Application of Surveying and Mapping Technology in Engineering Survey?

What are the applications of surveying and mapping technology in engineering survey? The following Zhong Da consults the bidding teacher to answer your questions for your reference.

I. Introduction

The service fields of traditional engineering survey technology mainly include water conservancy, transportation and construction industries. With the progress of economy and society, modern digital technology, global positioning technology (GPS), geographic information technology (GIS), remote sensing technology (RS) and other new technologies have been applied and studied in engineering survey.

Second, the digital technology in engineering survey

(A) digital map technology

When establishing various GIS systems, the digitization of the original map occupies a considerable workload in the database construction, and all engineering surveying and mapping departments have invested considerable manpower and financial resources. For the existing paper map, if its present situation, accuracy and scale can meet the requirements, it can be input into the computer through the digitizer, and the corresponding digital map can be generated after editing and repairing. At present, there are two kinds of instruments: hand tracking digitization and scanning vectorization. For large-scale topographic maps, most scanning vectorization software can automatically extract polygon information efficiently, conveniently and faithfully, and realize map digitization.

(2) Digital mapping means

Surveying and mapping of large-scale topographic map and engineering map is an important part of traditional engineering survey. Conventional surveying and mapping methods have heavy workload in the field, hard work, complicated working procedures, complicated data processing and surveying and mapping work in the office, long surveying and mapping cycle and single products, which are difficult to meet the needs of rapid social development. Digital mapping technology has the characteristics of high precision, low labor intensity, convenient update, easy preservation, management and application, and easy release. At present, digital mapping technology has two modes: indoor and outdoor integration and electronic tablet. Indoor and outdoor work integration is a field data acquisition method. The main equipment includes total station and electronic notebook. Its characteristics are high precision, clear division of indoor and outdoor work, and convenient personnel distribution, so the mapping efficiency is high.

Third, the application of global satellite positioning technology (GPS) in engineering survey

GPS is a new generation of satellite navigation and positioning system, which was developed by the United States in 1970s, lasted for 20 years and was completed in 1994. Have the ability of all-round three-dimensional navigation and positioning by sea, land and air. With the improvement of GPS receiver, the development of wide-area differential technology and carrier phase differential technology, and the cancellation of SA technology in the United States, GPS technology has been more widely used in navigation, real-time vehicle monitoring, urban planning, engineering survey and other fields.

RTK(Real Time Kinematics) technology is developed on the basis of GPS, which can provide real-time three-dimensional positioning results of mobile stations in the specified coordinate system, and achieve centimeter-level accuracy in a certain range. This is an important milestone in the application of GPS. RTK measurement is to install L GPS receivers at known points to observe GPS satellites, modulate the collected carrier phase observation values to the carrier of reference station radio, and then transmit them through reference station radio. While observing the GPS satellite and collecting the carrier phase observation value, the mobile station also receives the signal transmitted by the reference station radio station and demodulates it to obtain the carrier phase observation value of the reference station; The GPS receiver of the mobile station uses 0TF (Motion Ambiguity Resolution) technology to solve the ambiguity from the carrier phase observation values of the reference station and the mobile station, and finally obtains the position of the mobile station with centimeter-level accuracy. RTK survey can determine the coordinates of root control points, boundary points, topographic points and characteristic points with high precision and high speed only by a certain number of reference control points, and can use surveying and mapping software to generate electronic maps in the field at one time. At the same time, the construction lofting can be carried out quickly according to the existing data results. Therefore, RTK is widely used in root control survey, cadastre, real estate mapping, digital mapping and building lofting.

Fourth, the application of geographic information (GIS) technology in engineering survey

GIS is a new discipline that integrates computer science, space science, information science, surveying and mapping remote sensing science, environmental science and management science. It has become the basic platform for multidisciplinary integration and application in various fields and the basic means and tools for geospatial information display. Its technical advantage lies not only in its data stream integrating geographic data collection, storage, management, analysis, three-dimensional visual display and result output, but also in its spatial prompt, prediction and auxiliary decision-making functions. At present, GIS has not only developed into a mature technical science, but also become a new industry, playing an increasingly important role in surveying and mapping, geology and mineral resources, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and ocean, environmental monitoring, urban planning and land management, regional development and national defense construction. Using GIS, database, internal and external integrated mapping, scanning vectorization, all-digital photogrammetry and other technologies, we can provide timely, accurate, standardized and digital basic spatial information for professional information systems, thus establishing various professional information systems and realizing scientific, standardized and information-based management.

V. Application of digital photogrammetry technology in engineering survey

Digital photogrammetry is a theory and method based on the basic principles of digital image and photogrammetry, applying computer technology, digital image processing, image matching, pattern recognition and other disciplines. Aerial photogrammetry is an important means and method of large-scale topographic mapping and cadastral survey, which can provide digital, image, line drawing and other forms of map products. The appearance of all-digital photography workstation and the application of GPS technology in photogrammetry make photogrammetry automatic and digital. With the application of digital photogrammetry system, photogrammetry products are transformed from images to 4D products, which provides reliable data guarantee for establishing various professional information systems and basic geographic information platforms.

VI. Application of Remote Sensing (RS) Technology in Engineering Survey

Remote sensing (RS) technology has been rapidly popularized because of its advantages of large-scale synchronous observation, timeliness, comprehensiveness, comparability and economy. Multi-spectral aerial photography and high-resolution remote sensing satellites will become important means to obtain basic geographic information of earth observation. Various small and medium-scale topographic maps can be obtained by using remote sensing images, which provides a very convenient method and means for the rapid update of urban basic topographic maps, cadastral maps and various large, medium and small-scale topographic maps applied in the field of engineering survey.

7. 3S integration technology in engineering survey

The combination of 3S(GPS, GIS, RS) technologies is a natural development trend, and their interaction forms a framework of "one brain, two eyes", that is, GPS and RS provide regional information and spatial positioning information for GIS, and GIS conducts corresponding spatial analysis, extracts useful information from the massive data provided by GPS and RS and integrates them comprehensively, making it a scientific basis for decision-making. Such as the Three Gorges Project, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. With large construction scope, large logistics volume and long construction period, 3S technology provides the most effective tools for data information collection, analysis and processing, and decision expression for such large-scale projects.

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