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cormorant

(Phalacrocorax carbo) Common cormorants, commonly known as osprey, belong to Moraceae, and there are 5 species in China, almost all over the country. Qinghai lake cormorant is a common cormorant, with a total length of 80cm and a weight of1700 ~ 2700 g. It is blue-black, with purple metallic luster. The mouth is thick, the eyes and mouth are short of feathers, the exposed skin is yellow, and there is a wide leucorrhea around the exposed part. The feathers on the upper back and shoulders are dark reddish brown with black edges. There is a triangular white spot on each side of the waist during reproductive period. There are white silky feathers on the head and upper neck, and an inconspicuous crest on the back of the head. Wing color 3 14-340mm, tail length 90-3 14-340mm, migratory birds. Young birds are dark brown at the top and black at the bottom, mixed with white. The eyes are green, the mouth is brown, the base of the lower mouth is gray, while the exposed area and throat are dark red and the feet are black. Species: There are five species in China: cormorant (also known as common cormorant), spotted cormorant, sea cormorant, red-faced cormorant and black-necked cormorant. Common in southeast coastal provinces. Cormorants are widely distributed in rivers, lakes and oceans in Eurasia and Africa.

Cormorants rarely sing, grunt in their throat when breeding, and remain silent at other times. But when they live in groups, when there is a dispute between them for a favorable position, they will make a low cry of "Goo, Goo". Cormorants usually inhabit rivers and lakes and often fly low over the water. When flying, the neck and feet are straight. The flying posture is similar to that of geese, and they often fly in herringbone in groups. Sex is not afraid of people.

Fishing in the water alone or in groups. He grew up in webbed toes and was good at swimming and diving. When resting on land or trees after a big meal, we often stretch our wings to dry our feathers in the sun. Breeding in north-central China, large groups gather in Qinghai Lake. Migration passes through central China and overwinters in southern provinces, Hainan Island and Taiwan Province Province. Tens of thousands of cormorants overwinter in Mai Po Nature Reserve in Hong Kong every winter, and some birds live here all the year round, which is rare in other places. Distributed in the east coast of North America, Europe, southern Russia, southern Siberia, northwestern and southern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, China, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Some birds are seasonal migratory birds.

Female birds lay eggs between January and August every year. Breeding on cliffs or tall trees. The nesting material is rough, made of branches, fishbones, seaweed and weeds, and covered with fine grass. It is a hexagonal "house", angular and straight. After nesting, 17-2 1 day begins to lay eggs, with 5-6 eggs in each nest, weighing about 54g. Male and female adults hatch eggs alternately, and chicks can hatch about 1 month. Parents feed their chickens together. When they return to the nest, they stand next to the chicks and open their mouths. The chicks put their mouths down their parents' throats and took out undigested food. The bird can lay eggs normally under the condition of artificial domestication and enter the breeding period in early summer every year. Each female bird can lay 6-20 eggs, and the breeding ecology is similar to that of domestic geese.

Cormorants have been domesticated and used for fishing since ancient times because of their superb fishing skills, rapid diving and catching fish with hooks at the tip. Cormorants are still domesticated for fishing in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hunan. In the rivers, lakes and beaches in southeastern China, it used to be common to see several or several cormorants (commonly known as osprey and water duck) standing on narrow boats and trying to help fish catch fish. Fishermen rowed boats to many places with fish, and rows of cormorants flew out of the boat, swimming around in the water like wild ducks, diving in the water for a while and floating on the water for a while. When they find fish, they dive into 1-3 meters, the deepest dive into 19 meters, and the longest time is 70 seconds, so they can be called birds. A cormorant can catch more than 500 kilograms a year.

It is widely distributed all over the world, including North America (including the United States, Canada, Greenland, Bermuda, Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands, and the transitional zone between North America and Central America in Mexico), Eurasia and North Africa (including the whole of Europe, Africa north of the Tropic of Cancer, Arabian Peninsula and Asia north of Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains-Minshan-Qinling-Huaihe River). ), south-central Africa (including the southern Arabian Peninsula and the whole African continent south of the Sahara Desert (Tropic of Cancer). ), Indian subcontinent and southwest China (including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, southeastern China and Tibet). ), Indochina Peninsula and the southeast coastal areas of China (including Myanmar, Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and the southeast coastal areas of China, Hong Kong and Hainan Island). ), Pacific Islands (including Taiwan Province Province of China, dongsha islands, Xisha Islands, zhongsha islands and Nansha Islands, as well as the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java and Papua New Guinea. ), Australia and New Zealand (including Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and its nearby islands. )

Common cormorants, striped geese, brown-headed gulls and fish gulls constitute the four major migratory birds in Qinghai Lake. The breeding grounds are concentrated in the three stones and the steep cliffs of Haixi Mountain, and there are also a few in the western end of Haixi Mountain, with a total of about 4,500. Good at swimming and diving, good at fishing. It looks clumsy on land. When it stops, it is often supported on the ground with hard tail feathers, and it has a long rest time during the day. The singing was harsh and unpleasant. Staple fish. Male and female birds take turns building nests and incubating eggs. The feeding method is quite special. The mother bird opens her mouth, and the chick puts her mouth down her throat and feeds on the semi-digested fish in the mother bird's esophagus. When feeding water, the mother bird sprays water from her mouth to her chicks like a syringe.

In late March, they moved to Qinghai Lake, and their nests were built on a cliff near the water, without the interference of people and animals. Most of them were built and raised on the basis of old nests in previous years. Columnar nests 40-70 cm high can be seen on the steep cliffs of Haixi Mountain. The nesting materials are shrub branches, grass stems and other sundries, and each nest lays 3-4 eggs, with an average weight of 54.4 grams ... The incubation period is 30-3 1 day, and the cormorant chicks are always fed by their parents after hatching until they are fully developed and have the ability to fly and prey independently. Cormorants are staple fish, which can dive 3-4 meters deep and catch big fish weighing more than twice their own weight. The wintering ground of cormorants is in Huhe area of Yunnan-Guizhou province, until Ruili River on the border between China and Myanmar. It is listed as a provincial protected animal.

This species has been listed in the List of Terrestrial Wild Animals under National Key Protection or with Important Economic and Scientific Research Value issued by the State Forestry Administration in August 2000 1.