Li Shizhen Edison Qi Baishi

Li Shizhen (1518-1593) was a great physician and naturalist in Ming dynasty. The word Dongbi,No. Linhu, is from Qichun, Hubei. Li Shizhen was born into a family of doctors. Father Li Yanwen is a famous local doctor, and Li Shizhen is deeply influenced by his father. He loved medicine since he was a child. Although he was urged by his father to read the Four Books and Five Classics and the legend of tomb robbery, he had no intention of becoming famous and eventually embarked on the road of studying medicine and nature.

Qichun county has an environment suitable for the growth of many kinds of organisms. In addition, Li Shizhen lived in an era when China's feudal society began to sprout capitalism. Therefore, influenced by the environmental factors at that time, he had the natural scientific materialism thought of exploring the truth of things and the scientific attitude of "learning from others".

Li Shizhen's profound knowledge and great achievements in science come from his diligent study and extensive collection. He studied behind closed doors for ten years. Li Shizhen has made great achievements in history, philosophy, philology and exegetics by intensively reading various works of ancient classics and historical subsets. It has made solid progress in the research and publication of drug names, properties and treatments.

The foundation of, become its

One of the important reasons for scientific achievements. On the other hand, he practices extensively and learns from people with practical experience. For example, he learned from farmers about cereals and vegetables, from fishermen and became familiar with the living habits of various fishes, from drivers about the function of "invigorating qi and strengthening tendons" by using convolvulus, from craftsmen about preventing poisoning during mining and from hunting about catching snakes, animals and their habits. Footprints spread all over Huguang, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, and went deep into forest areas and Jiangsu Province. For many unknown facts, he personally practiced and did many clinical pharmacological experiments. In order to distinguish different kinds of drugs, he collected them himself, compared them one by one and compared them with ancient books. What is said at home is not credible. "There are countless similar examples, and these are indispensable conditions for his achievements.

Being good at absorbing medical achievements from all countries in the world, including ethnic minorities, is another feature of Li Shizhen's modest scholarship. The names and knowledge of Tianzhu, Dashi, Persia, Nanyang countries, Hu people, barbarians and medicines quoted in Sanskrit and Buddhist scriptures in Compendium of Materia Medica are quite rich, which shows that Li's open-minded and studious attitude is another important reason for his achievements. From the publication of Compendium of Materia Medica by Tang Shenwei in Song Dynasty to its completion.

Li Shizhen has the natural science materialism thought that human beings can conquer, utilize, dominate and transform nature. By studying the herbal works of past dynasties, he came to the conclusion that the times are constantly advancing and science is always advancing, and future generations will inevitably surpass their predecessors, and science will not stay at the same level forever. He said that today's people always want to "find places that have never been before", so he dares to doubt the ancients and critically inherit their achievements. Whether in recent times or in ancient times, he dared to criticize mistakes instead of avoiding contradictions.

In his book Compendium of Materia Medica, he adopted the way of "right and wrong" to correct and distinguish the mistakes of predecessors, most of which are well-founded and scientific. This style is also original in materia medica, which shows his profound knowledge and solid foundation in natural science. In order to make drugs play a greater role in the treatment of diseases, he advocated further transforming the nature of drugs and transforming the natural properties of drugs by artificial methods. Such as the ups and downs of drug properties, advocate taking some measures to make it obey the needs of treatment. If you think that the original drug with sinking property can be induced by wine, it will rise to the top; However, the drugs originally ascending can be induced to the lower coke by salty and cold drugs. In this way, he came to the conclusion that man can not only "see heaven and earth", but also "reach the right of nature" and transform and dominate nature. Li Shizhen looked at food with scientific criticism, and he hated the superstition of immortals. For example, when talking about feeding on gold and silver in ancient times, he thought that "flesh and blood, for the sake of lai, how can it be so heavy and stay in the gastrointestinal tract for a long time?" Seek immortality and die. Can be said to be stupid! "("Compendium of Materia Medica, Jinshi Jinjin ") He also said:" (Silver) is just violent, and taking it can hurt the liver. Those who become immortals by holding the clouds of Puzi silver water are also illusory and untrustworthy. " ("Compendium of Materia Medica". It is "heresy" and "fantasy talk" to think that you can live in water and walk on it. He denounced the exposition of taking food in Ben Jing and Ge Hong as "the crime of mistaking the world, which is universal" and thought that drugs "can cure diseases, but can't be taken." ("Compendium of Materia Medica". Yves the beast ")

Li Shizhen dabbled extensively and knew a lot about history, which made him understand the changes in nature.

The phenomenon of "thousand" has high discrimination ability. Pay attention to distinguish what is normal, what is changing, what is true and what is false. For example, for the normal physiological anatomy and abnormal variation of the human body, he believes that it is because the human body "has an abnormal endowment and cannot be treated as a whole." You can't think that "the ever-changing things in ancient and modern times are eccentric in nature" by your own opinion. Through this simple dialectical thought, he recorded the diversity of natural animals and plants in morphology, habits and variation, and noticed the diversity of things, so his works became a contemporary encyclopedia of botany. Li Shizhen's research methods on pharmacology were enlightening and representative at that time. He emphasized the scientific attitude of personal practice and began to apply some clinical pharmacological experiments, comparative anatomy research and scientific experiments of animal anatomy. Li Shizhen personally verified the anesthetic effect of basil seed in treating blindness and the clinical pharmacological experiment of Datura stramonium. The pharmacological effects of plants such as soybean and chicken intestine grass were also tested. He dissected many lower animals, such as carp and snakes, to determine their anatomical structures. Through the study of comparative anatomy and comparative biology, the characteristics and identification methods of some confusing plants were determined. Li Shizhen's research method was enlightening to later generations, and it was a pioneering work in the scientific community at that time. However, he often uses "not without trial?" The scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts can be seen in languages such as "I don't want anything, but attach it here to gain knowledge". Li Shizhen is not only a pharmacologist, but also a naturalist. He is very good at biology, geology and other disciplines, and has some experience in chemistry, astronomy, calendar and meteorology.

Li Shizhen is an outstanding medical scientist. In his own works, he has collected quite a few cases, all of which are records of his own treatment. His achievements in various disciplines of natural science, as well as his intensive research and rich practice in medical theory, have made him achieve good results in medical activities. He was once called to Thai Hospital. His solid theoretical foundation comes from classic medical works such as Neijing, Difficult Classics and Treatise on Febrile Diseases. However, his materialistic attitude towards natural science and simple dialectical thought made him admire Neijing even more. Since then, medical thoughts and achievements, especially since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, have been deeply influenced by four schools, especially Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and Zhang. People think that Zhang is "the only one who carries forward the spirit of medical science", and he flexibly applies his achievements in pharmacology to therapeutics. In addition to following the traditional medical theory for strict syndrome differentiation and treatment, he also paid special attention to the analysis of meridian tropism of drugs and attached importance to sexual taste, enriching and developing the theoretical content of materia medica, thus improving the therapeutic effect of drugs. Li Shizhen also has a deep understanding and research on pulse theory and meridian theory. These solid basic theoretical knowledge are also indispensable conditions for his medical and pharmaceutical achievements. In addition to the landmark natural history book Compendium of Materia Medica, his works also include Hu Ling Maixue and Qi Jing Ba Mai Kao. In the book, Li Shizhen summed up the pulse conditions commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine with concise and clear poems, which is very convenient for beginners to remember and is conducive to popularizing pulse condition knowledge; The Eight Classics is a summary of the meridian system outside the twelve meridians. Hu Ling Pulse was translated into German and published abroad. In literature, Li Shizhen is also a poet, and his Pulse by the Lake is written in rhyme. Unfortunately, only a few of his poems are preserved in the literature.

Li Shizhen was a representative and outstanding scientist in ancient China. It has a high reputation and great influence at home and abroad. 1953, Moscow university is a statue of Li Shizhen; Think of him as one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1950s and 1960s, China successively issued stamps, filmed feature films and established Li Shizhen Cemetery. 1988, a grand commemorative meeting was held in Li Shizhen's hometown to commemorate the 390th anniversary of Li Shizhen's death. The research on Li Shizhen is still developing in depth.

Thomas Alva Edison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor. In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, construction and chemical industry. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. My father is descended from Dutch, and my mother is a primary school teacher, descended from Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business and his family moved to Grady Otterborg in the northern suburb of Huron, Michigan. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever and was ill for a long time. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but after only three months of study, he was dismissed as an "imbecile" by the teacher and kicked out of school. Since then, his mother has been his "mentor". Because of his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading. He not only reads widely, but also reads all kinds of books. At the age of eight, he read the works of Shakespeare and Dickens, the most important playwrights in the English Renaissance, and many important historical books. By the age of nine, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's philosophy of nature and experiment. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. In order to make money to buy chemicals and equipment, he began to work. At the age of 12, he got a job selling newspapers on the train, commuting between Port Huron and Detroit, Michigan. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he is free, he goes to the library to read books. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his own weekly newspaper, The Herald. The first issue of this weekly is printed on the train. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, once a chemical caught fire, he and his equipment were thrown out of the car. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a conductor grabbed him by the ear and helped him get on the train. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness.

1862 In August, Edison rescued a dying boy on the train track with fearless heroism. The child's father is grateful for this, but he is willing to teach him telegraph technology because he has no money to reward him. Since then, Edison has forged an indissoluble bond with this mysterious new electric world and embarked on a scientific journey.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. From 1864 to 1867, I worked as a telegraph operator in all parts of the central and western regions and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints include Stratford, Adrian, fort wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron.

1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent. This is a device for automatically recording votes. Edison thought that this device could speed up the work of Congress and would be very popular. However, a member of Congress told him that they had no intention to speed up the agenda, and sometimes voting was slow because of political needs. From then on, Edison decided never to make any inventions that people didn't need.

At the beginning of June 1869, he came to new york to look for a job. While he was waiting for a summons in the broker's office, a telegram broke down. Edison was the only person there who could repair the telegraph, so he got a better job than he expected. On June+10, 65438, he and Pop established "Pop-Edison Company", which specializes in scientific instruments for electrical engineering. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". He dedicated this printing machine to the manager of a big company on Wall Street. He wanted to charge 5000 dollars, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give a price, and the manager gave 40 thousand yuan.

Edison used the money to build a factory in Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of motors. He worked all night. He trained many capable assistants, and at the same time, he happened to meet diligent Mary, his first bride in the future. In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison invented the two-pole and four-pole telegraph successively, and helped others to make the world's first English typewriter.

1in the spring of 876, Edison moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey again. He built the first "invention factory" here, which "marked the beginning of collective research". 1877, Edison improved the telephone invented by Bell and put it into practical use. He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. Telephone and telegraph "are a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives. "From the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement." At this time, people called him "the magician of Monroe Park".

Author: Cosmic Storm 2005-5-151:01Reply to this statement.

-

2 Edison's life

When Edison invented the phonograph, after numerous failures, he finally made a breakthrough in the study of electric lights. 1879, 10 year1October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of the filament, he tried more than 6,000 kinds of fiber materials and found a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo filament, which can last for more than 1000 hours and achieve the purpose of durability. To some extent, this invention is the pinnacle of Edison's life. Then, he created a power supply system, which made the distant lights distribute electricity from the central power station, which was a great technical achievement.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. When testing the electric lamp, he observed what he called the Edison effect: in a lighted bulb, charge travels from the hot filament through space to the cold plate. Edison applied for a patent for this discovery in 1884, but did not study it further. Scientists nearby developed the electronic industry, especially radio and television, by using the Edison effect.

Edison tried to do for his eyes what the phonograph did for his ears, and the movie camera was born here. Using a piece of celluloid film newly invented by George Heasman, he took a series of photos and projected them on the curtain quickly and continuously, creating the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

After Edison moved his laboratory to West Orange in 1887, he founded many commercial companies, manufactured products and popularized his various inventions. These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, which was later called General Electric Company. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices. During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

1929 10 2 1 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of electric light, people held a grand celebration for Edison, and famous scientists such as Einstein of Germany and Madame Curie of France congratulated him one after another. Unfortunately, at this celebration, Edison suddenly fainted because of excessive excitement during his defense. Since then, his health has gone from bad to worse 193 1 year1October 18 The scientist who made great contributions to mankind died of illness at the age of 84.

Edison's cultural level is extremely low, but his contribution to mankind is so great. What is the secret here? In addition to curiosity, he also has an instinct to experiment by himself, that is, he has unlimited energy and courage to work hard beyond ordinary people. When someone called Edison a "genius", he explained: "Genius is 2% inspiration and 98% sweat." He organized many people of different professions in the "invention factory", including more than 65,438+000 scientists, engineers, technicians and workers. Many of Edison's great inventions were achieved by collective strength. His achievements are mainly attributed to his diligence, creativity and collective strength. In addition, his wife also played a very important role.

Originally known as Chunzhi, Zi, later renamed Huang, Zi Yongsheng, named Baishi, and another borrowed the owner of the mountain pavilion to send Pinglao, Xingziwu Laomin, Muju and so on. , from Xiangtan, Hunan. He is a famous painter and calligraphy seal engraver in China in the 20th century. He used to be a professor of Beijing National Academy of Art, honorary professor of Central Academy of Fine Arts, honorary president of Beijing Painting Academy and chairman of China Artists Association. He was awarded the title of "China People's Artist", won the World Peace Council 1955 International Peace Gold Award, and was elected as "World Cultural Celebrity" on the occasion of his birthday 1963. There are poems and grass on the white stone, grass seals on the white stone, selected works of Qi Baishi, and works handed down by Qi Baishi. He engaged in carving in his early years, and then studied poetry, seal cutting, calligraphy and painting from local cultural celebrities Chen Shaofan and Hu Qinyuan. He makes a living by selling paintings and carving. Middle-aged has traveled many times to the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. The poet lives in Zengxiang Fan and is full of sincerity and interest in ancient folk songs. Printing, Hanyin and Hanbei are swift and powerful. He studied calligraphy, including He Zizhen, Jin Dongxin, Li Beihai, Wonders of the Temple of Heaven and Three Mountains. In his later years, he joined the Cao Zijian Monument. With the support of Chen Shiceng, painting has a "law of decline", which is between broad and subtle. I have written many "good articles" that are "the last song of the ages". Carpenter Qi Huang is a great artist who is good at poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. His artistic experience is legendary. He thinks that seal cutting is the first, poetry is the second, calligraphy is the third and painting is the fourth.

There are some details /ystk/Article_Print.asp? ArticleID=342