What are the military changes in the Crimean War?

The Crimean War is an important stage in the history of 1 troops and weapons, military art and naval academic development. This war is the first modern war in the world, with far-reaching significance and wide influence.

technical progress

The Crimean War was the first modern war in the history of the world. Most people have forgotten this war, but it has changed the status and relations of European powers militarily and politically. In the European history of the19th century, it and the subsequent Treaty of Paris were the second largest diplomatic event after the 18 15 Vienna Conference. The Crimean War is the beginning of modern science and technology war and an important stage in the development history of military weapons and military art, which has promoted the development of artillery weapons and mine weapons to 1 step. Many new means of war have entered the historical stage, and technology has become an important factor in determining the outcome of the war. Before that, manpower was considered as the decisive factor. Scientific and technological inventions such as new rifles, steam-powered warships, railways and radio communication played an important role in the war. For the first time in history, British and French leaders and military departments used radio to direct wars from thousands of miles away. Radio also enables the mass media to transmit the war situation in real time. War is no longer far away from the public, and public opinion has a far-reaching impact on the war process. The military logistics system has developed to 1 independent department, and the capabilities of engineering support, battlefield medical care and logistics transportation have been greatly improved. The French army unified attack on Marakov fortress by adjusting the schedule, which is a great invention of command art.

After this war, military powers accelerated the elimination of old equipment, abandoned smooth-bore weapons and wooden-sail power warships, and engaged in a new technology arms race in an attempt to defeat their opponents with asymmetric technological advantages. Prior to this, no country except the navy paid special attention to the technological superiority on land. Countries have different understandings of war and come to different conclusions. Britain believes that steam-powered warships have great advantages. In order to defend maritime hegemony, Britain has been at the forefront of naval armament innovation. France thinks the new rifle is the most effective, so it makes great efforts to study the new rifle. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French army was still equipped with better rifles than the Pujun army, so the casualties of the French army in the Franco-Prussian War were lower than that of the Pujun army. Prussia attached great importance to the great role of railways in the war. While developing railways, Prussia planned an efficient wartime use plan. Austria noticed that the role of artillery in the war was reduced, so it strengthened the improvement of artillery. Austria had good artillery in the 1866 Puao War. Prussia noticed this in the Pu 'ao War. In 1870, Prussia forced Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte to surrender with excellent artillery. Russia is the most backward country in the new arms race, because its technical strength is weak and its military base is huge. However, Russia has also made considerable progress in the research and development of land weapons, and generally does not lag behind other powerful countries.

Compared with the progress of military technology, military tactics are stagnant, even lower than the level during the Napoleonic Wars. In the Crimean War, no military strategist could adapt to this technological progress, and some even performed poorly. This is also a problem that has always existed in military history. Tactics always lags behind technology, and the tragic tragedies of two world wars are related to this problem, especially the First World War. Can we look at it this way? Philosophically speaking, objective reality determines subjective consciousness, technology is objective and tactics are subjective. So it is inevitable that tactics lag behind technology.

war correspondent

For the first time, a war correspondent can report the war situation to his hometown newspaper on the same day. Due to the mistake of 1 British officers, about 900 British cavalry were killed in an attack in less than 20 minutes (later, some scholars and experts pointed out that the casualties of British cavalry were not as much as the outside world thought. In fact, about 80% of the soldiers finally got home safely, and the number of casualties of more than 900 people was exaggerated by British newspapers). That night, The Times reported the loss and set off a crisis in Britain. In addition, in this war, journalists also used photography technology for the first time to record the actual situation of the war.

field hospital

In this war, about 500 thousand people died, of which the French army suffered the most. Most soldiers died not in battle, but from war wounds, because of hunger, malnutrition, poor sanitation and poor conditions in field hospitals. Florence nightingale has improved the sanitary conditions of field hospitals, and this reform alone has greatly improved the survival rate of wounded soldiers. After the war, Nightingale founded the first nursing school in London.

Florence nightingale (www. NiubB . Net)； Nightingale (founder of nursing career and founder of modern nursing education). Florence nightingale was born in 1 a wealthy Italian family and is famous for his nursing in Crimea. She is the 1 real female nurse in the world and started her nursing career. "5. 12" International Nurses' Day was held on Nightingale's birthday to commemorate the founder of modern nursing.

The birth of weather map

When the British and French allied forces surrounded Sevastopol and the Marines were preparing to land in Balaclava, the Black Sea port, a strong wind suddenly blew and set off huge waves. The British and French allied forces collapsed without fighting, and almost all the troops were wiped out.

At the request of the military, Le freire, director of the Paris Observatory, studied the storm. He wrote letters to meteorologists all over the world and collected weather reports before and after the storm. After that, he filled in the meteorological conditions of different places at the same time in turn on a map. By analyzing the maps at different times, he found that the storm moved from west to east, and it had affected Spain and France within 1~2 days after reaching the Black Sea.

After analysis, Lefler believed that if there were weather stations in Europe at that time, the storm information could be telegraphed to the British and French fleets in time to avoid the attack of this storm. 1In March, 855, he suggested to the French Academy of Sciences that an observation network should be organized to quickly gather observation data in one place, analyze and draw weather maps.

Establish a medal

At the same time, the Crimean War gave birth to the establishment of 1856 Victoria Cross, which was the first international award for heroic soldiers by the British army.

Russian reform

Through the Crimean War, Russia saw the difference between an army composed of serfs and an army composed of British and French freemen. The training and weapons of the Russian army were also very different from those of Britain and France, which prompted Russia to carry out serfdom and military reform. The result of the Crimean war also prompted Russia to realize that serfdom needed reform.

Alaska changed hands.

Because of this war, Russia is worried that Alaska in North America may be taken away by British retaliation. Therefore, it is urgent to hope that the newly-founded United States can bid to take over, so as to avoid the loss in vain and allow the United States to contain Britain's power in North America. The United States finally got what was later considered to be the most cost-effective real estate transaction in history at a meager price of $7.2 million.

Cigarette production

Tobacco was used to make cigarettes in modern times, and large-scale production appeared in the Crimean War. The war helped the spread of cigarettes to some extent. During World War I and World War II, armies of various countries distributed a large number of cigarettes to officers and men. In the second half of the twentieth century, the harm of cigarettes began to be widely publicized, and there were also hints on cigarette cases that smoking was harmful.