation, and how Ensure the normality of observed phenomena, etc. (5) Planning and preparing observation means. Observation means generally include two types: one is the means of obtaining observation data; the other is the means of preserving observation data. The means of obtaining observation data are mainly human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially designed instruments are needed to assist observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal devices, more advanced ones such as motion reactors, etc. These instruments mainly serve two purposes: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. Among the means of preserving data, the human brain is a natural organ. However, this preservation method that is connected to the subject of observation lacks accuracy and durability, and it cannot achieve the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use text, graphics and other symbolic means, and then use photography, audio recording, video and other technical means to accurately and comprehensively record the things, objects, and situations that occur momentarily during observation in a permanent way for research. Used to repeatedly observe and analyze data. No matter which method is used, it should be prepared before the observation begins, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation must be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles during use. For observers, they must master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do during observation. If you want to capture a class in detail and comprehensively, one camera is not enough. The observer should prepare several cameras and make a division of labor in advance. Even if you are making observation records, you still need to plan them in advance. Print the items that must be recorded in a certain format on the recording paper, and you can also agree on some recording symbols to minimize the time of writing when recording on-site. Let’s take the classroom behavior records of middle school students as an example, see Table 5-1. In the table below, the researcher lists the behaviors that he thinks may occur among students in the classroom based on the research needs. But it is estimated that the list will not be complete, so some spaces are left for observers to use when needed. If the researcher wants to ask others to help with the observation, he must explain to the observers in advance the specific meaning of each item, how to handle unexpected situations, and require them to be familiar with the location of each item. For the sake of safety, you can also conduct several observation exercises before the formal observation to help the observers become familiar with the contents of the form; if any flaws in the form are found, adjustments can be made before the formal observation. (6) Prescribe uniformity standards in order to increase the objectivity of observation, to facilitate the measurement and evaluation of various phenomena, to easily express the observed phenomena quantitatively, in order to enable the observation results to be checked, compared, counted and synthesized... ..>>

Question 7: What are the methods of project research? Research mainly refers to specific research methods, means and tools. Each topic must have corresponding research methods. Generally, a comprehensive approach can be adopted, or one method can be the main method and other methods can be supplemented. This is conducive to collecting multiple aspects of information and drawing reliable conclusions. The following introduces several research methods commonly used in the subject. 1. Action research method 1. Action research is a reflection conducted by participants in social situations (including educational situations) to improve their rational understanding of the social or educational practices they are engaged in and to deepen their understanding of practical activities and their backgrounds. Research. The core of action research is the spiral process of self-reflection, including several steps of planning, action, observation and reflection. 2. Action research has two distinct characteristics: (1) The primary goal is to improve the quality of action, improve practical work, and solve practical problems. (2) The main researcher is the practitioner, emphasizing the combination of research process and action. The action research method can take these steps: a. Select the problem, which is to investigate and analyze the problems existing in the school’s education and teaching, and summarize the problems. Classification forms problems to be solved through research within a certain period of time. Teachers summarize problems with universality and research value from many problems. Through discussions and exchanges, they initially form the main problems of each grade or subject and each person, forming a group of problems that the school needs to focus on solving in a period. b. Theoretical discussion is to select the most appropriate content from educational theories to provide theoretical guidance and operational specifications for solving the selected problems, thereby ensuring the correctness of action research. If there are professionals involved, the experts should look for theories related to the problems based on the problems selected by the teachers, and introduce them to teachers in a targeted manner so that teachers can understand the educational theories related to the problems. By organizing teachers to study and discuss, teachers can combine You can further select educational theories that suit your needs based on your own educational and teaching practices. c. Implementation and reflection means that teachers creatively use their chosen and targeted educational theories to solve specific educational and teaching problems, improve educational and teaching work, and make decisions on the results of practice in accordance with the sequence of planning, action, observation and reflection. Summary and reflection. The goals of action research are achieved in the implementation and reflection stages, which are the key stages of action research. This link requires teachers to write papers about conducting action research and summarizing practical experience, so as to provide reference for continuing to carry out action research. 2. Observation method refers to a scientific research method in which researchers use sense organs and auxiliary instruments to systematically perceive and observe objective things in natural situations in a purposeful and planned manner.

1. Classification of observation methods: (1) According to the situational conditions of observation, it can be divided into observation in natural situations and laboratory observation; (2) According to whether the observer directly participates in the activities of the observed, it can be divided into Participant observation and non-participant observation. (3) According to the method of observation implementation, it can be divided into structured observation and unstructured observation. Structural observation presupposes clear goals, problems to be observed, and general scope. It has more detailed observation plans, steps, and reasonably designed controllable observations. It can obtain detailed materials and conduct quantitative analysis and comparison of observation data. Research. 2. Steps of the observation method: (1) Clarify the purpose and significance of the observation (what to understand during the observation, the situation, what factual materials to collect), and determine the observation object, time, place, content and method. (2) Collect literature about the object of observation and have a general understanding of the conditions to be observed. (3) Prepare an observation outline. Clearly categorize the observations and determine the focus of the observations. (4) Implement observation. This step requires planned, step-by-step, comprehensive and systematic observation. (5) Record and collect information. (6) Analyze the data and draw conclusions. 3. Recording of the observation method (1) Field notes, specifically recording the factual content that the observer saw and heard; (2) Personal notes, used to record the observer’s personal feelings and thoughts during the field observation; (3) Method notes are used to record the specific methods used by the observer and their effects; (4) Theory notes are used to record the observer’s preliminary theoretical analysis of the observation data. 3. Survey method Survey method refers to a type of research in which researchers use certain means or methods to investigate some educational phenomena or facts during the education process, and then draw conclusions through the analysis and processing of various factual materials collected. method. 4. Literature method: A method of understanding and proving the research object by consulting literature.