Similarities and differences between Pingyao ancient city and Old Town of Lijiang

1, Pingyao ancient city is famous for its city, and Old Town of Lijiang is famous for its small bridges and flowing water.

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The ancient city wall of Pingyao has a history of more than 1000 years, and the date of construction is unknown. The expansion of Hongwu in the third year of Ming Dynasty (1370) laid the scale of the ancient city. After several generations of expansion and renovation, the city has become complete. The pool plane of the ancient city is square, and the east, west and north walls are straight. The south wall is built along the ancient Zhongdu River, with a total area of 2.25 square kilometers, a circumference of 6 kilometers, a height of 10 meter, 3,000 battlements and 72 watchtowers, symbolizing 3,000 disciples of Confucius and 72 sages. The whole city is turtle-shaped, commonly known as turtle city. Building a city wall to protect the city began with "one foot deep and one foot wide", and then "re-digging trenches, three feet deep and three feet wide". A suspension bridge is erected on the trench outside the city gate, and it is erected day and night.

Lijiang "used to be a mansion on earth without a city". During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, after changing the soil to the flow (that is, canceling the management of the toast and sending the flow official), the flow official once set up a yamen in the new city and built a soil city. Because of the simple building, it collapsed year after year and was quickly destroyed. Today, even the stone feet of Tucheng are hard to find. Lijiang city, built by the river, paved the road. From the Yuan Dynasty to the 22nd year of Yuan Dynasty (1285), Fu Xuan College of Lijiang Road was moved from Luobo City to Dayan (now the former site of Lijiang City). Here, the snow-capped mountains in winter and autumn are blocked by Lion Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain and Jinhongshan Mountain. Although it is 2400 meters above sea level, there is no severe cold in winter, running water is always flowing, the river is not frozen, there is no heat in summer, and it is cool in spring and autumn, with an annual average temperature of 12.6℃. In urban construction, the Xihe River is excavated to form a new urban area along Xihebu Street, which is integrated with the old urban area spontaneously formed along the natural river Yushui River. In the first year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1723), the Donghe River was excavated, and the Yushui River was divided into Donghe River, Middle Reach River and Xihe River. Three rivers are intertwined, and roads and houses are built along the Sanshui River, gradually forming an ancient city with a cultural atmosphere of "small bridges and flowing water". According to statistics, there are 354 bridges in the ancient city of * *, with an average of 93 bridges per square kilometer, and the bridge density ranks first in the country.

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2. Pingyao is an outstanding representative of Chinese culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Lijiang is a representative of Naxi traditional culture.

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Pingyao Ancient City is a county town built in full accordance with the traditional urban planning, layout and scheme of Han nationality in China. In a closed city, with the tower as the center, there are 4 streets, 8 small streets and 72 winding paths, with clear functions and orderly layout. Since the Qing Daoguang, there have been more than 200 shops. Today, Rishengchang Bank, Baichuan Copper Ticket Bank, Xietongqing Qianzhuang Bank, Yonglong Silk Satin Village and other former sites are all representatives of old commercial shops. There are 3,797 residential buildings, of which 400 are well preserved. Most of these houses were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the courtyards were mostly quadrangles with brick walls and tile roofs. Ordinary people are mostly wooden tile houses, with single houses and narrow courtyards. Most of the wealthy businessmen in Dajia are three hospitals, and some of them also build partial hospitals. Many hospitals have halls or are separated by hanging doors. The house is tall and spacious, and the materials are exquisite. The main room of the inner courtyard is generally located in the innermost part of the house, mostly brick kilns, with buildings above and colonnades below, and the decoration is three-dimensional and beautiful. Most of the wing rooms are tile houses, and there are also a few brick arch kilns. The left and right wings are symmetrical, the axis is clear, and the master and slave are orderly. Today's Ji family, Lei family and Hou Dianyuan family are all representatives of wealthy families.

Pingyao Zhenguo Temple and Shuanglin Temple are world cultural heritage projects. Zhenguo Temple was originally named Jingcheng Temple, and was renamed Zhenguo Temple in the 19th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1540). The ten thousand buddhas hall in the temple was built in the seventh year of the Northern Han Dynasty (963). Although it has been repaired for several generations, the Tang style has not lost its original appearance, and it is the third oldest wooden structure in China. Shuanglin Temple was originally named Zhongdu Temple. It was rebuilt in the second year of Wuping in Northern Qi Dynasty (57 1) and renamed Shuanglin Temple in Song Dynasty. Most of the colored sculptures in the temple are works of the Ming Dynasty. Palace configuration and color plastic modeling are very China characteristics. Buddha, Bodhisattva, King of Heaven, Lohan, King Kong, Lux, Donors, Rare Birds and Animals, Landscape Flowers and Trees, etc. Beautiful shape and vivid charm. The largest is more than a foot, and the smallest is about 2052, 1 566, which is well preserved. In the Guanyin Hall and the Thousand-handed Bodhisattva Hall, the walls are covered with sculptures, forming a gorgeous and exquisite sculpture group, forming a three-dimensional detailed and colorful picture of figures and ladies. Its quantity, ingenious conception, high skill and exquisite colored plastic sculpture are the best, and it is known as "the treasure of Oriental colored plastic art".

Shanxi draft bank is a unique financial form that appeared in the 19 era. At one time, the number of banks occupied the top spot in China's financial sector and influenced China's financial sector for nearly a century. The draft bank was first born in Pingyao county, forming the famous Pingyao gang. According to statistics, from the third year of Qing Daoguang (1823) to the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), there were 22 banks in Pingyao county, and more than 400 semicolons were established in 77 commercial ports across the country. The appearance of draft banks ended the backward history of cash escort financial industry, swept through remittances including annual silver and military salaries in Qing Dynasty, infiltrated the national commercial trade capital lending, participated in industrial capital investment and fund raising in modern China, and promoted the development of commodity economy in China.

The folk houses in Old Town of Lijiang have the characteristics of Naxi culture. Its appearance is characterized by the fact that the external wall does not reach the top, the upper part of the rear wall is separated by plates, and the house is a mixed structure system of soil, stone, brick and wood with wood structure as the main part. Its architectural type is called "one side", which is characterized by a spacious three-bay building, the first floor, the first floor and the second floor as the main building, and the courtyard as the center to form an inward courtyard. Every family has a spacious mansion (veranda). The second feature is that all the houses in each square are connected by the mansion. The main building is the leading building in the courtyard. The main building sits west facing east or north facing south, which means "facing the sun against the universe" Facing east and south is its third feature. The residential buildings in Old Town of Lijiang are arranged according to the natural flow direction of jade and water, creating a beautiful street view with "small bridges and flowing water", canals in front of houses and water lanes behind houses. Most shops in Old Town of Lijiang are bungalows, which is the architectural heritage of the Ming Dynasty. Architecture appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. Mu's Tusi House is an outstanding representative of Old Town of Lijiang architecture. The shogunate was built on the south side of Lion Mountain, covering an area of 100 mu. There are Parliament Building, Wanjuan Building, Dharma Building, Yuyin Building and Sanqing Hall. Xu Xiake, an Amin, said in his travel notes: "I heard that the pavilions inside are very prosperous and overbearing" and "the beauty of the palace is for the king", which shows that the wooden house architecture at that time was quite luxurious and magnificent.

Old Town of Lijiang has preserved the ancient and unique Dongba cultural characteristics of Naxi nationality. Dongba, meaning "wise man", is a classic or priest in the primitive religion of Naxi nationality. They have mastered ancient hieroglyphics, are familiar with Dongba scriptures, are good at singing and dancing, painting and weaving, are good at divination and preside over various religious ceremonies. Dongba is a monk and has no temple. People are invited to preside over various ceremonies and receive corresponding remuneration when building houses, getting sick and dying, weddings, funerals and festivals, and usually engage in agriculture and animal husbandry at home. There are more than 1400 kinds of Naxi hieroglyphics, which are the only complete "living hieroglyphics" in the world and contain the beauty of primitive art in ancient times, and are precious historical materials to solve the mystery of human characters. Naxi ancient music, based on Taoist Dongjing music, retains some poems, qupai, zaqu and the music of Naxi ancestors in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. These ancient music have long been lost in the Central Plains, but they have been handed down from generation to generation in Naxi nationality and miraculously preserved. 1993 Naxi ancient music went to Beijing to perform, which caused a sensation and was known as the "national strong voice". Since 1995, he has been invited to perform in Britain, Norway, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Hongkong, Taiwan Province and other places, which has been warmly welcomed and highly praised.

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3. Different geographical environments

Pingyao is located in the Loess Plateau and belongs to the Yellow River Basin. Lijiang is located at the junction of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and belongs to the Yangtze River basin.

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Same:

1, both of which are world cultural heritages.

2. They are all national historical and cultural cities.

Historically, it used to be a place with prosperous business.

Pingyao is the birthplace of China draft banks, and Shanxi merchants in Pingyao are all over the country, inside and outside the Great Wall. Lijiang used to be an important material distribution center on the ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Tibet.