When was Leshan Giant Buddha built?

When was Leshan Giant Buddha built? /kloc-The builders 0/300 years ago designed an ingenious drainage system for the giant Buddha. They used the collar pleats and bun of the giant Buddha to set up drainage grooves and cut out three drainage corridors. When was Leshan Giant Buddha built?

When was Leshan Giant Buddha built 1 Dadu River, Qingyi River and Minjiang River meet? Maitreya, the world's tallest ancient stone carving, sits like Leshan Giant Buddha, with his hands resting on his knees and solemn expression. Tourists from all over the world watch the giant Buddha from the Buddha's head platform and admire it from time to time. The Jiuqu plank road on the right side of the Giant Buddha has been closed, and the preliminary investigation, research and design work of regional dangerous rock mass rescue and reinforcement are underway ... This was seen by the reporter of China News Service in Sichuan Giant Buddha on June 5438+04.

Leshan Giant Buddha. Liu she

Leshan Giant Buddha, which was excavated in the early years of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (7 13 AD) and 7 1 m high, is the largest stone statue of the ancient Maitreya Buddha in the world and has been listed in the world cultural and natural heritage list. After thousands of years of wind, frost, rain and snow, this huge grotto has left a mottled time mark, but it has not damaged its moving beauty at all.

Leshan Giant Buddha was excavated along the mountain and integrated with the surrounding mountains. Located at the intersection of three rivers, the climate is humid, and the red sandstone is loose and easy to weather, which brings great difficulties to the cultural protection work. After discovering cracks in the Jiuqu plank road built at the same time as the Giant Buddha, the management committee of the Giant Buddha and the cultural relics department immediately started relevant work. After several years of observation and scientific judgment, the preliminary investigation, research and design work of regional dangerous rock mass rescue and reinforcement are currently under way.

A recent photo of Leshan Giant Buddha. Liu she

This is just one of the measures taken by cultural protection workers to protect Leshan Giant Buddha. Peng, former director of Leshan Giant Buddha Cultural Relics Protection Management Office, who has been engaged in cultural relics protection for 32 years, said that at present, the giant Buddha mainly faces five major problems: weathering, water damage (leakage, rainfall, river water and condensed water). ), plant and microbial diseases, bulging and falling off of later repair layer, and development of dangerous rock mass. "The protection of Leshan Giant Buddha is a long-term, complex and arduous task, which should be as detailed as cocoon peeling and reeling."

Peng told reporters that when Leshan Giant Buddha was completed, there was a pavilion with 13 floors for protection, but it was destroyed during the Song and Yuan Dynasties due to war and other reasons. Later, the giant Buddha was exposed to the natural state for a long time and suffered from the sun and rain all the year round, so the restoration of Leshan Giant Buddha has a long history.

Maintenance is under way next to Leshan Giant Buddha. Liu she

According to records, the Giant Buddha was built twice in the Song Dynasty, three times in the Republic of China and eight times after the founding of New China. The process of protecting Leshan Giant Buddha is actually the process of "fighting" between cultural protection workers and grotto diseases.

Fortunately, with the development of science and technology, various advanced technologies make the work of cultural protection "even more powerful". In the preliminary research and investigation project of rescue protection of the cracked area in the chest and abdomen of Leshan Giant Buddha, which was carried out from June 20 18 to April 20 19, unmanned aerial survey, three-dimensional laser scanning, optical fiber monitoring system and fluorescent carbon point tracing method all went into battle, and the effect was remarkable.

A recent photo of Leshan Giant Buddha. Liu she

Chen Lin, deputy secretary of the Giant Buddha Management Committee, told the reporter that the disease of the Giant Buddha is caused by the natural environment in its area, and it is necessary to protect this Millennium grottoes through continuous daily maintenance and scientific and moderate cultural relics restoration. In order to better protect the giant Buddha, the scenic spot insists on daily inspections, handles problems in time when they are found, and carries out routine maintenance on Leshan Giant Buddha on a regular basis, such as removing weeds from the Buddha's body and dredging drainage corridors.

Chen Lin said that while strictly implementing the Regulations on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of Leshan Giant Buddha, the scenic area management committee will strengthen cooperation with domestic and foreign scientific research institutes and carry out scientific research on disease prevention, protection technology and restoration materials of Leshan Giant Buddha. In view of the disease control of Leshan Giant Buddha, we will implement it according to expert opinions and report it to the cultural relics department for approval.

A recent photo of Leshan Giant Buddha. Liu she

"The black substance on the nose of the giant Buddha is the trace left by microbial metabolism." After dispelling doubts for the tourists around him, Peng, with some gray hair, walked back to the reporter and looked at the giant Buddha in front of him day after day, expressing his long-cherished wish in a simple way. "I hope that Leshan Giant Buddha will always be healthy and healthy, so that our future generations can also pay tribute to the majestic posture of the giant Buddha."

2065438+When was the Leshan Giant Buddha built in April 2009? The Leshan Giant Buddha, a world natural and cultural heritage, ended its "closed physical examination" for more than 200 days, and its face "maintained" by steam, sandpaper and lead-free cloth reappeared pink and tender. But this charm didn't last long. A few months later, black spots reappeared on the cheeks of the giant Buddha.

202 1 65438+February 21,it's almost two years since the last facial maintenance, and it's sunny in Leshan, Sichuan from winter to day. Looking from the Minjiang River, the tree-lined giant Buddha and Jieshi are integrated-the nose is a "black triangle", and black spots composed of microorganisms crawl all over the cheeks and spread to the whole body.

In fact, the black-faced flower is the normal state of Leshan Giant Buddha's face. In the past few decades, the face of the giant Buddha has been painted several times and has been pasted with 6~7 layers. The dense water vapor in Sichuan basin moistens the pores of the repair layer and becomes a paradise for microorganisms.

"If the drainage is not treated, the salvage with hammer ash can only last for two or three years." The engineer who participated in the maintenance before said. The repair layer is empty and difficult to repair. Researchers have found nails around the eyebrows of the Buddha's face, which is a helpless move for people to fix the hammer ash in the early years. In the new century, hammer ash has improved the process, adding red sandstone in addition to traditional cement, lime, charcoal ash and hemp knives, which makes the texture closer to sandstone mountain, but even the best dressing will empty and crack until it falls off.

Now, less than two years after the last "rescue", a strip crack has penetrated the eyebrows from the hairline of the giant Buddha. The empty drum at the chin forms a plaque, and the obvious crack has been tilted. In the chest of the giant Buddha, the focus of rescue, cracks are still creeping.

As early as 199 1, the relevant departments conducted an all-round study on the organization of the giant Buddha. At that time, the conclusion of the study was that in order to truly protect the giant Buddha, its drainage system should be treated. But 30 years later, "painting" has almost become the focus of the previous restoration and rescue work of the giant Buddha.

(202 1 65438+February 21,the Jiuqu plank road on the right side of Leshan Giant Buddha has been blocked by scaffolding, and the banner on it reads "Protection first, rescue first, rational utilization and strengthening management". The neck of Leshan Giant Buddha is covered with moss and black spots, cracks appear in the chest repair area, obvious empty drum cracks appear in the right jaw area, the nose is completely black, and the temple cracks run through the brow. Photography/reporter Yuan)

The Northwest Institute of China Railway Research Institute, where Sun Bo is located, has been involved in the renovation of the Giant Buddha since 19 89, and has mastered a lot of first-hand information. He told China Newsweek that it was also in these two years that he began to study the seepage source of the giant Buddha. He believes that the main diseases of the giant Buddha at present are hollowing, cracking and water seepage, mainly in the head. "If the disease factors are sorted, water seepage may be the most important." After a preliminary study, Sun Bo found that a large part of water seepage came from rain. "After a few minutes of rain, the amount of water seepage in the saturated layer behind the Buddha's chest came up directly."

Rain has been threatening the Buddha. At the beginning of this century, influenced by the discharge from surrounding industrial areas, the giant Buddha was washed away by acid rain for several years, and the pigment in the eyes of the giant Buddha was eroded, resulting in the phenomenon of "the giant Buddha closes its eyes".

To resist the rain, should we add a "hat" to the giant Buddha or even the whole mountain? Zhan, former vice president of China Heritage Research Institute, said that according to the archaeological data of grottoes and the architectural data of grottoes temples, although the giant Buddha had a roof in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the theory of capping was still debated in academic circles for many years. Especially when Leshan Giant Buddha becomes a world heritage, any addition or removal of it must be strictly evaluated. "There must be a basis." Because there is no relatively comprehensive scientific research, the eaves project has also been put on hold.

Fan Yuanyuan introduced that Leshan Giant Buddha Research Institute is applying to National Cultural Heritage Administration to explore the feasibility of building protection facilities for Leshan Giant Buddha. However, "National Cultural Heritage Administration is very cautious about the cover of the Buddha". With the support of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Sun Bo will study the protection of caves and niches attached to the Giant Buddha in 2022. "Do a little experiment first." By shielding the caves and niches to which the giant Buddha is attached, data can be obtained to explain the influence of shielding on the weathering speed of the giant Buddha.

Fan Yuanyuan attributed the lack of research to the lack of technical level in the past. She pointed out that it was not until 20 13 that she found professional equipment to set up on Minjiang island to scan the giant Buddha in three dimensions. "It's equivalent to someone doing an X-ray." After this exploration, they found that the mouth of the giant Buddha was injured. She pointed out that when the earlier technical means were immature, "immobility is the best protection".

But other cave temples in China have done a lot of work with advanced technology. Zhan said that in the Great Buddha Temple in Binxian County, Shaanxi Province, which is also a world cultural heritage and a national key cultural relic protection unit, experts specially designed a diversion scheme on the basis of detecting the leakage of dangerous rocks. "Guide not to flow over the face, chest or surface of the giant Buddha." In the rescue and protection project of Guanyin statue in Dazu stone carving completed on 20 15, he led the team to investigate the drainage and seepage paths in the whole rock mass by using eight geological survey techniques.

"But we haven't done enough, absolutely not enough, or even nothing." Zhan said that with the current technical level and conditions, it is "entirely possible" to understand the drainage and leakage mechanism of Leshan Giant Buddha, but why not do it?

In addition, Zhan also pointed out that nine cave temples in China have been listed as world heritage sites, and they all face the same problems as Leshan Giant Buddha. Although a lot of basic work has been done since the reform and opening up, it is relatively weak in grotto archaeology, technical investigation and comprehensive scientific evaluation, and the innovative thinking on the protection and utilization of China grottoes is relatively backward, "lacking a serious, serious, objective, scientific and accurate description".

For modern researchers, even the intentions of the ancients have not been fully understood. 1300 years ago, the builders designed an ingenious drainage system for the giant Buddha. They used the collar pleats and bun of the giant Buddha to set up drainage grooves, and also cut three drainage corridors at the junction of the head, shoulders, chest and back of the giant Buddha with the mountain. In addition to Leshan Giant Buddha, in the famous cliff stone carvings such as Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, the early ancients also built exquisite drainage facilities.

No one can tell the effect of transforming drainage corridors thousands of years ago. "The side of the corridor near the mountain is stalactite, but the place near the giant Buddha is dry." According to Fan Yuanyuan, the most mysterious thing is the third drainage corridor on the Buddha's chest. It is not so much a corridor as two unconnected holes. "The corridors on both sides were carved when the giant Buddha was built, which was asymmetrical. We must verify why it is not connected. "

In the water control proposal 30 years ago, experts suggested connecting chest corridors, while others suggested building vertical shafts to drain water. However, Fan Yuanyuan thinks that these measures are "rash" and need geologists and mechanics experts to study the bedrock bearing the giant Buddha to see if it can bear enough capacity. "Will it make the giant Buddha unstable?" The study is inconclusive.

In 20021year, the Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as "Leshan Giant Buddha Management Committee") once again applied to National Cultural Heritage Administration for the Giant Buddha Water Control Project, but it has not been approved.

In Sichuan and Chongqing, in addition to the largest Leshan Giant Buddha, there are thousands of cave temples, all of which are threatened by rain and seepage, but they have stood for thousands of years. Zhan expects Leshan Giant Buddha Protection Project to become a demonstration project for the protection of cave temples. "Deploy professional teams, set up scientific research equipment and establish cooperation mechanisms. If the problem of Leshan Giant Buddha can be properly solved, it will be a great boon to thousands of cave temples in Sichuan and Chongqing. "

Leshan Giant Buddha, 62 meters high, is already a part of Lingyun Mountain ecosystem. "The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain." Zhan proposed that the governance of the giant Buddha should be combined with environmental improvement. "(Governance) is serious, complex and lasting, and it must be psychologically prepared, planned and patient."

When was Leshan Giant Buddha built? Why is Leshan Giant Buddha so well preserved? Bayu is rich in products and beautiful scenery, attracting thousands of tourists every year. Leshan Giant Buddha is an important landmark tourist attraction in western China. It is located in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, which was founded in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, and is located on the cliff at the intersection of Qingyi River, Dadu River and Danjiao River.

Leshan Giant Buddha is magnificent, with 100 adults standing up. The giant Buddha is thus formed, majestic and solemn. According to the historical records of Lingyun Temple, Qingyun Buddha, stone carvings, handicrafts and Buddha statues in Seattle, the capital of Leshan Giant Buddha has not been remembered by local people. In turn, the body of monk Haitong was removed. Due to the confluence of the three rivers in Leshan city, the tragedy of flooding occurs every year. Haitong Buddhist disciples want to open Maitreya Buddha with a big belly in order to eliminate disasters, restore typhoons and save the suffering.

Maitreya with a big belly is the future of the Three Buddhas, and the Buddha means development and glory. Leshan Giant Buddha Project was built in Kaiyuan, Li Longji. The Buddha sees his shoulders and the sea dies. After the construction of the Buddha statue was interrupted. Leshan Giant Buddha was stopped, rebuilt and finally completed in Zhenyuan, Tang Dezong 90 years later. Leshan Giant Buddha has been built for more than 1000 years. During the 1000 years here, he experienced a lot of wind and rain, but the stone Buddha that has been stuffy for many years is still intact. So far, how has this stone Buddha been preserved?

Leshan Giant Buddha is built on a cliff, and the rock formations on both sides are red bunkers. Slate raw materials are loose and easy to weather, so the contractor attached great importance to the sewage pipes, moistureproof and air circulation of Leshan Giant Buddha at the beginning of the project construction. Drainage pipes are installed in the head, ears, chest and back end of the giant Buddha. This is the Leshan Giant Buddha, which has a unique style for thousands of years and is still blooming on the edge of running water. Leshan Giant Buddha is well preserved.

Another reason is that rulers of past dynasties attached great importance to this world-famous Buddha statue. As long as it is in prosperous times, emperors of all dynasties will order craftsmen from all over China to come here and repair the giant Buddha. Generally speaking, they all adhere to the old norms as before, so that the giant Buddha looks just right, and at the same time, it has the imprint of time. This is also the core reason why Leshan Giant Buddha is still well preserved after 1000 years. Now Leshan Giant Buddha is well preserved, and the tourists in Leshan city are very lively.

Leshan Giant Buddha has been included in the world cultural heritage list and has become a world scenic spot. This is not only the pride of China people, but also the glory of world history.